山地城市污水管道气体爆炸风险评估及预警研究
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摘要
随着城市规模的发展和人们环境意识的加强，政府和社会对市政环境领域的关注和投入越来越大，建立一套有效的污水管道有害气体监测与预警系统既是城市环境监测的重要内容，也是市政设施现代化建设的必然要求。
本文在国家水体污染控制与治理重大专项“重庆主城排水系统安全与城市面源污染控制技术研究与综合示范（2008ZX07315-001）”的资助下，对重庆市江北区、沙坪坝区等典型区域开展污水管道有害气体成分分析、积聚规律及溯源研究，构建污水管道多元气体二维湍流爆炸模型并进行爆炸过程的数值模拟研究，研制污水管道气体安全阈值研究装置进行气体爆炸试验，分析污水管道爆炸成因与气体爆炸极限，建立了污水管道气体爆炸风险评估模型，通过技术研究和综合示范，建立了山地城市污水管道有害气体监测与预警系统，对保障污水管道系统安全运行具有实用价值和积极意义。取得的主要成果有：
①根据密闭空间气体燃烧爆炸过程的特点，建立了山地城市污水管道气体爆炸的基本物理模型和数学模型。构建了能量方程、动量方程、质量方程、状态方程、湍流方程、组分方程、化学反应速率方程，用Fluent6.3软件，模拟爆炸管径为300mm、CH_4浓度依次为0.8%、2%、5%、8%、9.5%、10%的爆炸试验。试验发现，CH_4浓度为8%、9.5%和10%时，点火端压力比CH_4浓度为5%时出现了明显的陡增。惰性气体CO_2的加入，降低了混合气体的反应活性，导致点火延迟时间增大，燃烧反应速度随之减小。
②搭建了污水管道气体爆炸模拟试验系统，对污水管道多元气体二维湍流爆炸模型进行验证和校对。设计实现了由配气系统、爆炸腔、点火装置、监测系统四个部分所构成的污水管道气体安全阈值研究装置。爆炸腔为内径25mm长0.5m透明圆胶管。爆炸试验过程中，CH_4浓度为4.4%—5.9%、H_2S浓度为0—0.02%、CO_2浓度为0.03%—0.8%；O_2浓度为20.9%；N2浓度为72.93%—73.55%。试验结果表明，5.5%的CH_4比5.6%的CH_4的爆炸波峰出现早，CH_4浓度小于5.5%均不能产生爆炸。进行L_(25)(5~6)正交试验表明，当CH_4浓度为5.6%时，2%浓度的CO_2可以抑制爆炸的发生；当CH_4浓度为5.7%、5.8%时，2%浓度的CO_2对爆炸制作用不明显。当CH_4浓度超过5.5%时，0.01%浓度的H_2S对CH_4爆炸温度波峰的出现有稍微的促进作用，使得爆炸温度峰值出现稍微偏高和提前。H_2S对污水管道安全的影响主要表现在它的毒性方面，微量浓度的H_2S对CH_4爆炸阈值的影响很小，可以忽略不计。
③通过数值模拟和污水管道气体安全阈值研究装置系统试验，确定污水管道CH_4爆炸阈值为5.5%。污水管道气体安全阈值研究装置特点如下：配气精确，各气体成分和含量能精确配制成预定的要求；能精确确定爆炸前后温度、压力变化情况；能精确确定多元混合气体爆炸下限值。
④阐述山地城市污水管道气体爆炸风险评估的必要性及其特点，提出了基于风险矩阵的污水管道气体爆炸风险评估模型。风险矩阵由风险因素、风险概率、风险影响、风险级别、Borda序值和风险权重组成。以江北区绿云尚都国际时装城3号井为例构建风险矩阵，计算出甲烷、二氧化碳、硫化氢、温度、区域环境和检查井位置6个风险因素的风险权重分别为0.4295、0.0246、0.2895、0.0379、0.1435和0.0750。对重庆主城典型区域污水管道进行了风险评估，并提出了管理决策。
⑤构建了基于GIS和GPRS技术的山地城市污水管道有害气体监测与预警管理信息系统，污水管道气体爆炸预警值设为两级，低位预警30%LEL，高位报警50%LEL。监测探头设在距离窨井盖下0.3-0.5m处。该系统经示范运行，数据采集与传输达到设计要求，系统运行稳定。
Along with the development of the scale of cities, the enhancement of theawareness of environment, the more and more antention and input of the governmentand societies, setting up a set of effective sewers harmful gas monitoring and earlywarning system is not only an important content of the city environment monitoring butalso a necessity requirement of the modern construction of the municipal establishment.
