感冒/时行感冒600例发病规律的临床研究
摘要
急性病毒性上呼吸道感染是临床的常见病,多发病,是鼻、咽、喉部的急性病毒性感染性炎症的总称,可出现上呼吸道及全身症状,其中以发热为主要症状。相当于中医学中“四时感冒”,“时行感冒”,部分杂于“时气病”、“温病”、“温疫”疾病中。本病病邪自外而入,侵袭人体,正邪交争,引起阴阳失调,出现以肺系病证并伴随发热恶寒、全身不适为主的一系列症状。古今医家对本病病因病机及理法方药都有详细论述,形成较为完备的外感热病学理论。
本论文共分为两部分
第一部分为综述部分,系统复习中西医对于感冒/时行感冒的认识和研究进展。
第二部分为临床研究部分,研究感冒/时行感冒的中医发病规律。
研究方法：
本次研究采用前瞻性临床观察方法,采用临床流行病学调查进行前瞻性临床观察600例患者,建立感冒/时行感冒中医证候数据库,同时利用现代基因诊断技术诊断200例,分析不同种类病毒所致感冒/时行感冒的中医证候学特点,确立感冒/时行感冒关键发病病机。
由于2009年是甲型H1N1全球大流行年份,各哨点医院发热门诊均具有病原学诊断能力,故在该年度收取甲型H1N1流感病例200例,非甲型H1N1病例200例,时间从2009年6月至2010年2月,包含夏、秋、冬三季。
2010年度11月至2011年2月(冬季)继续收取200病例,均采集咽/鼻拭子进行病毒检测(甲型流感病毒、乙型流感病毒、甲型H1N1病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、腺病毒和鼻病毒六种),同时记录患者中医四诊资料。
研究场所：东直门医院急诊和呼吸内科门诊。
病例来源：上述场所就诊的符合入选标准的患者。
结果：
不同病毒所引起的感冒／时行感冒中医证侯特征各异；同一病毒导致的感冒／时行感冒发病,所产生的临床症状相似,中医证侯一致；不同季节感受同一病毒,中医证侯一致；同一季节,感受不同病毒,证侯不同；病毒不变,证侯不变；气候因素在一定程度上影响症状表现,但不影响中医证侯的判定。感冒／时行感冒首发症状不同,就诊时中医证候有明显差异。
结论：
感冒／时行感冒的发生是人体、病毒和六淫邪气共同作用的结果。
人体和病毒的存在是感冒／时行感冒发病不可缺少的两个因素。六淫邪气,作为外界扰动人体平衡状态的因素,有时在外感热病发病中起到重要作用。
病毒有其特定性质,不同种类病毒具有不同性质。病毒的种类是发病初期疾病表现或中医证侯的决定性因素,即所谓“一气一病”。
甲型H1N1流感病毒为“风热疫毒”。
六淫邪气可在一定程度上影响感冒／时行感冒发病初期的中医证侯,但不会改变由病毒所决定的主要中医证侯。
重视感冒/时行感冒病人的首发症状非常重要,对于医生判定病邪性质、感邪途径、传变规律以及确定治法有一定的指导意义。
卫气能否正常的行使卫外抗邪功能,对于感冒/时行感冒的发病而言至关重要。卫气虚即人体不能抗击病毒或不能适应外界环境变化的状态。卫气充盛,足以抗击病毒和六淫邪气的影响,则机体保持健康状态；若卫气虚,不能抵御病毒和六淫邪气的影响,则机体染病。卫气虚是感冒/时行感冒发病中的关键环节。
创新点：
理论创新：本论文在系统学习和分析中医理论对于感冒/时行感冒发病论述的基础上,指出中医感冒/时行感冒的发病理论存在不完善之处。这种缺陷产生的根本原因在于古代科技水平落后,不可能认识到病毒的存在,只能从可以感知的外界变化中去寻找、猜测、推论可能的病因。提出感冒/时行感冒的发生是人体、病毒和六淫邪气共同作用的结果,明确人体和病毒的存在是感冒/时行感冒发病不可缺少的两个因素。重新认识六淫邪气在感冒/时行感冒发病中的作用,认为六淫邪气扰动人体,造成人体抗邪能力下降,正气不足以抵抗病毒和六淫邪气的共同侵害作用而发病。就感冒/时行感冒而言人体正气主要指卫气而言,卫气虚是感冒/时行感冒发病中的关键环节。
技术创新：在中医临床研究中引入基因检测技术,结合临床流行病学,将甲型H1N1病毒中医属性确定为“风热疫毒”,“风热”指甲型H1N1病毒具有中医学所说的风邪和热邪的性质,侵犯人体后,机体表现出风热证侯。“疫毒”是指甲型H1N1病毒具有较强的传然性和较强的毒力,提高了中医对甲型H1N1流感的认识水平。
Acute viral upper respiratory tract infection is a common disease frequently seen in clinic. It is the general name refers to a series of acute infectious inflammations of virus in nose, pharynx and larynx. It features respiratory tract symptoms or systemic symptoms which mainly manifested with fever. Basically, it equals the concept of Shixingganmao or Sishiganmao in TCM and some cases of it belong to category of febrile diseases, plague and seasonal disorders. The pathogenic factors of this disease invade human body from outside and fight against healthy qi which triggers imbalance of yin and yang and finally leads to lung syndromes whose symptoms mainly are aversion to cold with fever, malaise and so on. Doctors in different dynasties have detailed statements on the etiology and pathogenesis, mechanism, therapeutic methods, prescription, medicine on this kind of illness and eventually formed a developed theoretical system concerning exogenous febrile disease.
The study consists of two parts. The first one is review of literature which systematically reviews the traditional understanding and current research progress on Ganmao/Shixingganmao both of Western Medicine and Chinese Medicine. The other is clinical research which mainly focuses on the pathogenic laws of this kind of disease.
Approaches:
Prospective clinical observation is applied in this study. Prospective observation method of clinical epidemiological investigation is implemented to observe 600 cases of Ganmao and its information on syndrome pattern is collected to establish a database and then modern gene diagnosis techniques are adopted to establish the diagnosis of 200 cases of them. Furthermore, researchers analyze the relationship between different kinds of virus which infect the patients and the traits of syndrome pattern they presents to identify the key pathogenesis.
Owing to the fact that 2009 is the year of influenza A H1N1 global pandemic and various sentinel hospitals are of aetiological diagnosis ability, we collect 200 influenza A H1N1 infected cases and 200 non-influenza A H1N1 infected cases from June of 2009 to February of 2011 which contains three season of summer, autumn and winter.
We collected additional 200 cases that all accepted virus detection by samples from pharyngeal swab or nasal swab (influenza A virus, influenza B virus, influenza A H1N1 virus, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus and rhinovirus) from October of 2010 to February of 2011 (winter). Meanwhile, the information gathered by four diagnostic methods was documented.
Site of investigation:Respiratory diseases outpatient clinic in Dongzhimen Hospital
Source of studied cases:Cases of outpatient that meet all the inclusion standards
Results:
The syndrome pattern characteristics differ between cases infected by different virus. Ganmao/Shixingganmao cases caused by same virus manifested with similar symptoms and syndrome patterns regardless of the onset season. Cases caused by various viruses presented with different symptoms even they occurred in same season. The climatic condition affects the symptoms to some extent. However, it will not change the syndrome pattern. The diverse initial symptoms of Ganmao/Shixingganmao usually mean that they belong to distinct syndrome patterns.
Conclusion:
The occurrence of Ganmao/Shixingganmao is the result of interaction between human body, virus and six evil pathogenic factors. Human body and existence of virus are the two indispensable factors contributing to Ganmao/Shixingganmao. The six evil pathogenic factors, as the element from external environment disturbs the equilibrium of human body, play a vital role in the development of exogenous febrile disease under certain circumstance.
The virus has its own characteristic which differs from others especially in inducing diseases. It is the determinant of syndrome pattern presents at the early stage of the disease. And this phenomenon fully illustrates the dogma of "one specific pathogenic factor links to one specific disease".
The influenza A H1N1 virus is wind-heat epidemic toxin.
The six evil pathogenic factors affect the syndrome pattern presents at the early stage of disease to some extent. However, they will not change the pattern arises from the infected virus.
It is rational to notice the initial symptoms of Ganmao/Shixingganmao patients for they are of guiding effects for physicians to judge the nature of evil pathogenic factor, the way by which patients are infected, law of syndrome progress and to establish the therapeutic methods.
