亚洲沙尘长途传输中与典型大气污染物的混合和相互作用及其对城市空气质量的影响
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摘要
大气气溶胶通过影响大气辐射、大气化学及云和降水过程,改变地水气系统内部的辐射能量收支和水循环,对全球气候和环境变化产生巨大影响。随着工业化、城市化、机动车化的快速发展,煤等化石燃料燃烧和机动车排放等人为污染物急剧增加,导致大气污染日益严重。加之,亚洲沙尘长途传输途经广大煤矿区及人口密集、人为污染高排放的城市群地区,矿物气溶胶与和污染气溶胶和污染气体的混合和相互作用进一步促进气固转化过程并叠加大量污染气溶胶,严重影响我国中东部广大地区的大气质量以及沿海海域的生态环境。中国大气环境深受亚洲沙尘以及人为排放污染物的双重影响。以高浓度悬浮颗粒物为主要污染物的大气复合污染是我国环境污染防治面临的严峻挑战。本论文研究了亚洲沙尘的理化特性、时空分布及其长距离传输,论证了矿物气溶胶与人为污染物在长途传输中的混合和相互作用机制及其对城市空气质量的影响,并着重阐明了中国典型沙尘源区和典型城市地区大气中主要污染物硫酸盐和硝酸盐气溶胶的来源、形成机制及其对大气质量的影响。本研究的主要内容及取得的重要成果有：
1.以2010年3月19日～23日亚洲特大沙尘暴为例,深入分析了沙尘的长距离传输对城市空气质量的影响。沙尘气溶胶的传输对下风向城市、地区近地面500米内大气环境造成严重影响。沙尘的远距离传输途径中国人为污染排放较高的城市及地区,并且在沙尘入侵前上海大气污染物积聚,在沙尘入侵时上海大气污染物浓度升高,揭示了沙尘气溶胶的传输伴随着大量污染物的传输。此次沙尘暴导致上海出现两个沙尘污染阶段,期间沙尘与污染物的混合程度有显著差别,第二阶段沙尘的传输经由更多深受人为活动影响的区域,颗粒物中Zn、S、Cu、Pb、Cd、Mo、Se等污染源元素与SO42-、NO3-等污染组分的含量更高。沙尘时期大气氮氧化率NOR和硫氧化率SOR值高于非沙尘时期的值,揭示了沙尘颗粒物可促进颗粒态SO42-、NO3-的生成。沙尘在传输过程中与大气污染物之间相互混合、相互作用,将导致颗粒物中SO42-、NO3-等污染组分的增加,从而对区域乃至全球的大气环境产生更为严重的影响。
2.分析了典型沙尘源区黄土高原北缘榆林地区2006～2008年春季大气PM2.5和TSP的理化特性,探讨了亚洲沙尘在传输路径中与污染物的相互作用。榆林气溶胶中的As、Cd、Pb、Zn、S等元素以及水溶性离子N03-、NH4+主要来自人为污染排放。沙尘期间榆林气溶胶中As、Cd、Pb、Zn、S等污染元素的含量远高于地壳中的平均含量,且PM25和TSP中水溶性污染物N03-的含量分别为0.8%和0.3%,高于塔克拉玛干沙漠气溶胶中的含量,揭示了在沙尘源区附近的亚洲沙尘中已经混有人为排放污染物。沙尘气溶胶与污染物之间相互混合、相互作用程度可由颗粒物中的NO3-/Al比值指示,对比塔中、榆林、多伦、北京、上海沙尘和非沙尘时期颗粒物中NO3-/Al比值,发现榆林沙尘气溶胶与污染物的混合程度高于沙尘源区的塔中和多伦,混合气溶胶的传输将对下风向地区大气环境造成更大的影响。气溶胶中的Ca/AI比值可指示不同沙尘源区,影响榆林的外来沙尘主要来自中国西北地区的沙漠以及蒙古戈壁滩,对榆林矿物气溶胶的贡献量为16～100%。我国黄土高原沙尘中Ca/Al比值介于塔克拉玛干沙漠沙尘以及蒙古戈壁沙尘中的比值之间,黄土高原的形成同时受塔克拉玛干沙尘与内蒙古戈壁沙尘的影响。
3.深入分析了典型沙尘源区黄土高原北缘榆林地区大气硫酸盐、硝酸盐气溶胶的季节变化及形成过程。颗粒物中SO42-和NO3-呈明显的季节变化,PM25和TSP中的SO42-均在夏季最高,而PM25中N03-在夏季最低,TSP中的NO3-呈秋季<夏季<春季/冬季。榆林颗粒物中SO42-和NO3-主要来自煤炭等化石燃料燃烧及其他工业排放、烟花燃放、生物质燃烧以及交通排放等人为污染排放,在沙尘时期矿物源对S042-有很大贡献。气温以及相对湿度是影响颗粒态SO42-和NO3-形成的两个关键因素,夏季的高温可促进SO42-在大气中的均相转化过程,而降低NO3-的均相转化过程,在春季、秋季以及冬季,相对湿度对颗粒态SO42-和NO3-的形成有较大的影响,云/雾中反应极有可能是SO42-和NO3-形成的主要过程,且颗粒物中的矿物组分对SO42-和NO3-的形成有很大的贡献。榆林大气颗粒物可在北、西风的作用下被长距离输送,其颗粒物中含有的高浓度矿物成分在传输过程中与污染气体等的相互作用将区域空气质量以及大气环境中的物理化学过程产生巨大影响。