The paper is sponsored by national important water pollution control andmanagement item of Chongqing main city drainage system safey and city non-pointsource pollution control technology research and comprehensive demonstration（2008ZX07315-001）.This paper finished the component analysis and the reason studyof accumulation rule of sewers harmful gas of main typical area of Chongqing JiangbeiDistrict and Shapingba District. Built a model of sewers’ two dimensional turbulence ofmultiple gas and studied on Numerical Simulation of the explosion. Developed thesewers gas safety threshold research facility to conduct a series of explosion tests, toanaylse the explosion reason of the sewers gas and to decide the gas explosion limit.Found the sewers gas explosion risk evaluation model. By means of technique reachand comprehensive demonstration, set up the mountain city sewers harmful gasmonitoring and early warning system. It has the practical and positive meaning toensure the safety running of sewers. The main achievements include:
①In accordance with the characteristic of gas explosion in confined space,builtthe basic physical and maths model of the mountain city sewers gas explosion.Constructed a set of energy equation、momentum equation、mass equation、stateequation、 turbulence equation、 component equation and chemical reation rateequation.Using the Fluent6.3software,simulated many explosion tests with CH_4concentration on0.8%、2%、5%、8%、9.5%、10%in the pipe diameter of300mm.Testsfound that when the CH_4concentration on8%、9.5%and10%，the ignition end pressureis steep than that of the CH_4concentration on5%. Along with the adding of inertia CO_2,reduced the reaction activity of mixture gas, leading to the increase of the ignition delaytime and the minishment of the combustion reaction velocity.
②Constructed the sewers gas explosion simulation experiment system,which couldchecking the sewers’ two dimensional turbulence module of multiple gas.The facilityhas four parts, gas distribution system, the explosion cavity, ignition device and monitoring system. The explosion cavity is a transparent hose with the inner diameter of25mm and0.5m long.During the explosion experiment, the oncentration of CH_4is from4.4%to5.9%.The concentration of H_2S is0to0.02%. The concentration of CO_2is from0.03%to0.8%. The concentration of O_2is20.9%.The oncentration of N2isfrom72.93%to73.55%. The test results show that CH_4with the oncentration of5.5%has theexplosion wave appeared earlier than that of5.6%.CH_4with the oncentration of5.5%can not produce an explosion。The orthogonal test L_(25)(5~6) show that when theoncentration of CH_4is5.6%，CO_2with the oncentration of2%can inhibit theoccurrence of explosion,while with the oncentration of CH_4is5.7%and5.8%, CO_2withthe oncentration of2%has no obviously effect.When the oncentration of CH_4is over5.5%，H_2S with the oncentration of0.01%can promot the temperature of explosionwave slightly，with the explosion temperature peak value appeared a little on the highside and advance.H_2S is a kind of toxicity gas in sewers. With trace concentration,it hasnegligible effect on the explosion threshold of CH_4.
③By means of numerical simulation and the system test through the sewers gassafety threshhold study facility,confirmed the explosion threshhold of CH_4in sewers is5.5%.The facility has such characteristics as gas distribution accurately.The gascomposition and content can be precisely formulated into a predeterminedrequirement.Can exactly determine the explosion temperature pressure changes beforeand after and can accurately determine the mixed gas explosion lower limit.
④Elaborate the necessary and the characteristic effect of risk assessment onMountain City sewers gas explosion.Promote the risk assessment module on MountainCity sewers gas explosion based on risk matrix. The risk matrix is composed of riskfactors, risk probability, risk effect, risk level、 Borda sequence value and riskweight.With the example of Luyun Shangdu international fashion town No.3inspectionwell,caculated the risk weight of0.4295、0.0246、0.2895、0.0379、0.1435and0.0750,which is respectively on behalf of risk factors of CH_4,CO_2,H_2S,temperature,regional enviorment and inspection well position. Done the riskassessment to sewers of Chongqing typical area and proposed a series of managementdecision.
⑤Set up the mountain city sewers harmful gas monitoring and early warninginformation system based on the technology of GIS and GPRS.The sewers explosionthreshhold has the low Level of30%LEL and the other high level of50%LEL.Monitoring probe is located under the manhole cover in the distance of0.3-0.5m.With the demonstrative field trial operation in Chongqing Jiangbei District,the system’s dataacquisition and transmission meet the design requirements and the terminal equipmentruns normally and with stable situation.