Whether defensive qi could perform its duty of guarding the body and resisting the evil factors is crucial for occurrence of Ganmao/Shixingganmao. Defensive qi insufficiency means human body is unable to resist the virus or it can not adapt the change of external environment. If the defensive qi is abundant, it can withstand the evasion of virus and the six evil pathogenic factors and thus keeps the body in healthy state. Otherwise, it will not succeed in defending the virus and the six evil pathogenic factors and finally result in infection. To sum up, insufficiency of defensive qi is the key part of development of Ganmao/Shixingganmao.
Innovations:
Theoretical innovation:On the basis of review and analysis of Chinese medical literature on Ganmao/ShixingGanmao, this study finds out defects in pathogenesis theory of Chinese Medicine. These defects were caused by the low level of science and technology in ancient times. Due to this reason, ancient physicians were unable to realize virus and they had to find reasons from other factors in external environment that can be perceived. And they had to speculate and infer the possible causes of disease. This study suggests that the occurrence of Ganmao/Shixingganmao is the result of combination of human body, virus and the six evil pathogenic factors. Therefore, human body and the existence of virus are the two indispensable factors of Ganmao/Shixingganmao onset. It recognizes effects of the six evil pathogenic factors in development of Ganmo/Shixingganmao is that they disturb the balance of body leading to decrease of evil-resistant ability and thus healthy qi is unable to withstand the combined evasion of virus and six evil pathogenic factors. In this theory, healthy qi refers to defensive qi and defensive qi insufficiency is the key part of Ganmao/Shixingganmao occurrence.
Technological innovation:Gene diagnosis technology is introduced in clinical study of TCM. With assistance of clinical epidemiology, it identifies influenza A H1N1 virus as wind-heat epidemic toxin in TCM. Wind-heat means it possesses both traits of heat evil and wind evil. After invades the body, wind-heat syndrome starts to present. Epidemic toxin means influenza A H1N1 virus is of powerful infectivity and toxicity. It changes the present condition of TCM in dealing contagious diseases which is over-independent on experience and opinion of experts. It improves the knowledge level of TCM on influenza A H1N1.
本论文共分为两部分
第一部分为综述部分,系统复习中西医对于感冒/时行感冒的认识和研究进展。
第二部分为临床研究部分,研究感冒/时行感冒的中医发病规律。
研究方法：
本次研究采用前瞻性临床观察方法,采用临床流行病学调查进行前瞻性临床观察600例患者,建立感冒/时行感冒中医证候数据库,同时利用现代基因诊断技术诊断200例,分析不同种类病毒所致感冒/时行感冒的中医证候学特点,确立感冒/时行感冒关键发病病机。
由于2009年是甲型H1N1全球大流行年份,各哨点医院发热门诊均具有病原学诊断能力,故在该年度收取甲型H1N1流感病例200例,非甲型H1N1病例200例,时间从2009年6月至2010年2月,包含夏、秋、冬三季。
2010年度11月至2011年2月(冬季)继续收取200病例,均采集咽/鼻拭子进行病毒检测(甲型流感病毒、乙型流感病毒、甲型H1N1病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、腺病毒和鼻病毒六种),同时记录患者中医四诊资料。
研究场所：东直门医院急诊和呼吸内科门诊。
病例来源：上述场所就诊的符合入选标准的患者。
结果：
不同病毒所引起的感冒／时行感冒中医证侯特征各异；同一病毒导致的感冒／时行感冒发病,所产生的临床症状相似,中医证侯一致；不同季节感受同一病毒,中医证侯一致；同一季节,感受不同病毒,证侯不同；病毒不变,证侯不变；气候因素在一定程度上影响症状表现,但不影响中医证侯的判定。感冒／时行感冒首发症状不同,就诊时中医证候有明显差异。
结论：
感冒／时行感冒的发生是人体、病毒和六淫邪气共同作用的结果。
人体和病毒的存在是感冒／时行感冒发病不可缺少的两个因素。六淫邪气,作为外界扰动人体平衡状态的因素,有时在外感热病发病中起到重要作用。
病毒有其特定性质,不同种类病毒具有不同性质。病毒的种类是发病初期疾病表现或中医证侯的决定性因素,即所谓“一气一病”。
甲型H1N1流感病毒为“风热疫毒”。
六淫邪气可在一定程度上影响感冒／时行感冒发病初期的中医证侯,但不会改变由病毒所决定的主要中医证侯。
重视感冒/时行感冒病人的首发症状非常重要,对于医生判定病邪性质、感邪途径、传变规律以及确定治法有一定的指导意义。
卫气能否正常的行使卫外抗邪功能,对于感冒/时行感冒的发病而言至关重要。卫气虚即人体不能抗击病毒或不能适应外界环境变化的状态。卫气充盛,足以抗击病毒和六淫邪气的影响,则机体保持健康状态；若卫气虚,不能抵御病毒和六淫邪气的影响,则机体染病。卫气虚是感冒/时行感冒发病中的关键环节。
创新点：
理论创新：本论文在系统学习和分析中医理论对于感冒/时行感冒发病论述的基础上,指出中医感冒/时行感冒的发病理论存在不完善之处。这种缺陷产生的根本原因在于古代科技水平落后,不可能认识到病毒的存在,只能从可以感知的外界变化中去寻找、猜测、推论可能的病因。提出感冒/时行感冒的发生是人体、病毒和六淫邪气共同作用的结果,明确人体和病毒的存在是感冒/时行感冒发病不可缺少的两个因素。重新认识六淫邪气在感冒/时行感冒发病中的作用,认为六淫邪气扰动人体,造成人体抗邪能力下降,正气不足以抵抗病毒和六淫邪气的共同侵害作用而发病。就感冒/时行感冒而言人体正气主要指卫气而言,卫气虚是感冒/时行感冒发病中的关键环节。
技术创新：在中医临床研究中引入基因检测技术,结合临床流行病学,将甲型H1N1病毒中医属性确定为“风热疫毒”,“风热”指甲型H1N1病毒具有中医学所说的风邪和热邪的性质,侵犯人体后,机体表现出风热证侯。“疫毒”是指甲型H1N1病毒具有较强的传然性和较强的毒力,提高了中医对甲型H1N1流感的认识水平。
Acute viral upper respiratory tract infection is a common disease frequently seen in clinic. It is the general name refers to a series of acute infectious inflammations of virus in nose, pharynx and larynx. It features respiratory tract symptoms or systemic symptoms which mainly manifested with fever. Basically, it equals the concept of Shixingganmao or Sishiganmao in TCM and some cases of it belong to category of febrile diseases, plague and seasonal disorders. The pathogenic factors of this disease invade human body from outside and fight against healthy qi which triggers imbalance of yin and yang and finally leads to lung syndromes whose symptoms mainly are aversion to cold with fever, malaise and so on. Doctors in different dynasties have detailed statements on the etiology and pathogenesis, mechanism, therapeutic methods, prescription, medicine on this kind of illness and eventually formed a developed theoretical system concerning exogenous febrile disease.
The study consists of two parts. The first one is review of literature which systematically reviews the traditional understanding and current research progress on Ganmao/Shixingganmao both of Western Medicine and Chinese Medicine. The other is clinical research which mainly focuses on the pathogenic laws of this kind of disease.
Approaches:
Prospective clinical observation is applied in this study. Prospective observation method of clinical epidemiological investigation is implemented to observe 600 cases of Ganmao and its information on syndrome pattern is collected to establish a database and then modern gene diagnosis techniques are adopted to establish the diagnosis of 200 cases of them. Furthermore, researchers analyze the relationship between different kinds of virus which infect the patients and the traits of syndrome pattern they presents to identify the key pathogenesis.
Owing to the fact that 2009 is the year of influenza A H1N1 global pandemic and various sentinel hospitals are of aetiological diagnosis ability, we collect 200 influenza A H1N1 infected cases and 200 non-influenza A H1N1 infected cases from June of 2009 to February of 2011 which contains three season of summer, autumn and winter.
We collected additional 200 cases that all accepted virus detection by samples from pharyngeal swab or nasal swab (influenza A virus, influenza B virus, influenza A H1N1 virus, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus and rhinovirus) from October of 2010 to February of 2011 (winter). Meanwhile, the information gathered by four diagnostic methods was documented.
Site of investigation:Respiratory diseases outpatient clinic in Dongzhimen Hospital
Source of studied cases:Cases of outpatient that meet all the inclusion standards
Results:
The syndrome pattern characteristics differ between cases infected by different virus. Ganmao/Shixingganmao cases caused by same virus manifested with similar symptoms and syndrome patterns regardless of the onset season. Cases caused by various viruses presented with different symptoms even they occurred in same season. The climatic condition affects the symptoms to some extent. However, it will not change the syndrome pattern. The diverse initial symptoms of Ganmao/Shixingganmao usually mean that they belong to distinct syndrome patterns.