4.通过大气气溶胶的在线气溶胶浓度监测、雷达观测以及气溶胶的化学成分全面分析了上海世博会期间的大气颗粒物污染状况。上海世博会期间细颗粒物PM2.5与PM10的比值PM2.5/PM10>50%,且颗粒物中的NO3-/SO42-比值基本上都大于1,大气细颗粒物以及交通排放对上海大气污染的贡献已较为突出。沙尘的远距离传输、大气二次化学转化以及一次人为排放污染物在静稳等不利气象条件下的积聚是上海大气颗粒物污染的重要成因。一次人为排放污染物积聚导致的大气污染期间,来自生物质燃烧的Cl-、K+以及建筑工地等扬尘的Ca2+浓度较高,且污染元素As、Zn、S、Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr等富集系数为研究期间最高,揭示了生物质燃烧、工业排放,建筑工地等扬尘为大气污染的主要贡献。世博会期间二次组分SO42-、NO3-、NH4+仍为大气颗粒物污染的主要贡献。夏季颗粒物中的SO42-、NO3-可被NH4+完全中和,NH3为SO42-、NO3-形成过程中的主要碱性物质,而在春季和秋季,颗粒物中的钙碱性物质参与了SO42-、NO3-的形成。
5.对比分析了2008年冬季四个典型地区塔中(沙尘源区)、榆林、北京、上海大气颗粒物中SO42-和NO3-的来源和形成机制,探讨了中国污染物减排措施对各地区颗粒物中SO42-和NO3-的影响。塔中大气颗粒物中高浓度的SO42-来自矿物源,榆林颗粒物中SO42-既受矿物源的影响又受人为污染排放的影响,而北京、上海的8O42-主要来自人为污染排放。四个地区颗粒物中的NH4+、NO3-均主要来自人为污染排放,且从偏远沙尘源区到东部沿海发达城市,SO42-、NH4+、NO3-对颗粒物的贡献显著上升,体现了人为污染排放对大气颗粒物污染的贡献。塔中颗粒物中的NO3-在大气相对湿度较高时(RH>25%)浓度明显升高,其形成过程主要为酸性气体NOx等与颗粒物中的CaCO3之间的反应。榆林、北京、上海大气颗粒物中的SO42-和NO3-主要是在NH3、CaCO3的参与下形成的,其形成过程主要为颗粒物表面的异相反应以及云(雾)中反应。本研究揭示了亚洲沙尘以及沙尘气溶胶在传输中与污染物的相互作用对全球大气气溶胶中的硫酸盐、硝酸盐有较大的贡献。榆林大气中NO2呈显著上升趋势,颗粒物中的NO3-也显著上升,且北京、上海大气中颗粒物中的NO3-/SO42-值呈显著上升趋势,交通排放对中国大气颗粒物的贡献已较为突出。随着中国工业化、城市化、机动车化等的快速增长,NOx等含氮污染物的排放将对中国大气环境造成严重影响。
Atmospheric aerosol could change the radiation balance and water cycle in Land-Hydrosphere-Atmosphere System by influencing the radiation forcing, atmospheric chemistry, the formation of cloud and precipitation, therefore, could impact significantly on global climatic and environmental change. Along the elevation of the industrialiaztion, urbanization, and motorization degree of China, pollution emission by human activities, including fossil fuel burning, motor vehicles, and so on, increases sharply, and the amtopshere is more and more polluted. Furthermore, the pollutant could mix and interact with transported Asian dust, and then be carried far away, resulting in significant impact on the air quality of downstream areas and the ocean ecosystem. Asian dust, high pollution emission by human activities, and the mixing between dust and pollutants challenge the environmental pollution control over China. In this study, the characteristics and distribution of Asian dust, and the mixing between dust aerosol and pollutant during the long-range transport and its impact on urban air quality were studied. Also, the sources and formation mechanisms of sulfate and nitrate in the aerosol over dust source areas and megacities were studied.