本文在国家水体污染控制与治理重大专项“重庆主城排水系统安全与城市面源污染控制技术研究与综合示范（2008ZX07315-001）”的资助下，对重庆市江北区、沙坪坝区等典型区域开展污水管道有害气体成分分析、积聚规律及溯源研究，构建污水管道多元气体二维湍流爆炸模型并进行爆炸过程的数值模拟研究，研制污水管道气体安全阈值研究装置进行气体爆炸试验，分析污水管道爆炸成因与气体爆炸极限，建立了污水管道气体爆炸风险评估模型，通过技术研究和综合示范，建立了山地城市污水管道有害气体监测与预警系统，对保障污水管道系统安全运行具有实用价值和积极意义。取得的主要成果有：
①根据密闭空间气体燃烧爆炸过程的特点，建立了山地城市污水管道气体爆炸的基本物理模型和数学模型。构建了能量方程、动量方程、质量方程、状态方程、湍流方程、组分方程、化学反应速率方程，用Fluent6.3软件，模拟爆炸管径为300mm、CH_4浓度依次为0.8%、2%、5%、8%、9.5%、10%的爆炸试验。试验发现，CH_4浓度为8%、9.5%和10%时，点火端压力比CH_4浓度为5%时出现了明显的陡增。惰性气体CO_2的加入，降低了混合气体的反应活性，导致点火延迟时间增大，燃烧反应速度随之减小。
②搭建了污水管道气体爆炸模拟试验系统，对污水管道多元气体二维湍流爆炸模型进行验证和校对。设计实现了由配气系统、爆炸腔、点火装置、监测系统四个部分所构成的污水管道气体安全阈值研究装置。爆炸腔为内径25mm长0.5m透明圆胶管。爆炸试验过程中，CH_4浓度为4.4%—5.9%、H_2S浓度为0—0.02%、CO_2浓度为0.03%—0.8%；O_2浓度为20.9%；N2浓度为72.93%—73.55%。试验结果表明，5.5%的CH_4比5.6%的CH_4的爆炸波峰出现早，CH_4浓度小于5.5%均不能产生爆炸。进行L_(25)(5~6)正交试验表明，当CH_4浓度为5.6%时，2%浓度的CO_2可以抑制爆炸的发生；当CH_4浓度为5.7%、5.8%时，2%浓度的CO_2对爆炸制作用不明显。当CH_4浓度超过5.5%时，0.01%浓度的H_2S对CH_4爆炸温度波峰的出现有稍微的促进作用，使得爆炸温度峰值出现稍微偏高和提前。H_2S对污水管道安全的影响主要表现在它的毒性方面，微量浓度的H_2S对CH_4爆炸阈值的影响很小，可以忽略不计。
③通过数值模拟和污水管道气体安全阈值研究装置系统试验，确定污水管道CH_4爆炸阈值为5.5%。污水管道气体安全阈值研究装置特点如下：配气精确，各气体成分和含量能精确配制成预定的要求；能精确确定爆炸前后温度、压力变化情况；能精确确定多元混合气体爆炸下限值。
④阐述山地城市污水管道气体爆炸风险评估的必要性及其特点，提出了基于风险矩阵的污水管道气体爆炸风险评估模型。风险矩阵由风险因素、风险概率、风险影响、风险级别、Borda序值和风险权重组成。以江北区绿云尚都国际时装城3号井为例构建风险矩阵，计算出甲烷、二氧化碳、硫化氢、温度、区域环境和检查井位置6个风险因素的风险权重分别为0.4295、0.0246、0.2895、0.0379、0.1435和0.0750。对重庆主城典型区域污水管道进行了风险评估，并提出了管理决策。
⑤构建了基于GIS和GPRS技术的山地城市污水管道有害气体监测与预警管理信息系统，污水管道气体爆炸预警值设为两级，低位预警30%LEL，高位报警50%LEL。监测探头设在距离窨井盖下0.3-0.5m处。该系统经示范运行，数据采集与传输达到设计要求，系统运行稳定。
Along with the development of the scale of cities, the enhancement of theawareness of environment, the more and more antention and input of the governmentand societies, setting up a set of effective sewers harmful gas monitoring and earlywarning system is not only an important content of the city environment monitoring butalso a necessity requirement of the modern construction of the municipal establishment.