Conclusion:
The occurrence of Ganmao/Shixingganmao is the result of interaction between human body, virus and six evil pathogenic factors. Human body and existence of virus are the two indispensable factors contributing to Ganmao/Shixingganmao. The six evil pathogenic factors, as the element from external environment disturbs the equilibrium of human body, play a vital role in the development of exogenous febrile disease under certain circumstance.
The virus has its own characteristic which differs from others especially in inducing diseases. It is the determinant of syndrome pattern presents at the early stage of the disease. And this phenomenon fully illustrates the dogma of "one specific pathogenic factor links to one specific disease".
The influenza A H1N1 virus is wind-heat epidemic toxin.
The six evil pathogenic factors affect the syndrome pattern presents at the early stage of disease to some extent. However, they will not change the pattern arises from the infected virus.
It is rational to notice the initial symptoms of Ganmao/Shixingganmao patients for they are of guiding effects for physicians to judge the nature of evil pathogenic factor, the way by which patients are infected, law of syndrome progress and to establish the therapeutic methods.
Whether defensive qi could perform its duty of guarding the body and resisting the evil factors is crucial for occurrence of Ganmao/Shixingganmao. Defensive qi insufficiency means human body is unable to resist the virus or it can not adapt the change of external environment. If the defensive qi is abundant, it can withstand the evasion of virus and the six evil pathogenic factors and thus keeps the body in healthy state. Otherwise, it will not succeed in defending the virus and the six evil pathogenic factors and finally result in infection. To sum up, insufficiency of defensive qi is the key part of development of Ganmao/Shixingganmao.
Innovations:
Theoretical innovation:On the basis of review and analysis of Chinese medical literature on Ganmao/ShixingGanmao, this study finds out defects in pathogenesis theory of Chinese Medicine. These defects were caused by the low level of science and technology in ancient times. Due to this reason, ancient physicians were unable to realize virus and they had to find reasons from other factors in external environment that can be perceived. And they had to speculate and infer the possible causes of disease. This study suggests that the occurrence of Ganmao/Shixingganmao is the result of combination of human body, virus and the six evil pathogenic factors. Therefore, human body and the existence of virus are the two indispensable factors of Ganmao/Shixingganmao onset. It recognizes effects of the six evil pathogenic factors in development of Ganmo/Shixingganmao is that they disturb the balance of body leading to decrease of evil-resistant ability and thus healthy qi is unable to withstand the combined evasion of virus and six evil pathogenic factors. In this theory, healthy qi refers to defensive qi and defensive qi insufficiency is the key part of Ganmao/Shixingganmao occurrence.
Technological innovation:Gene diagnosis technology is introduced in clinical study of TCM. With assistance of clinical epidemiology, it identifies influenza A H1N1 virus as wind-heat epidemic toxin in TCM. Wind-heat means it possesses both traits of heat evil and wind evil. After invades the body, wind-heat syndrome starts to present. Epidemic toxin means influenza A H1N1 virus is of powerful infectivity and toxicity. It changes the present condition of TCM in dealing contagious diseases which is over-independent on experience and opinion of experts. It improves the knowledge level of TCM on influenza A H1N1.
引文
[1]姜良铎,焦扬,王蕾.从毒论理,从通论治,以调求平[J]中医杂志,2006,47(3)：169-171
[2]姜良铎,张文生.从毒论治初探[J]北京中医药大学学报,1998,21(5):2
[3]涤尘.论黄星垣高热急症学术成就[J]中国中医急症,2001,10(3):121-122
[4]田德禄等.《中医内科学》[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2002：53-59.
[5]乐鸣.感冒的病因病机及其辨证分型[J].实用中医内科杂志,2002,16(4)：187-188.
[6]张蓉芳.感冒变证辨治[J].中国中医药信息杂志,2007,14(2)：69-70.
[7]刘志强.中医学对感冒的认识与治疗[J].中国医药指南杂志,2008,6(23):163-164.
[8]景珊,顾立刚.流行性感冒中医治疗概况[J].中国中医药信息志,2008,15(2)：7-8.
[9]高桂新.东北地区流行性感冒的病因病机辨识[J].中医药学刊,2003,21(1):2.
[10]任继学.时行感冒[J].中国中医药现代远程教育,2004,2(5)：26-28.
[11]赵兰才.流行性感冒三期论治[J].北京中医杂志,2007,26(11)：719-720.
[12]董建华,杜怀棠,周平安等.急性热病临床研究的初步设想[J]中医杂志,1985,26(1)：62.
[13]鲁美君,姜德友.外感热病统一论治的探讨[J]中医药信息,2008,25(1):7-8.
[14]刘兰林,王灿晖,杨进.外感热病“三维辨证观”构建基础及完善措施[J]中华中医药杂志,2005,20(6)：325-328.
[15]杨华祥.感冒的中医辨治体会[J].中国社区医师杂志,2008,7(3):113-114.
[16]王卓颖,张艳文,胡顺利.感冒与脾胃辨证施治[J].中国现代药物应用,2009 3(18):151-152.
[17]王东,邹平.时行感冒的中医药治疗[J].吉林中医药,2003,6(23):43.
[18]齐群长.中医药辨证治疗感冒的临床经验[J].中国实用乡村医生杂志,2007,4(14)：34-35.
[19]张秀荣,刘篙平.中医药治疗时行感冒78例[J].河南中医杂志,2002,9(22)：69-70.
[20]张俊庚.时行感冒治疗心得[J].中国中医急症杂志,2002,11(4)：320.
[21]王玉光,周平安.诊治流感经验[J].中国中医药报,2009.6.24.
[22]吕锦强.柴胡桂枝汤加减治疗小儿外感热病65例[J]福建中医药,2006,37(5)：51.
[23]姜良铎,张永生,程锦,柴欣楼.从枢机不利论治内伤基础上外感发热体会[J]中国中医药信息杂志,2009,3,16(3)：83,91.
[241夏永良.论下法在急性外感热病中的运用[J]中华中医药学刊,2007,7,25(7)：1464-1465.
[25]曾维秀.芳香化湿法治疗外感湿温病[J]湖北中医杂志,2006,28(4):48.
[26]姚公树.试论补气法在温热病治疗中的运用[J]浙江中医杂志,1999,34(8)：323-324.
[27]奚肇庆,徐艳.透表清气法对上呼吸道病毒性感染发热体温影响的临床研究[J]中国中医急症,2008,3,17(3)：281-282.
[28]刘均强.感冒的中医辨证治疗[J].社区医学杂志,2008,6(14):54-55.
[29]范伟赢.体虚感冒的中医辨证论治[J].陕西中医学院学报,2007,30(1):12-13.
[30]杨华祥.感冒的中医治疗[J].中国社区医师杂志,2008,7(10)：80.
[31]林向东.感冒的中医药治疗[J].吉林中医药,2004,6(25):41.
[32]朱立毅.“羌菊感冒颗粒”治疗急性上呼吸道感染60例[J].江苏中医药,2005,26(11)：52-53.
[33]张朝文.中医对感冒的治疗[J].实用中医药杂志,2008,24(12):770.
[34]翟华强,向楠.大青龙颗粒治疗感冒风寒表实兼郁热证的临床研究[J].中药新药与临床药理,2005,16(6)：452-453.
[35]毛冰.复方连蒲颗粒治疗感冒(风热证)的随机对照临床试验[J].中国循证医学杂志,2004,4(10)：667-684.
[36]张军瑞.桂枝汤化裁方治疗季节性感冒[J].实用中医药杂志,2009,25(1):42.
[37]刘兴烈.感冒冲剂治疗风热外感临床研究[J].中国中医急症杂志,2004,13(7)：429-430.
[38]苗德远.藿香正气散加减治疗胃肠型感冒50例[J].实用中医药杂志,2008,24(4)：224.
[39]王志文.金莲花片治疗感冒风热证或上呼吸道感染多中心、随机、开放阳性药平行对照研究[J].实用医学杂志,2005,21(18)：2085-2086
[40]罗翌.新香冲剂治疗病毒性上呼吸道感染[J].辽宁中医杂志2007,34(12)：1726-1728.
[41]闫荣.感冒清热冲剂治疗感冒的临床研究[J].中国实用医学,2004,6(1):74.
[42]单国君.九味羌活汤加减治疗感冒[J].中医中药杂志,2009,13(1):79.
[43]黄晓丹.保济浓缩丸治疗胃肠型感冒的临床研究[J].中国民族民间医药,2009,10(4)：44-48.