1. Aerosol samples were collected in Shanghai during the super Asian dust storm from March19to March252010to study the impact of the transported dust aerosol on the air quality over the downstream areas. The transport pathways of dust aerosol were identified based on the air mass trajectories and the lidar observation. Dust aerosol was transported over the areas with high emission of anthropogenic pollutants. Pollution gases and particles in the atmosphere over Shanghai accumulated before the invading of dust and the concentrations of pollutants increased when the dust invaded Shanghai, revealing that a lot of pollutants was transported with dust aerosol. During this dust storm, two dust periods were identified in Shanghai, during which the mixing extents of dust aerosol and pollutants were different. The concentrations of pollution elements Zn, S, Cu, Pb, Cd, Mo, Se and water-soluble components SO42-, NO3-in the aerosol were higher during the dust period when dust aerosol was transported over more areas with high emission of pollutants. Furthermore, the nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) and sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) were higher in the dust periods than non dust periods, revealing that the formation of SO42-and NO3-could be promoted by dust particles. This study revealed that the mixing between dust aerosol and pollutants during the transport would significantly influence the regional and global atmosphere.
2. Both PM2.5and TSP were monitored in the spring from2006to2008at Yulin site, the north edge of Loess Plateau to investigate the mixing of dust aerosol with pollution on the pathway of the long-range transport of Asian dust. Elements As, Cd, Pb, Zn, and S and water-soluble ions NO3-and NH4+in the aerosol over Yulin were mainly from local pollution emissions. During dust periods, the contents of pollution elements As, Cd, Pb, Zn, and S in the aerosol were much higher than their abundance in the crust, and the contents of NO3-in PM2.5and TSP were0.8%and0.3%, higher than that in the aerosol over Taklimakan desert, revealing the mixing of dust with pollutant over Yulin in dust event day was ubiquitous. The mixing extent of dust aerosol and pollutants could be expressed by the ratio of NO3-/Al in the aerosol. The mixing extent was higher over Yulin than Tazhong and Duolun, two other sites in Asian dust sources, based on the comparison of the ratio of NO3-/Al in the aerosol. The ratio of Ca/Al was used as a tracer to study the dust source. The comparison of the ratios of Ca/Al together with back trajectory analysis indicated that the sources of the dust aerosol invaded Yulin could be from northwestern desert in China and Mongolia Gobi, and had a contribution of16～100%to the dust aerosol over Yulin.
3. Both PM2.5and TSP over Yulin, the north edge of Loess Plateau, were collected, and the seasonal variations and formations of particle SO42-and NO3-were studied. SO42-had a distinct seasonal variation with highest concentration in summer in both PM2.5and TSP. NO3-in PM2.5was lowest in summer, while in TSP increased as fall 4. A synergy of satellite observation, lidar measurement and ground-based aerosol sampling was conducted to monitor the air quality over Shanghai during the2010Expo. The ratio of PM2.5/PM10is higher than50%over Shanghai during the Expo, and the ratio of NO3-/SO42-in the aerosol was higher than1, revealing that fine particle and the pollutants from transportation had significant contributions to the air pollution. Based on the online measurement of PM1, PM2.5and PM10, the transport of Asian dust, secondary formation, and the accumulation of primary pollutants were found to be the major causes of air pollution during the study period. During the accumulation periods of primary pollutants, the concentrations of particle Cl-、K+that mainly from biomass burning and particle Ca2+that mainly from constrution significantly increased as well as the enrichment factors of pollution elements As、Zn、S、Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr, revealing that biomass burning, industry, and construstion were major emission sources for the air pollution. Though the emission of pollutants was significantly controlled for Shanghai Expo, Secondary components SO42-, NO3-, NH4+were still the major components in the aerosol. Particle SO42-and NO3-in summer could be completely neutralized by NH3, while in spring and autumn, CaCO3in aerosol should be involved in the formation of SO42-and NO3-.