The paper is sponsored by national important water pollution control andmanagement item of Chongqing main city drainage system safey and city non-pointsource pollution control technology research and comprehensive demonstration（2008ZX07315-001）.This paper finished the component analysis and the reason studyof accumulation rule of sewers harmful gas of main typical area of Chongqing JiangbeiDistrict and Shapingba District. Built a model of sewers’ two dimensional turbulence ofmultiple gas and studied on Numerical Simulation of the explosion. Developed thesewers gas safety threshold research facility to conduct a series of explosion tests, toanaylse the explosion reason of the sewers gas and to decide the gas explosion limit.Found the sewers gas explosion risk evaluation model. By means of technique reachand comprehensive demonstration, set up the mountain city sewers harmful gasmonitoring and early warning system. It has the practical and positive meaning toensure the safety running of sewers. The main achievements include:
①In accordance with the characteristic of gas explosion in confined space,builtthe basic physical and maths model of the mountain city sewers gas explosion.Constructed a set of energy equation、momentum equation、mass equation、stateequation、 turbulence equation、 component equation and chemical reation rateequation.Using the Fluent6.3software,simulated many explosion tests with CH_4concentration on0.8%、2%、5%、8%、9.5%、10%in the pipe diameter of300mm.Testsfound that when the CH_4concentration on8%、9.5%and10%，the ignition end pressureis steep than that of the CH_4concentration on5%. Along with the adding of inertia CO_2,reduced the reaction activity of mixture gas, leading to the increase of the ignition delaytime and the minishment of the combustion reaction velocity.
②Constructed the sewers gas explosion simulation experiment system,which couldchecking the sewers’ two dimensional turbulence module of multiple gas.The facilityhas four parts, gas distribution system, the explosion cavity, ignition device and monitoring system. The explosion cavity is a transparent hose with the inner diameter of25mm and0.5m long.During the explosion experiment, the oncentration of CH_4is from4.4%to5.9%.The concentration of H_2S is0to0.02%. The concentration of CO_2is from0.03%to0.8%. The concentration of O_2is20.9%.The oncentration of N2isfrom72.93%to73.55%. The test results show that CH_4with the oncentration of5.5%has theexplosion wave appeared earlier than that of5.6%.CH_4with the oncentration of5.5%can not produce an explosion。The orthogonal test L_(25)(5~6) show that when theoncentration of CH_4is5.6%，CO_2with the oncentration of2%can inhibit theoccurrence of explosion,while with the oncentration of CH_4is5.7%and5.8%, CO_2withthe oncentration of2%has no obviously effect.When the oncentration of CH_4is over5.5%，H_2S with the oncentration of0.01%can promot the temperature of explosionwave slightly，with the explosion temperature peak value appeared a little on the highside and advance.H_2S is a kind of toxicity gas in sewers. With trace concentration,it hasnegligible effect on the explosion threshold of CH_4.
③By means of numerical simulation and the system test through the sewers gassafety threshhold study facility,confirmed the explosion threshhold of CH_4in sewers is5.5%.The facility has such characteristics as gas distribution accurately.The gascomposition and content can be precisely formulated into a predeterminedrequirement.Can exactly determine the explosion temperature pressure changes beforeand after and can accurately determine the mixed gas explosion lower limit.
④Elaborate the necessary and the characteristic effect of risk assessment onMountain City sewers gas explosion.Promote the risk assessment module on MountainCity sewers gas explosion based on risk matrix. The risk matrix is composed of riskfactors, risk probability, risk effect, risk level、 Borda sequence value and riskweight.With the example of Luyun Shangdu international fashion town No.3inspectionwell,caculated the risk weight of0.4295、0.0246、0.2895、0.0379、0.1435and0.0750,which is respectively on behalf of risk factors of CH_4,CO_2,H_2S,temperature,regional enviorment and inspection well position. Done the riskassessment to sewers of Chongqing typical area and proposed a series of managementdecision.
⑤Set up the mountain city sewers harmful gas monitoring and early warninginformation system based on the technology of GIS and GPRS.The sewers explosionthreshhold has the low Level of30%LEL and the other high level of50%LEL.Monitoring probe is located under the manhole cover in the distance of0.3-0.5m.With the demonstrative field trial operation in Chongqing Jiangbei District,the system’s dataacquisition and transmission meet the design requirements and the terminal equipmentruns normally and with stable situation.
引文
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