[44]夏进娥.双黄连超声雾化吸入治疗风热感冒疗效观察[J].实用中医药杂志,2009,25(12)：805.
[45]张安国.疏解汤诒疗感冒139例[J].实用中医药杂志,2009,25(12)：805.
[46]张帆.小柴胡汤加减治疗妊娠感冒68例[J].浙江中医药大学学报,2009,33(1):80.
[47]顾克辉.培土生金法治疗小儿感冒100例疗效观察[J].国医论坛杂志,2009 24(1):26-27.
[48]夏以琳.防感散预防小儿感冒的临床和实验研究[J].上海中医药杂志,2007,38(7)：35-37.
[49]曾万玲.感冒康滴鼻液的实验研究[J].中国药物与临床杂志,2003,3(4):350-351.
[50]张晓慧.感通颗粒抗感冒作用的实验研究[J].中国临床药理学与治疗学,2004,9(10)：1187-1188.
[51]王训乐.银荆感冒颗粒解热作用的实验研究[J].东南大学学报,2008,27(1):10-12.
[52]李合国.补肾固表方治疗小儿反复呼吸道感染作用机理的实验研究[J].中国中医药信息杂志,2002,9(8)：15-17.
[53]徐晓玉.防感片对小鼠脾细胞分泌IL-2影响的实验研究[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2002,8(4)：34-36.
[54]林媛.高树彬教授治疗肺系病症经验谈[J].中国中医药杂志,2007,4(31)：78-79.
[55]王惠君.黄文政教授诊治感冒及其变证的经验[J].天津中医杂志,2001,18(4):1-2.
[56]邵智谦.邵金阶论治感冒的经验[J].湖北中医杂志,2006,28(8)：17-18.
[57]陆汝.吴良德辨证治疗感冒的经验[J].河北中医杂志,2006,28(11)：805-806.
[58]原丹.肖诏玮老中医诊治小儿感冒临证经验初探[J].福建中医药杂志,2008,39(1)：17-18.
[59]邓沂.于已百教授治疗感冒的经验[J].甘肃中医学院学报,2000,17(4):1-2.
[60]杨铮.周耀庭教授治疗小儿感冒的临床经验[J].陕西中医药杂志,2008,29(3):322-323.
[61]李利荣.朱建贵辨治感冒经验浅析[J].北京中医杂志,2007,26(3):150-151.
[62]胡旭.流行性感冒的中医诊治体会[J].浙江中医药大学学报,2008,32(6)：9-10.
[63]汪玉冠.流行性感冒中医药防治的临床与实验研究进展[J].中国中医药科技杂志,2008,15：(3)：236-237.
[64]王伟.中医药治疗流行性感冒研究进展[J].中国中医药信息杂志,2005,12(8)：102-103.
[65]李文旭.流行性感冒的中医学认识与临床[J].中医研究杂志,1996,9(2)：1.
[66]黎汉光.穿唬宁注射液合三石汤加减治疗夏季重症流感疗效观察[J].中国中医急症杂志,2005,14(6)：543
[67]张杰,薛玉凤,赵聚宾,等.清毒退热散治疗流行性感冒的临床观察[J].河北中医,2005,4：248.
[68]张晓梅,姜良铎,商学征,等.柴胡桂枝汤加味方汤剂与颗粒剂治疗流行性感冒疗效对比研究[J].中国中医急症.2002,11(3)：174.
[69]曾庆祥,胡德珍.银麻合剂治疗温热流行性感冒的退热效果观察[J].中国中西医结合急救杂志,2004,11(3)：176.
[70]张忠,钟晓玲,熊广,等.病炎清治疗A,B型流感病毒性急性支气管炎116例[J].实用临床中药杂志,2005,9(8)：55.
[71]李德宝.莪术油治疗小儿乙型流感病毒性肺炎疗效观察[J].海南医学杂志,2003,14(11)：46.
[72]王秀东.改良白虎汤治疗流行性感冒91例观察[J].实用中医药杂志,2005,21(8):465.
[73]陈和.加味麻杏石甘汤治疗流行性感冒195例疗效观察[J].国际医药卫生导报,2006,12(11)：80.
[74]范秀华,刘波.荆防银翘汤治疗冬季流120例[J].实用中医内科杂志,2003,17(3)：191.
[75]胡兆明.柴胡桂枝汤治疗流行性感冒疗效分析[J1.时珍国医国药杂志,1998,9(5)：404.
[76]刘俊玲,王晓燕.鱼腥草注射液治疗流感病毒性肺炎80例[J].辽宁中医杂志,2002,29(6)：502.
[77]曲敬来,高雪,周岁锋,等.痰热清注射液治疗流感病毒A型上呼吸道感染临床观察.中国中医急症杂志,2005,14(1)：26.
[78]许健.大青龙汤治疗流感发热临床观察[J].长春中医学院学报,2001,17(2)：29.
[79]奚肇庆,刁人政.银花解毒颗粒治疗流行性感冒风热证临床观察[J].中国中医急症,2003,12(1)：20.
[80]刘盛,陈万生,乔传卓,等.不同种质板蓝根和大青叶的抗甲型流感病毒作用第二军医大学学报,2000,21(3)：204.
[81]刘培民,张鸿彩,包培蓉.升降散抗流感病毒实验研究[J].山东中医药大学学报,2001,25(1)：43-45.
[82]李际强,张奉学,符林春,等.升降散在体外抗甲型流感病毒的作用与对病毒血凝滴度的影响[J].中医药学刊,2003,21(2)：217-218.
[83]莫日根,韩雪梅,新燕,等.蒿芩清胆汤抗流感病毒的实验研究[J].中医研究,2005,18(5)：16-18.
[84]李丽娅,凌秋,崔洪波,等.黄芪多糖抗流感病毒的实验研究[J].中国中医药科技,2002,9(6)：354.
[85]严银芳,陈晓,杨小清,等.石香藉挥发油抗流感病毒活性成分的初步研究[J].青岛大学医学院学报,2002,38(2)：155-157.
[86]樊宏伟,卢继红,张蓉.苦参碱类生物碱的体外抑茵、抑病毒及诱生干扰素的实验研究[J].中医药信息杂志,2000,(4)：75-76.
[87]赵文明,郑群,刘振龙,等.儿茶提取物抗甲型流感病毒作用的实验研究[J].首都医科大学学报,2005,26(2)：167-170.
[88]卢芳国,田道法,朱应武,等.麻杏甘石汤加味方对A型流感病毒感染小鼠免疫功能的影响[J].中国药学报,2005,33(2)：36.
[89]王成祥,高贵新,魏守超等.益气清瘟解毒合剂对流感病毒FM1感染小鼠肺中IFN-γTNF-αIL-10及IL-6蛋白动态表达的影响[J].中国中药杂志,2005,30(7)：541.
[90]郝钰,史利卿,段丽颖,等.宣肺透解剂对流感病毒性肺炎小鼠肺部炎症及炎症相关细胞因子的影响[J].中国中西医结合急救杂,2006,13(4):198.
[91]徐泊文,郝红,吴君,等.加味宣肺透解剂对流感病毒感染小鼠肺组织中炎性细胞因子表达的影响[J].中医药学刊,2006,24(8)：1482.
[92]张炜,李文,毕小利.补肾益肺胶囊预防流感病毒FM1感染小鼠的实验研究[J].中国中医基础医学杂志,2002,8(10)：29.
[93]胡旭,邱全瑛,姜良铎.胚芽滋养胶囊对流感病毒感染小鼠血清IL-2和TNF-α的影响[J].中国中医急症杂志,2004,13(5)：306.
[94]唐光华.姜良铎教授治疗呼吸道病毒感染经验[J].中国中医急症杂志,2004,13(10)：674-675.
[95]杨卓.王长洪教授运用柴胡桂枝汤的经验述要[J].中医药学刊,2005,23(5)： 795-796.
[96]徐新毅.陈清维教授治疗流行性感冒经验[J].贵阳中医学院学报,2006,28(3):20.
[97]韩鑫冰,颜新 应用五运六气理论解读“甲型H1N1流感”疫情 辽宁中医杂志2009,36(10)1742-1743.
[98]顾植山,从中医五运六气理论谈对当前甲型H1N1流感的认识 浙江中医药大学学报2009,33(4)：457-459.
[99]顾植山,顾植山对当前甲型H1N1流感疫病防治的几点建议 浙江中医药大学学报2009,33(3)：297-299.
[100]王刚 伤寒方辨治甲型H1N1流感思路探讨 新中医2009 41(9)107-108.