5. Atmospheric aerosol samples were collected at four characteristic sites, Tazhong, Yulin, Beijing, Shanghai. The spatial variations, sources, and formations of water-soluble components SO42-and NO3-were analyzed to study the air pollution over China and to estimate the effect of emission control of SO2and NOx on the aerosol. Particle SO42-over Tazhong, the center of Taklimakan Desert, was mainly from crust, particle SO42-over Yulin could be from both crust and anthropogenic pollution sources, while over Beijing and Shanghai was mainly from anthropogenic pollution sources. Particle NO3-were mainly from anthropogenic pollution sources over all the four sites. Along the elevation of the industrialization and motorization degree of the sites, the contributions of SO42-、 NH4+、 NO3-to particles increased, revealing the significant impact of anthropogenic pollution on the air pollution. In winter, the reaction between acid NOx and CaCO3in aerosol was the main formation mechanism of particle NO3-over Tazhong, while particle SO42-and NO3-over Yulin, Beijing, and Shanghai were formed mainly by in-cloud process and the reactions on preexiting partiles invovled by NH3and CaCO3. This study revealed that Asian dust and the mixing of dust aerosol and pollutant would have great contributions to global particle sulfate and nitrate. Forthermore, NO2and particle NO3-over Yulin increased from2006to2008, so did the ratio of NO3-/SO42-in the aerosol over Beijing and Shanghai from2005to2008. As the increase of industrialization, urbanization, and transportation over China, the contribution of pollution NOx to the air pollution will be more and more significant.
1.以2010年3月19日～23日亚洲特大沙尘暴为例,深入分析了沙尘的长距离传输对城市空气质量的影响。沙尘气溶胶的传输对下风向城市、地区近地面500米内大气环境造成严重影响。沙尘的远距离传输途径中国人为污染排放较高的城市及地区,并且在沙尘入侵前上海大气污染物积聚,在沙尘入侵时上海大气污染物浓度升高,揭示了沙尘气溶胶的传输伴随着大量污染物的传输。此次沙尘暴导致上海出现两个沙尘污染阶段,期间沙尘与污染物的混合程度有显著差别,第二阶段沙尘的传输经由更多深受人为活动影响的区域,颗粒物中Zn、S、Cu、Pb、Cd、Mo、Se等污染源元素与SO42-、NO3-等污染组分的含量更高。沙尘时期大气氮氧化率NOR和硫氧化率SOR值高于非沙尘时期的值,揭示了沙尘颗粒物可促进颗粒态SO42-、NO3-的生成。沙尘在传输过程中与大气污染物之间相互混合、相互作用,将导致颗粒物中SO42-、NO3-等污染组分的增加,从而对区域乃至全球的大气环境产生更为严重的影响。
2.分析了典型沙尘源区黄土高原北缘榆林地区2006～2008年春季大气PM2.5和TSP的理化特性,探讨了亚洲沙尘在传输路径中与污染物的相互作用。榆林气溶胶中的As、Cd、Pb、Zn、S等元素以及水溶性离子N03-、NH4+主要来自人为污染排放。沙尘期间榆林气溶胶中As、Cd、Pb、Zn、S等污染元素的含量远高于地壳中的平均含量,且PM25和TSP中水溶性污染物N03-的含量分别为0.8%和0.3%,高于塔克拉玛干沙漠气溶胶中的含量,揭示了在沙尘源区附近的亚洲沙尘中已经混有人为排放污染物。沙尘气溶胶与污染物之间相互混合、相互作用程度可由颗粒物中的NO3-/Al比值指示,对比塔中、榆林、多伦、北京、上海沙尘和非沙尘时期颗粒物中NO3-/Al比值,发现榆林沙尘气溶胶与污染物的混合程度高于沙尘源区的塔中和多伦,混合气溶胶的传输将对下风向地区大气环境造成更大的影响。气溶胶中的Ca/AI比值可指示不同沙尘源区,影响榆林的外来沙尘主要来自中国西北地区的沙漠以及蒙古戈壁滩,对榆林矿物气溶胶的贡献量为16～100%。我国黄土高原沙尘中Ca/Al比值介于塔克拉玛干沙漠沙尘以及蒙古戈壁沙尘中的比值之间,黄土高原的形成同时受塔克拉玛干沙尘与内蒙古戈壁沙尘的影响。