[101]周平安 甲型H1N1流感中医病因病机治法述要北京中医药2009 28(9)667-668.
[102]姜良铎 中医论治甲型H1N1流感 中医杂志2009 50(8)761-762.
[1]陈灏珠等.实用内科学[M]第12版.北京：人民卫生出版社,2005,317-319.
[2]廖斌,车莉,曹力等.891例急性呼吸道感染患者病毒病原学调查[J]中国实用儿科杂志,2005,20(1)：24-26.
[3]徐勇胜.鼻病毒与气道炎症的研究进展[J].临床儿科杂志,2009,27(5):491-492.
[4]刘彦明.流感病毒的致病机理研究进展[J].中日友好医院学报,2009,23(3)：1.
[5]GaIten RJ, Davis CT, Russeu cA, et al. Antigenic and genetic characteristics of swine.2009A(H1N1) influenza viruses circulating in humans. Science,2009, 325:197-201.
[6]Smith GJ, Vijaykrishna D, Bahl J, et al. Origins and evolutionary genomics of the 2009 swine-origin H1N1 influenza A epidemic. Nature,2009,459:1122-1125.
[7]兰喜.冠状病毒的分子生物学研究进展[J].基础医学与临床杂志,2005,25(12)：1095-1096.
[8]Bruzzone MS Fuentes L. Spencer E Specific subgroup B adenovirus diagnosis by PCR of the fibre gene J Infect,2000,40:154-159.
[9]崔玉霞.呼吸道合胞病毒感染及反义基因治疗的研究进展[J].中华儿科杂志,2006,44(8)：629-630.
[10]杨鹏辉,杨潞芳.流感病毒呼吸道黏膜感染免疫防御机制的研究进展[J]国际免疫学杂志,2006,9,29(5)：305-309
[11]Inoue H, Horio S, Ichinose M, et al. Changes in bronchial reactivity to acetycholine with type C influenza virus infection in dogs. [J]Am Rev Respir Dis,1986,133:367-371
[12]Miller AL, Bowlin TL, Lukacs NW, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus-induced chemokine production:linking viral replication to chemokine production in vitro and in vivo [J].J Infect Dis,2004,189(8):1419-30.
[13]夏虎,蔡绍曦,佟万成.呼吸道合胞病毒感染促进哮喘小鼠气道分泌TSLP和Th2炎症反应[J]南方医科大学学报,2009,29(4)：724-728.
[14]云云,黄升海.Toll样受体3介导呼吸道合胞病毒感染人肺上皮细胞的炎性反应及其信号转导通路[J].中国组织工程研究与临床康复,2007,5,21(11)：4119-4122
[15]谢新华,董军.细胞因子与发热机制研究进展[J].广东医学,2005-08-085:67-69.
[16]李沧海,周军,霍海如,康旭亮,姜廷良.前列腺素EP_3受体激动剂诱导发热及其机制初探[J]中国病理生理杂志,2004,(04)：78-80.
[17]潘秀军,吕婕,沈立松.直接免疫荧光法同时检测儿童多种呼吸道病毒抗原的临床应用[J]放射免疫学杂志,2009,22(3)：267-270
[18]张德玺,韩洪彦,王希良.一种快速检测甲型流感病毒的方法[J]中国比较医学杂志,2007,17(1)：42-45
[19]卢亦愚,严菊英,茅海燕等.流感病毒型别及亚型的多重RT2PCR方法快速检测[J]中华实验和临床病毒学杂志,2009,9,19(3)：252-255
[20]刘建军,程小雯,贺连华.用鸡胚和MDCK细胞分离流感病毒的实验研究[J]中国公共卫生,2002,18(3)：335-336
[21]甲型H1N1流感诊疗方案(2009年第三版).卫生部办公厅,2009 (Accessed October 13.2009, http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2009-10/13/content_1437636.htm)
[22]Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. Diagnosis and treatment of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. [J]Evid Rep Technol Assess(Summ)1999; 9; 1-5
[23]Ah-See KW. Sinusitis(acute). Clinical Evidence www.clinicalevidence.org /ceweb/conditions/ent/0511/0511_contribdetails. jsp
[24]Williams Jr JW, Aguilar C, Comell J, Chiquette E, Dolor RJ, Makela M, et al. Antibiotics for acute maxillary sinusitis. [J] Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; (2):CD000243
[25]Otits media and its comp lications. Beh rman RE, Kleigman RM, Jenson HB, eds. N elson Textbook of Pediatrics [M].16th ed. Philadelphia:Saunders,2000: 1950
[26]张亚梅,董频,陆培.头孢曲松与阿莫西林治疗儿童急性中耳炎的疗效比较研究[J].中华儿科杂志,003,41(2)：135
[27]Manoha C, Esp inosa S, Aho SL, et al. Ep idemiological and clinical features of hMPV, RSV and RVs infections in young children [J]. J ClinV irol,2007, 38 (3):221-226.
[28]张丽丽,唐浏英,谢正德等.急性下呼吸道感染患儿病毒病原学及其临床特征[J]实用儿科临床杂志,2008,11,22(23)：1743-1744,1756
[29]钟家蓉,周勤,田杰.小儿病毒性心肌炎8种病毒特异IgM的检测及临床意义.[J]重庆医科大学学报,2001,26(2)：212
[30]赵淑华,刘红.病毒性心肌炎84例临床分析[J]中国地方病学杂志,2006,1,25(1)：69
[31]Patrick J Gavin,Richard B Tomson,Jr Reviewof. Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Influenza. [J] Clinical and Applied Immunology Reviews,2003,4:151-172.
[32]N. Kawai etal. The clinical outcomes of anti-influenza drug therapy:a Japanese multi-center study of the 2002-2003 influenza season. [J] Interna-tional Congress Series,2004,1263:507-510.
[33]殷璐,蒋建东.抗流感病毒药物研究进展[J]中国新药杂志,2004,13(8):685-687
[34]Jefferson T, Jones M, Doshi P, Del Mar C, Dooley L, Foxlee R. Neuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating influenza in healthy adults [J]Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2010,2,17 (2):1265
[35]Ralf Winzer, Nicolas Kanig, Sophie Schneitler. Early Clinical Experiences Withthe New Influenza A (H1N1/09) [J] Dtsch Arztebl Int,2009,106(47):770
[36]Chand P,Bantia S,Kotian PL,et al. Comparison of the anti-influenza Virus activity of cyclopentance devivatives with oseltamivir and zanamivir in vivo[J].Bioozg Med chem.,2005,13 (12):4071-4077.
[37]Alymova Ⅳ,Taylor G,Portner A.Neuraminidase inhibitors as antiviral agents[J].Curr Drug Targets Infect Disord,2005,5(4):401-409.
[38]Li J, zheng M, Tang Wet al. Syntheses of triazole-modif ied zanamivir analogues via click chemistry and anti-AIV activities[J]. Bioozg Med chem. Lett,2006,16(19):5009-5013
[39]Russel RJ, Haire LF, Stevens, DJ,et al.The structure of H5N1 avian influenza neuraminidase suggests new opportunities for drug design[J].Nature,2006,443 (7107):45-19.
[40]奥野良信,金刚烷胺.[J]日本医学,2004,25(7)：307-309
[41]徐坤,侯雷,杨松涛等.金刚烷胺修饰物对禽流感(H5N1)病毒的抑制作用[J]吉林大学学报(医学版),2007,9,33(5)：863-866
[42]李刚.甲型HIN1流感病毒的分子特征[J]首都医科大学学报,2009,6,30(3)：267-270
[43]刘宏博,曲文秀,李胜岐等.盐酸阿比朵尔片治疗流行性感冒的多中心随机双盲平行对照临床研究[J]中国临床药理学杂志,2006,22(6):403-405
[44]石丽桥,杨占秋,何静等.盐酸阿比朵尔抗腺病毒7型的实验研究[J]武汉大学学报：医学版,2006,27(1)：66-68
[45]何静,杨占秋,石丽桥等.盐酸阿比朵尔抗呼吸道合胞病毒机制初探[J]武汉大学学报：医学版,2006,27(1)：69-71
[46]蔡庚.病毒唑治疗病毒性上呼吸道感染162例疗效观察[J]邯郸医专学报,1994,7(2)：97-98
[47]于明启,王燕.利巴韦林气雾剂治疗小儿上呼吸道感染疗效观察[J]中国现代药物应用,2009,3(8)：138-139
[48]张福林.干扰素治疗流行性感冒的临床评价[J].中华今日医学杂志,2004,4(3)：17-18.