3.深入分析了典型沙尘源区黄土高原北缘榆林地区大气硫酸盐、硝酸盐气溶胶的季节变化及形成过程。颗粒物中SO42-和NO3-呈明显的季节变化,PM25和TSP中的SO42-均在夏季最高,而PM25中N03-在夏季最低,TSP中的NO3-呈秋季<夏季<春季/冬季。榆林颗粒物中SO42-和NO3-主要来自煤炭等化石燃料燃烧及其他工业排放、烟花燃放、生物质燃烧以及交通排放等人为污染排放,在沙尘时期矿物源对S042-有很大贡献。气温以及相对湿度是影响颗粒态SO42-和NO3-形成的两个关键因素,夏季的高温可促进SO42-在大气中的均相转化过程,而降低NO3-的均相转化过程,在春季、秋季以及冬季,相对湿度对颗粒态SO42-和NO3-的形成有较大的影响,云/雾中反应极有可能是SO42-和NO3-形成的主要过程,且颗粒物中的矿物组分对SO42-和NO3-的形成有很大的贡献。榆林大气颗粒物可在北、西风的作用下被长距离输送,其颗粒物中含有的高浓度矿物成分在传输过程中与污染气体等的相互作用将区域空气质量以及大气环境中的物理化学过程产生巨大影响。
4.通过大气气溶胶的在线气溶胶浓度监测、雷达观测以及气溶胶的化学成分全面分析了上海世博会期间的大气颗粒物污染状况。上海世博会期间细颗粒物PM2.5与PM10的比值PM2.5/PM10>50%,且颗粒物中的NO3-/SO42-比值基本上都大于1,大气细颗粒物以及交通排放对上海大气污染的贡献已较为突出。沙尘的远距离传输、大气二次化学转化以及一次人为排放污染物在静稳等不利气象条件下的积聚是上海大气颗粒物污染的重要成因。一次人为排放污染物积聚导致的大气污染期间,来自生物质燃烧的Cl-、K+以及建筑工地等扬尘的Ca2+浓度较高,且污染元素As、Zn、S、Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr等富集系数为研究期间最高,揭示了生物质燃烧、工业排放,建筑工地等扬尘为大气污染的主要贡献。世博会期间二次组分SO42-、NO3-、NH4+仍为大气颗粒物污染的主要贡献。夏季颗粒物中的SO42-、NO3-可被NH4+完全中和,NH3为SO42-、NO3-形成过程中的主要碱性物质,而在春季和秋季,颗粒物中的钙碱性物质参与了SO42-、NO3-的形成。
5.对比分析了2008年冬季四个典型地区塔中(沙尘源区)、榆林、北京、上海大气颗粒物中SO42-和NO3-的来源和形成机制,探讨了中国污染物减排措施对各地区颗粒物中SO42-和NO3-的影响。塔中大气颗粒物中高浓度的SO42-来自矿物源,榆林颗粒物中SO42-既受矿物源的影响又受人为污染排放的影响,而北京、上海的8O42-主要来自人为污染排放。四个地区颗粒物中的NH4+、NO3-均主要来自人为污染排放,且从偏远沙尘源区到东部沿海发达城市,SO42-、NH4+、NO3-对颗粒物的贡献显著上升,体现了人为污染排放对大气颗粒物污染的贡献。塔中颗粒物中的NO3-在大气相对湿度较高时(RH>25%)浓度明显升高,其形成过程主要为酸性气体NOx等与颗粒物中的CaCO3之间的反应。榆林、北京、上海大气颗粒物中的SO42-和NO3-主要是在NH3、CaCO3的参与下形成的,其形成过程主要为颗粒物表面的异相反应以及云(雾)中反应。本研究揭示了亚洲沙尘以及沙尘气溶胶在传输中与污染物的相互作用对全球大气气溶胶中的硫酸盐、硝酸盐有较大的贡献。榆林大气中NO2呈显著上升趋势,颗粒物中的NO3-也显著上升,且北京、上海大气中颗粒物中的NO3-/SO42-值呈显著上升趋势,交通排放对中国大气颗粒物的贡献已较为突出。随着中国工业化、城市化、机动车化等的快速增长,NOx等含氮污染物的排放将对中国大气环境造成严重影响。
Atmospheric aerosol could change the radiation balance and water cycle in Land-Hydrosphere-Atmosphere System by influencing the radiation forcing, atmospheric chemistry, the formation of cloud and precipitation, therefore, could impact significantly on global climatic and environmental change. Along the elevation of the industrialiaztion, urbanization, and motorization degree of China, pollution emission by human activities, including fossil fuel burning, motor vehicles, and so on, increases sharply, and the amtopshere is more and more polluted. Furthermore, the pollutant could mix and interact with transported Asian dust, and then be carried far away, resulting in significant impact on the air quality of downstream areas and the ocean ecosystem. Asian dust, high pollution emission by human activities, and the mixing between dust and pollutants challenge the environmental pollution control over China. In this study, the characteristics and distribution of Asian dust, and the mixing between dust aerosol and pollutant during the long-range transport and its impact on urban air quality were studied. Also, the sources and formation mechanisms of sulfate and nitrate in the aerosol over dust source areas and megacities were studied.
1. Aerosol samples were collected in Shanghai during the super Asian dust storm from March19to March252010to study the impact of the transported dust aerosol on the air quality over the downstream areas. The transport pathways of dust aerosol were identified based on the air mass trajectories and the lidar observation. Dust aerosol was transported over the areas with high emission of anthropogenic pollutants. Pollution gases and particles in the atmosphere over Shanghai accumulated before the invading of dust and the concentrations of pollutants increased when the dust invaded Shanghai, revealing that a lot of pollutants was transported with dust aerosol. During this dust storm, two dust periods were identified in Shanghai, during which the mixing extents of dust aerosol and pollutants were different. The concentrations of pollution elements Zn, S, Cu, Pb, Cd, Mo, Se and water-soluble components SO42-, NO3-in the aerosol were higher during the dust period when dust aerosol was transported over more areas with high emission of pollutants. Furthermore, the nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) and sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) were higher in the dust periods than non dust periods, revealing that the formation of SO42-and NO3-could be promoted by dust particles. This study revealed that the mixing between dust aerosol and pollutants during the transport would significantly influence the regional and global atmosphere.
2. Both PM2.5and TSP were monitored in the spring from2006to2008at Yulin site, the north edge of Loess Plateau to investigate the mixing of dust aerosol with pollution on the pathway of the long-range transport of Asian dust. Elements As, Cd, Pb, Zn, and S and water-soluble ions NO3-and NH4+in the aerosol over Yulin were mainly from local pollution emissions. During dust periods, the contents of pollution elements As, Cd, Pb, Zn, and S in the aerosol were much higher than their abundance in the crust, and the contents of NO3-in PM2.5and TSP were0.8%and0.3%, higher than that in the aerosol over Taklimakan desert, revealing the mixing of dust with pollutant over Yulin in dust event day was ubiquitous. The mixing extent of dust aerosol and pollutants could be expressed by the ratio of NO3-/Al in the aerosol. The mixing extent was higher over Yulin than Tazhong and Duolun, two other sites in Asian dust sources, based on the comparison of the ratio of NO3-/Al in the aerosol. The ratio of Ca/Al was used as a tracer to study the dust source. The comparison of the ratios of Ca/Al together with back trajectory analysis indicated that the sources of the dust aerosol invaded Yulin could be from northwestern desert in China and Mongolia Gobi, and had a contribution of16～100%to the dust aerosol over Yulin.
3. Both PM2.5and TSP over Yulin, the north edge of Loess Plateau, were collected, and the seasonal variations and formations of particle SO42-and NO3-were studied. SO42-had a distinct seasonal variation with highest concentration in summer in both PM2.5and TSP. NO3-in PM2.5was lowest in summer, while in TSP increased as fall
5. Atmospheric aerosol samples were collected at four characteristic sites, Tazhong, Yulin, Beijing, Shanghai. The spatial variations, sources, and formations of water-soluble components SO42-and NO3-were analyzed to study the air pollution over China and to estimate the effect of emission control of SO2and NOx on the aerosol. Particle SO42-over Tazhong, the center of Taklimakan Desert, was mainly from crust, particle SO42-over Yulin could be from both crust and anthropogenic pollution sources, while over Beijing and Shanghai was mainly from anthropogenic pollution sources. Particle NO3-were mainly from anthropogenic pollution sources over all the four sites. Along the elevation of the industrialization and motorization degree of the sites, the contributions of SO42-、 NH4+、 NO3-to particles increased, revealing the significant impact of anthropogenic pollution on the air pollution. In winter, the reaction between acid NOx and CaCO3in aerosol was the main formation mechanism of particle NO3-over Tazhong, while particle SO42-and NO3-over Yulin, Beijing, and Shanghai were formed mainly by in-cloud process and the reactions on preexiting partiles invovled by NH3and CaCO3. This study revealed that Asian dust and the mixing of dust aerosol and pollutant would have great contributions to global particle sulfate and nitrate. Forthermore, NO2and particle NO3-over Yulin increased from2006to2008, so did the ratio of NO3-/SO42-in the aerosol over Beijing and Shanghai from2005to2008. As the increase of industrialization, urbanization, and transportation over China, the contribution of pollution NOx to the air pollution will be more and more significant.
引文
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