[49]彭爱琼.对乙酰氨基酚溶液治疗小儿病毒性上呼吸道感染发热86例[J]新药与临床,1997,16(5)：307
[50]周淑琴.新型非甾体抗炎药洛索洛芬钠的研究进展[J]上海医药,2008,29(10)：468-469
[51]陈新谦,金有豫,汤光.新编药物学[M].16版.北京：人民卫生出版社,2007:166,603.
[52]刘研,王旭,高虹。陈江婷.流行性感冒病毒疫苗临床研究进展.中国预防医学杂志,2005,6(3)：275
[53]ShanmF. Modemvaccine. Pneumococcus and influenza[J]. Lancet,1990,335 (8694): 898-901
[54]Kilbourne E. Inactivated Influenza Vaccines [J]. Vaccines,1994,564-581
[55]Nichol K, Lind A, Maxgol is K, et al. The effectiveness of vaccination against influena in healthy working adu Its[J]. The New England Journal of Medicine, 1995,333(14):889--893
[56]威风春综述,盛军审校.流感疫苗的研究进展.中国生物制品学杂志,2004,17(3)：190-192
[57]周光蔚,Sten Hammarstrom综述.DNA疫苗接种的免疫学机理、优越性及安全性.国外医学预防、诊断、治疗用生物制品分册(J),1997,20(2)：53-55
[58]Honda A, Ueda K, Nagata K, et al. RNA polymerase of influenza virus:role of NP in RNA chain elongation[J]. J Biochem(Tokyo),1988,104(6):1021-1026
[59]Parvin JD, Palese P, Honda A, et al. Promoter analysis of influenza virus RNA polymerase [J]. J viol,1989,63(12):5142--5152
[60]Robinson H L. Nucleic acid vaccines:an overview. Vaccine,1997,15:785-787
[2]姜良铎,张文生.从毒论治初探[J]北京中医药大学学报,1998,21(5):2
[3]涤尘.论黄星垣高热急症学术成就[J]中国中医急症,2001,10(3):121-122
[4]田德禄等.《中医内科学》[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2002：53-59.
[5]乐鸣.感冒的病因病机及其辨证分型[J].实用中医内科杂志,2002,16(4)：187-188.
[6]张蓉芳.感冒变证辨治[J].中国中医药信息杂志,2007,14(2)：69-70.
[7]刘志强.中医学对感冒的认识与治疗[J].中国医药指南杂志,2008,6(23):163-164.
[8]景珊,顾立刚.流行性感冒中医治疗概况[J].中国中医药信息志,2008,15(2)：7-8.
[9]高桂新.东北地区流行性感冒的病因病机辨识[J].中医药学刊,2003,21(1):2.
[10]任继学.时行感冒[J].中国中医药现代远程教育,2004,2(5)：26-28.
[11]赵兰才.流行性感冒三期论治[J].北京中医杂志,2007,26(11)：719-720.
[12]董建华,杜怀棠,周平安等.急性热病临床研究的初步设想[J]中医杂志,1985,26(1)：62.
[13]鲁美君,姜德友.外感热病统一论治的探讨[J]中医药信息,2008,25(1):7-8.
[14]刘兰林,王灿晖,杨进.外感热病“三维辨证观”构建基础及完善措施[J]中华中医药杂志,2005,20(6)：325-328.
[15]杨华祥.感冒的中医辨治体会[J].中国社区医师杂志,2008,7(3):113-114.
[16]王卓颖,张艳文,胡顺利.感冒与脾胃辨证施治[J].中国现代药物应用,2009 3(18):151-152.
[17]王东,邹平.时行感冒的中医药治疗[J].吉林中医药,2003,6(23):43.
[18]齐群长.中医药辨证治疗感冒的临床经验[J].中国实用乡村医生杂志,2007,4(14)：34-35.
[19]张秀荣,刘篙平.中医药治疗时行感冒78例[J].河南中医杂志,2002,9(22)：69-70.
[20]张俊庚.时行感冒治疗心得[J].中国中医急症杂志,2002,11(4)：320.
[21]王玉光,周平安.诊治流感经验[J].中国中医药报,2009.6.24.
[22]吕锦强.柴胡桂枝汤加减治疗小儿外感热病65例[J]福建中医药,2006,37(5)：51.
[23]姜良铎,张永生,程锦,柴欣楼.从枢机不利论治内伤基础上外感发热体会[J]中国中医药信息杂志,2009,3,16(3)：83,91.
[241夏永良.论下法在急性外感热病中的运用[J]中华中医药学刊,2007,7,25(7)：1464-1465.
[25]曾维秀.芳香化湿法治疗外感湿温病[J]湖北中医杂志,2006,28(4):48.
[26]姚公树.试论补气法在温热病治疗中的运用[J]浙江中医杂志,1999,34(8)：323-324.
[27]奚肇庆,徐艳.透表清气法对上呼吸道病毒性感染发热体温影响的临床研究[J]中国中医急症,2008,3,17(3)：281-282.
[28]刘均强.感冒的中医辨证治疗[J].社区医学杂志,2008,6(14):54-55.
[29]范伟赢.体虚感冒的中医辨证论治[J].陕西中医学院学报,2007,30(1):12-13.
[30]杨华祥.感冒的中医治疗[J].中国社区医师杂志,2008,7(10)：80.
[31]林向东.感冒的中医药治疗[J].吉林中医药,2004,6(25):41.
[32]朱立毅.“羌菊感冒颗粒”治疗急性上呼吸道感染60例[J].江苏中医药,2005,26(11)：52-53.
[33]张朝文.中医对感冒的治疗[J].实用中医药杂志,2008,24(12):770.
[34]翟华强,向楠.大青龙颗粒治疗感冒风寒表实兼郁热证的临床研究[J].中药新药与临床药理,2005,16(6)：452-453.
[35]毛冰.复方连蒲颗粒治疗感冒(风热证)的随机对照临床试验[J].中国循证医学杂志,2004,4(10)：667-684.
[36]张军瑞.桂枝汤化裁方治疗季节性感冒[J].实用中医药杂志,2009,25(1):42.
[37]刘兴烈.感冒冲剂治疗风热外感临床研究[J].中国中医急症杂志,2004,13(7)：429-430.
[38]苗德远.藿香正气散加减治疗胃肠型感冒50例[J].实用中医药杂志,2008,24(4)：224.
[39]王志文.金莲花片治疗感冒风热证或上呼吸道感染多中心、随机、开放阳性药平行对照研究[J].实用医学杂志,2005,21(18)：2085-2086
[40]罗翌.新香冲剂治疗病毒性上呼吸道感染[J].辽宁中医杂志2007,34(12)：1726-1728.
[41]闫荣.感冒清热冲剂治疗感冒的临床研究[J].中国实用医学,2004,6(1):74.
[42]单国君.九味羌活汤加减治疗感冒[J].中医中药杂志,2009,13(1):79.
[43]黄晓丹.保济浓缩丸治疗胃肠型感冒的临床研究[J].中国民族民间医药,2009,10(4)：44-48.
[44]夏进娥.双黄连超声雾化吸入治疗风热感冒疗效观察[J].实用中医药杂志,2009,25(12)：805.
[45]张安国.疏解汤诒疗感冒139例[J].实用中医药杂志,2009,25(12)：805.
[46]张帆.小柴胡汤加减治疗妊娠感冒68例[J].浙江中医药大学学报,2009,33(1):80.
[47]顾克辉.培土生金法治疗小儿感冒100例疗效观察[J].国医论坛杂志,2009 24(1):26-27.
[48]夏以琳.防感散预防小儿感冒的临床和实验研究[J].上海中医药杂志,2007,38(7)：35-37.
[49]曾万玲.感冒康滴鼻液的实验研究[J].中国药物与临床杂志,2003,3(4):350-351.
[50]张晓慧.感通颗粒抗感冒作用的实验研究[J].中国临床药理学与治疗学,2004,9(10)：1187-1188.
[51]王训乐.银荆感冒颗粒解热作用的实验研究[J].东南大学学报,2008,27(1):10-12.
[52]李合国.补肾固表方治疗小儿反复呼吸道感染作用机理的实验研究[J].中国中医药信息杂志,2002,9(8)：15-17.
[53]徐晓玉.防感片对小鼠脾细胞分泌IL-2影响的实验研究[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2002,8(4)：34-36.
[54]林媛.高树彬教授治疗肺系病症经验谈[J].中国中医药杂志,2007,4(31)：78-79.
[55]王惠君.黄文政教授诊治感冒及其变证的经验[J].天津中医杂志,2001,18(4):1-2.
[56]邵智谦.邵金阶论治感冒的经验[J].湖北中医杂志,2006,28(8)：17-18.
[57]陆汝.吴良德辨证治疗感冒的经验[J].河北中医杂志,2006,28(11)：805-806.
[58]原丹.肖诏玮老中医诊治小儿感冒临证经验初探[J].福建中医药杂志,2008,39(1)：17-18.
[59]邓沂.于已百教授治疗感冒的经验[J].甘肃中医学院学报,2000,17(4):1-2.
[60]杨铮.周耀庭教授治疗小儿感冒的临床经验[J].陕西中医药杂志,2008,29(3):322-323.
[61]李利荣.朱建贵辨治感冒经验浅析[J].北京中医杂志,2007,26(3):150-151.
[62]胡旭.流行性感冒的中医诊治体会[J].浙江中医药大学学报,2008,32(6)：9-10.
[63]汪玉冠.流行性感冒中医药防治的临床与实验研究进展[J].中国中医药科技杂志,2008,15：(3)：236-237.
[64]王伟.中医药治疗流行性感冒研究进展[J].中国中医药信息杂志,2005,12(8)：102-103.
[65]李文旭.流行性感冒的中医学认识与临床[J].中医研究杂志,1996,9(2)：1.
[66]黎汉光.穿唬宁注射液合三石汤加减治疗夏季重症流感疗效观察[J].中国中医急症杂志,2005,14(6)：543
[67]张杰,薛玉凤,赵聚宾,等.清毒退热散治疗流行性感冒的临床观察[J].河北中医,2005,4：248.
[68]张晓梅,姜良铎,商学征,等.柴胡桂枝汤加味方汤剂与颗粒剂治疗流行性感冒疗效对比研究[J].中国中医急症.2002,11(3)：174.
[69]曾庆祥,胡德珍.银麻合剂治疗温热流行性感冒的退热效果观察[J].中国中西医结合急救杂志,2004,11(3)：176.
[70]张忠,钟晓玲,熊广,等.病炎清治疗A,B型流感病毒性急性支气管炎116例[J].实用临床中药杂志,2005,9(8)：55.
[71]李德宝.莪术油治疗小儿乙型流感病毒性肺炎疗效观察[J].海南医学杂志,2003,14(11)：46.
[72]王秀东.改良白虎汤治疗流行性感冒91例观察[J].实用中医药杂志,2005,21(8):465.
[73]陈和.加味麻杏石甘汤治疗流行性感冒195例疗效观察[J].国际医药卫生导报,2006,12(11)：80.
[74]范秀华,刘波.荆防银翘汤治疗冬季流120例[J].实用中医内科杂志,2003,17(3)：191.
[75]胡兆明.柴胡桂枝汤治疗流行性感冒疗效分析[J1.时珍国医国药杂志,1998,9(5)：404.
[76]刘俊玲,王晓燕.鱼腥草注射液治疗流感病毒性肺炎80例[J].辽宁中医杂志,2002,29(6)：502.
[77]曲敬来,高雪,周岁锋,等.痰热清注射液治疗流感病毒A型上呼吸道感染临床观察.中国中医急症杂志,2005,14(1)：26.
[78]许健.大青龙汤治疗流感发热临床观察[J].长春中医学院学报,2001,17(2)：29.
[79]奚肇庆,刁人政.银花解毒颗粒治疗流行性感冒风热证临床观察[J].中国中医急症,2003,12(1)：20.
[80]刘盛,陈万生,乔传卓,等.不同种质板蓝根和大青叶的抗甲型流感病毒作用第二军医大学学报,2000,21(3)：204.
[81]刘培民,张鸿彩,包培蓉.升降散抗流感病毒实验研究[J].山东中医药大学学报,2001,25(1)：43-45.
[82]李际强,张奉学,符林春,等.升降散在体外抗甲型流感病毒的作用与对病毒血凝滴度的影响[J].中医药学刊,2003,21(2)：217-218.
[83]莫日根,韩雪梅,新燕,等.蒿芩清胆汤抗流感病毒的实验研究[J].中医研究,2005,18(5)：16-18.
[84]李丽娅,凌秋,崔洪波,等.黄芪多糖抗流感病毒的实验研究[J].中国中医药科技,2002,9(6)：354.
[85]严银芳,陈晓,杨小清,等.石香藉挥发油抗流感病毒活性成分的初步研究[J].青岛大学医学院学报,2002,38(2)：155-157.
[86]樊宏伟,卢继红,张蓉.苦参碱类生物碱的体外抑茵、抑病毒及诱生干扰素的实验研究[J].中医药信息杂志,2000,(4)：75-76.
[87]赵文明,郑群,刘振龙,等.儿茶提取物抗甲型流感病毒作用的实验研究[J].首都医科大学学报,2005,26(2)：167-170.
[88]卢芳国,田道法,朱应武,等.麻杏甘石汤加味方对A型流感病毒感染小鼠免疫功能的影响[J].中国药学报,2005,33(2)：36.
[89]王成祥,高贵新,魏守超等.益气清瘟解毒合剂对流感病毒FM1感染小鼠肺中IFN-γTNF-αIL-10及IL-6蛋白动态表达的影响[J].中国中药杂志,2005,30(7)：541.
[90]郝钰,史利卿,段丽颖,等.宣肺透解剂对流感病毒性肺炎小鼠肺部炎症及炎症相关细胞因子的影响[J].中国中西医结合急救杂,2006,13(4):198.
[91]徐泊文,郝红,吴君,等.加味宣肺透解剂对流感病毒感染小鼠肺组织中炎性细胞因子表达的影响[J].中医药学刊,2006,24(8)：1482.
[92]张炜,李文,毕小利.补肾益肺胶囊预防流感病毒FM1感染小鼠的实验研究[J].中国中医基础医学杂志,2002,8(10)：29.
[93]胡旭,邱全瑛,姜良铎.胚芽滋养胶囊对流感病毒感染小鼠血清IL-2和TNF-α的影响[J].中国中医急症杂志,2004,13(5)：306.
[94]唐光华.姜良铎教授治疗呼吸道病毒感染经验[J].中国中医急症杂志,2004,13(10)：674-675.
[95]杨卓.王长洪教授运用柴胡桂枝汤的经验述要[J].中医药学刊,2005,23(5)： 795-796.
[96]徐新毅.陈清维教授治疗流行性感冒经验[J].贵阳中医学院学报,2006,28(3):20.
[97]韩鑫冰,颜新 应用五运六气理论解读“甲型H1N1流感”疫情 辽宁中医杂志2009,36(10)1742-1743.
[98]顾植山,从中医五运六气理论谈对当前甲型H1N1流感的认识 浙江中医药大学学报2009,33(4)：457-459.
[99]顾植山,顾植山对当前甲型H1N1流感疫病防治的几点建议 浙江中医药大学学报2009,33(3)：297-299.
[100]王刚 伤寒方辨治甲型H1N1流感思路探讨 新中医2009 41(9)107-108.
[101]周平安 甲型H1N1流感中医病因病机治法述要北京中医药2009 28(9)667-668.
[102]姜良铎 中医论治甲型H1N1流感 中医杂志2009 50(8)761-762.
[1]陈灏珠等.实用内科学[M]第12版.北京：人民卫生出版社,2005,317-319.
[2]廖斌,车莉,曹力等.891例急性呼吸道感染患者病毒病原学调查[J]中国实用儿科杂志,2005,20(1)：24-26.
[3]徐勇胜.鼻病毒与气道炎症的研究进展[J].临床儿科杂志,2009,27(5):491-492.
[4]刘彦明.流感病毒的致病机理研究进展[J].中日友好医院学报,2009,23(3)：1.
[5]GaIten RJ, Davis CT, Russeu cA, et al. Antigenic and genetic characteristics of swine.2009A(H1N1) influenza viruses circulating in humans. Science,2009, 325:197-201.
[6]Smith GJ, Vijaykrishna D, Bahl J, et al. Origins and evolutionary genomics of the 2009 swine-origin H1N1 influenza A epidemic. Nature,2009,459:1122-1125.
[7]兰喜.冠状病毒的分子生物学研究进展[J].基础医学与临床杂志,2005,25(12)：1095-1096.
[8]Bruzzone MS Fuentes L. Spencer E Specific subgroup B adenovirus diagnosis by PCR of the fibre gene J Infect,2000,40:154-159.
[9]崔玉霞.呼吸道合胞病毒感染及反义基因治疗的研究进展[J].中华儿科杂志,2006,44(8)：629-630.
[10]杨鹏辉,杨潞芳.流感病毒呼吸道黏膜感染免疫防御机制的研究进展[J]国际免疫学杂志,2006,9,29(5)：305-309
[11]Inoue H, Horio S, Ichinose M, et al. Changes in bronchial reactivity to acetycholine with type C influenza virus infection in dogs. [J]Am Rev Respir Dis,1986,133:367-371
[12]Miller AL, Bowlin TL, Lukacs NW, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus-induced chemokine production:linking viral replication to chemokine production in vitro and in vivo [J].J Infect Dis,2004,189(8):1419-30.
[13]夏虎,蔡绍曦,佟万成.呼吸道合胞病毒感染促进哮喘小鼠气道分泌TSLP和Th2炎症反应[J]南方医科大学学报,2009,29(4)：724-728.
[14]云云,黄升海.Toll样受体3介导呼吸道合胞病毒感染人肺上皮细胞的炎性反应及其信号转导通路[J].中国组织工程研究与临床康复,2007,5,21(11)：4119-4122
[15]谢新华,董军.细胞因子与发热机制研究进展[J].广东医学,2005-08-085:67-69.
[16]李沧海,周军,霍海如,康旭亮,姜廷良.前列腺素EP_3受体激动剂诱导发热及其机制初探[J]中国病理生理杂志,2004,(04)：78-80.
[17]潘秀军,吕婕,沈立松.直接免疫荧光法同时检测儿童多种呼吸道病毒抗原的临床应用[J]放射免疫学杂志,2009,22(3)：267-270
[18]张德玺,韩洪彦,王希良.一种快速检测甲型流感病毒的方法[J]中国比较医学杂志,2007,17(1)：42-45
[19]卢亦愚,严菊英,茅海燕等.流感病毒型别及亚型的多重RT2PCR方法快速检测[J]中华实验和临床病毒学杂志,2009,9,19(3)：252-255
[20]刘建军,程小雯,贺连华.用鸡胚和MDCK细胞分离流感病毒的实验研究[J]中国公共卫生,2002,18(3)：335-336
[21]甲型H1N1流感诊疗方案(2009年第三版).卫生部办公厅,2009 (Accessed October 13.2009, http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2009-10/13/content_1437636.htm)
[22]Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. Diagnosis and treatment of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. [J]Evid Rep Technol Assess(Summ)1999; 9; 1-5
[23]Ah-See KW. Sinusitis(acute). Clinical Evidence www.clinicalevidence.org /ceweb/conditions/ent/0511/0511_contribdetails. jsp
[24]Williams Jr JW, Aguilar C, Comell J, Chiquette E, Dolor RJ, Makela M, et al. Antibiotics for acute maxillary sinusitis. [J] Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; (2):CD000243
[25]Otits media and its comp lications. Beh rman RE, Kleigman RM, Jenson HB, eds. N elson Textbook of Pediatrics [M].16th ed. Philadelphia:Saunders,2000: 1950
[26]张亚梅,董频,陆培.头孢曲松与阿莫西林治疗儿童急性中耳炎的疗效比较研究[J].中华儿科杂志,003,41(2)：135
[27]Manoha C, Esp inosa S, Aho SL, et al. Ep idemiological and clinical features of hMPV, RSV and RVs infections in young children [J]. J ClinV irol,2007, 38 (3):221-226.
[28]张丽丽,唐浏英,谢正德等.急性下呼吸道感染患儿病毒病原学及其临床特征[J]实用儿科临床杂志,2008,11,22(23)：1743-1744,1756
[29]钟家蓉,周勤,田杰.小儿病毒性心肌炎8种病毒特异IgM的检测及临床意义.[J]重庆医科大学学报,2001,26(2)：212
[30]赵淑华,刘红.病毒性心肌炎84例临床分析[J]中国地方病学杂志,2006,1,25(1)：69
[31]Patrick J Gavin,Richard B Tomson,Jr Reviewof. Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Influenza. [J] Clinical and Applied Immunology Reviews,2003,4:151-172.
[32]N. Kawai etal. The clinical outcomes of anti-influenza drug therapy:a Japanese multi-center study of the 2002-2003 influenza season. [J] Interna-tional Congress Series,2004,1263:507-510.
[33]殷璐,蒋建东.抗流感病毒药物研究进展[J]中国新药杂志,2004,13(8):685-687
[34]Jefferson T, Jones M, Doshi P, Del Mar C, Dooley L, Foxlee R. Neuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating influenza in healthy adults [J]Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2010,2,17 (2):1265
[35]Ralf Winzer, Nicolas Kanig, Sophie Schneitler. Early Clinical Experiences Withthe New Influenza A (H1N1/09) [J] Dtsch Arztebl Int,2009,106(47):770
[36]Chand P,Bantia S,Kotian PL,et al. Comparison of the anti-influenza Virus activity of cyclopentance devivatives with oseltamivir and zanamivir in vivo[J].Bioozg Med chem.,2005,13 (12):4071-4077.
[37]Alymova Ⅳ,Taylor G,Portner A.Neuraminidase inhibitors as antiviral agents[J].Curr Drug Targets Infect Disord,2005,5(4):401-409.
[38]Li J, zheng M, Tang Wet al. Syntheses of triazole-modif ied zanamivir analogues via click chemistry and anti-AIV activities[J]. Bioozg Med chem. Lett,2006,16(19):5009-5013
[39]Russel RJ, Haire LF, Stevens, DJ,et al.The structure of H5N1 avian influenza neuraminidase suggests new opportunities for drug design[J].Nature,2006,443 (7107):45-19.
[40]奥野良信,金刚烷胺.[J]日本医学,2004,25(7)：307-309
[41]徐坤,侯雷,杨松涛等.金刚烷胺修饰物对禽流感(H5N1)病毒的抑制作用[J]吉林大学学报(医学版),2007,9,33(5)：863-866
[42]李刚.甲型HIN1流感病毒的分子特征[J]首都医科大学学报,2009,6,30(3)：267-270
[43]刘宏博,曲文秀,李胜岐等.盐酸阿比朵尔片治疗流行性感冒的多中心随机双盲平行对照临床研究[J]中国临床药理学杂志,2006,22(6):403-405
[44]石丽桥,杨占秋,何静等.盐酸阿比朵尔抗腺病毒7型的实验研究[J]武汉大学学报：医学版,2006,27(1)：66-68
[45]何静,杨占秋,石丽桥等.盐酸阿比朵尔抗呼吸道合胞病毒机制初探[J]武汉大学学报：医学版,2006,27(1)：69-71
[46]蔡庚.病毒唑治疗病毒性上呼吸道感染162例疗效观察[J]邯郸医专学报,1994,7(2)：97-98
[47]于明启,王燕.利巴韦林气雾剂治疗小儿上呼吸道感染疗效观察[J]中国现代药物应用,2009,3(8)：138-139
[48]张福林.干扰素治疗流行性感冒的临床评价[J].中华今日医学杂志,2004,4(3)：17-18.
[49]彭爱琼.对乙酰氨基酚溶液治疗小儿病毒性上呼吸道感染发热86例[J]新药与临床,1997,16(5)：307
[50]周淑琴.新型非甾体抗炎药洛索洛芬钠的研究进展[J]上海医药,2008,29(10)：468-469
[51]陈新谦,金有豫,汤光.新编药物学[M].16版.北京：人民卫生出版社,2007:166,603.
[52]刘研,王旭,高虹。陈江婷.流行性感冒病毒疫苗临床研究进展.中国预防医学杂志,2005,6(3)：275
[53]ShanmF. Modemvaccine. Pneumococcus and influenza[J]. Lancet,1990,335 (8694): 898-901
[54]Kilbourne E. Inactivated Influenza Vaccines [J]. Vaccines,1994,564-581
[55]Nichol K, Lind A, Maxgol is K, et al. The effectiveness of vaccination against influena in healthy working adu Its[J]. The New England Journal of Medicine, 1995,333(14):889--893
[56]威风春综述,盛军审校.流感疫苗的研究进展.中国生物制品学杂志,2004,17(3)：190-192
[57]周光蔚,Sten Hammarstrom综述.DNA疫苗接种的免疫学机理、优越性及安全性.国外医学预防、诊断、治疗用生物制品分册(J),1997,20(2)：53-55
[58]Honda A, Ueda K, Nagata K, et al. RNA polymerase of influenza virus:role of NP in RNA chain elongation[J]. J Biochem(Tokyo),1988,104(6):1021-1026
[59]Parvin JD, Palese P, Honda A, et al. Promoter analysis of influenza virus RNA polymerase [J]. J viol,1989,63(12):5142--5152
[60]Robinson H L. Nucleic acid vaccines:an overview. Vaccine,1997,15:785-787
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |