热带林业实验中心经营管理科学决策研究
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摘要
林业具有经营周期长,受自然和社会影响大等特点,作为森林资源经营主体的林业企业的发展对我国林业乃至全国的经济发展具有非常重要的意义。任何林业企业一旦做出错误的决策可能影响其多年甚至数十年的发展,因此,对林业企业经营进行科学决策显得尤其重要。
中国林科院热带林业实验中心是集科学研究、生产经营、产业开发为一体的国家级林业中试基地,是以森林培育为基础的国有林业单位。热林中心如何在市场经济环境下,改变传统经营理念,实行经营管理科学决策,制定科学的战略经营目标,努力构建三大体系,实现可持续发展,对新时期我国现代林业建设进程中以森林培育为基础的国有林业企业发展具有很好的指导意义。
本课题以热林中心为研究对象,运用系统工程的方法,以制定企业经营战略为核心,对林业企业在经营管理中如何实现科学决策进行了初步研究。在研究中,以热林中心内外环境分析为前提,进行了系统诊断与分析,作为制定企业经营战略的先导；为了实现经营战略目标,在战略决策的指导下,做出一系列的具体决策,如林地利用决策、木材产量决策、多种经营产业决策等,为林业企业提供了一套较为科学的经营管理办法,以谋取现代林业企业生态、经济和社会效益的综合发挥,实现林业企业可持续经营。本文在研究中得出以下结论：
(1)以热林中心内外环境分析为前提,运用系统诊断模型,对热林中心进行了系统诊断,该中心综合效益不够高、发展速度较慢的根本原因有内部因素和外部因素。内部因素是指领导思想观念有待进一步更新，决策水平有待提高,指导思想需进一步明确,经营战略尚需完善。外部因素主要表现在产权关系模糊,政企不分,税收过重等。
(2)在分析热林中心传统经营管理的基础上,进行了经营决策分析。结合实际,制定了热林中心中长期战略目标,即不断提高生态、社会和经济效益,力争在2020年生产总值突破3亿元。为实现战略目标,提出一方面必须抓住战略重点,即加强森林资源培育和调整产业结构；另一方面必须制定合理的战略对策,即加强企业管理,加强人才开发,注重应用技术的开发和引进,加强横向经济技术联合,引进民营资本建立企业集团。
(3)以分类经营为指导,对热林中心进行了林种、树种规划,确定用材林、经济林为主要树种。在树种规划上除保留传统的松、杉树种外,还应根据市场需求规划一定面积的珍贵用材树种和速生丰产树种。经过反复分析论证,得出该中心优良珍贵阔叶树种、一般阔叶树种、针叶树种面积比例为3：1：6。
(4)运用线性规划模型,确定了热林中心木材采伐限额。得出在未来10年内以杉木和马尾松为主要采伐对象,每年的木材总产量应控制在6万m3以内,其中杉伐量控制在1万m3以内,松木采伐量控制在5万m3以内。
(5)运用层次分析模型,制定了多种经营产业决策。除木材生产外；应进一步拓宽本地资源加工业的深度与广度；着重搞好胶合板生产线、松香深加工、龙眼和八角深加工及稀土的开发工作；同时应进行松花粉厂、松针粉厂、板式家具等项目的可行性研究工作；发展第三产业与外地资源加工业；集中优势开发城市绿化苗木,发展种植业、养殖业。
本文旨在用现代经营观念代替传统经营观念,用科学决策代替传统决策,对热林中心经营管理科学决策进行了初步探讨,仍有大量工作要做。热林中心不仅是一个现代林业企业,也承担着热带、南亚热带速生珍贵树种引种栽培实验任务及其它国家级重大科研任务,本文很少考虑该中心的科研性质。
Forestry has some characteristics of long management cycle, great influence by nature and society. As entities of forest resource management, forestry enterprise's development has great important meaning for China's forestry and nation's economy development. Once any forestry enterprises make wrong decisions that may affect their many years or even decades of development. Thus scientific decision-making for forestry enterprises management is particularly important.
Tropic forestry experiment center of china Academy of forestry and science is national forestry research base integrated scientific research, production and management, industries' development and stated forestry unit based on forest cultivation. On the conditions of market economy, as for tropic forestry experiment center, how to change traditional management idea, how to implement scientific management decision-making and plan scientific Strategy management object, and how to construct three major systems and Achieve sustainable development, all of these will provide great guidance meanings for stated forestry enterprises development based forest cultivation in the process of new era's modern forestry construction in China.
The paper takes tropic forestry experiment center as a research object, and makes use of system engineering method and takes enterprises management strategies as core, then preliminary studies on how to achieve scientific decision-making in the middle of forestry enterprises management. The research takes the analysis of conditions of tropic forestry experiment center as the premise and then takes system's diagnosis and analysis as base of planning enterprises management strategy. Under the guidance of strategy decision, in order to achieve management strategy object, the research makes some specific decision as follows, forest land use decision, timber production decision, multi-management decision. These provide a scientific management means for forestry enterprises, and achieve the greatest benefit of ecology, economy and society and sustainable management for forestry enterprises.the paper makes some conclusion as follows.
(1) The research takes the analysis of conditions of tropic forestry experiment center(ECTF) as the premise, and uses system's diagnosis model to analyses tropic forestry experiment center. Then concludes that basic reasons of comprehensive benefits badly and development slowly of ECTF attributes to two aspects, internal and external factors. Internal factors refer how to further improve leader's thinking, progressing decision levels, clearing further guidance thoughts, and implement management strategy. External factors refer to fuzzy property rights, un-clear between government and enterprises and over-tax, etc.
(2) The research proceeds management decision analysis on basis of analyzing traditional management of ECTF. According to present situation of ECTF, plans middle and long-time strategy objective, it progresses constantly ecology, society and economy benefits and tries all best to breakthrough 30 million in 2020. In order to complete strategy tasks, on one hand, the paper puts forward that must control strategy issue, that is strengthen forest resource cultivation and industrial structure modification. On the other hands it must devise some reasonable strategy measurements, that is strengthen enterprise management and personal resource development, emphasizing technique's development and input, strengthening lateral economic connect and setting up enterprise group by means of importing personal capital.
(3) Taking the guidance of classification management idea, plans forests and tree species for tropic forestry experiment center, then concludes that timer and economic forest is the major one. In addition to traditional planning like pines and Fir, it should plan some precise timber and fast forest according to market's demand. Finally it concludes that the area ratio of precise broad-leave species, general broad-leaved species and needle species is 3:1:6.
(4)The paper adopts Linear Programming model and determines timber harvesting limitation. It concludes that harvesting object is Chinese Fir and Dendrolimus in the following ten years, and timber's output should be controlled in 60 thousand m3 including 10 thousand m3 Chinese Fir and 50 thousand m3 Dendrolimus.
(5) The paper adopts AHP model, and constructs multi-management industries decision. It modifies that industries management should enlarge the depth and breadth of resources industry besides timber production, and emphases on Plywood production lines, Rosin and Longan deep processing and the development of rare-earth. At the same time should proceed some feasible study of Pine Pollen, Pine Needles, Plate Furniture. And develops the tertiary industry and resource processing industry. Concentrates strengths and develops green seedlings planting and aquaculture industry.
The paper studies preliminary scientific management making-decision of tropic forestry experiment center by use of modern management idea and scientific decision instead of traditional management idea and traditional decision, and there is not enough. Tropic forestry experiment center is not only a modern forestry enterprises but also undertakes tasks of introduced cultivation test of fast-precious species in Tropical and South subtropical area and other national major research tasks. The paper takes little consideration of its science research.
中国林科院热带林业实验中心是集科学研究、生产经营、产业开发为一体的国家级林业中试基地,是以森林培育为基础的国有林业单位。热林中心如何在市场经济环境下,改变传统经营理念,实行经营管理科学决策,制定科学的战略经营目标,努力构建三大体系,实现可持续发展,对新时期我国现代林业建设进程中以森林培育为基础的国有林业企业发展具有很好的指导意义。
本课题以热林中心为研究对象,运用系统工程的方法,以制定企业经营战略为核心,对林业企业在经营管理中如何实现科学决策进行了初步研究。在研究中,以热林中心内外环境分析为前提,进行了系统诊断与分析,作为制定企业经营战略的先导；为了实现经营战略目标,在战略决策的指导下,做出一系列的具体决策,如林地利用决策、木材产量决策、多种经营产业决策等,为林业企业提供了一套较为科学的经营管理办法,以谋取现代林业企业生态、经济和社会效益的综合发挥,实现林业企业可持续经营。本文在研究中得出以下结论：
(1)以热林中心内外环境分析为前提,运用系统诊断模型,对热林中心进行了系统诊断,该中心综合效益不够高、发展速度较慢的根本原因有内部因素和外部因素。内部因素是指领导思想观念有待进一步更新，决策水平有待提高,指导思想需进一步明确,经营战略尚需完善。外部因素主要表现在产权关系模糊,政企不分,税收过重等。
(2)在分析热林中心传统经营管理的基础上,进行了经营决策分析。结合实际,制定了热林中心中长期战略目标,即不断提高生态、社会和经济效益,力争在2020年生产总值突破3亿元。为实现战略目标,提出一方面必须抓住战略重点,即加强森林资源培育和调整产业结构；另一方面必须制定合理的战略对策,即加强企业管理,加强人才开发,注重应用技术的开发和引进,加强横向经济技术联合,引进民营资本建立企业集团。
(3)以分类经营为指导,对热林中心进行了林种、树种规划,确定用材林、经济林为主要树种。在树种规划上除保留传统的松、杉树种外,还应根据市场需求规划一定面积的珍贵用材树种和速生丰产树种。经过反复分析论证,得出该中心优良珍贵阔叶树种、一般阔叶树种、针叶树种面积比例为3：1：6。
(4)运用线性规划模型,确定了热林中心木材采伐限额。得出在未来10年内以杉木和马尾松为主要采伐对象,每年的木材总产量应控制在6万m3以内,其中杉伐量控制在1万m3以内,松木采伐量控制在5万m3以内。
(5)运用层次分析模型,制定了多种经营产业决策。除木材生产外；应进一步拓宽本地资源加工业的深度与广度；着重搞好胶合板生产线、松香深加工、龙眼和八角深加工及稀土的开发工作；同时应进行松花粉厂、松针粉厂、板式家具等项目的可行性研究工作；发展第三产业与外地资源加工业；集中优势开发城市绿化苗木,发展种植业、养殖业。
本文旨在用现代经营观念代替传统经营观念,用科学决策代替传统决策,对热林中心经营管理科学决策进行了初步探讨,仍有大量工作要做。热林中心不仅是一个现代林业企业,也承担着热带、南亚热带速生珍贵树种引种栽培实验任务及其它国家级重大科研任务,本文很少考虑该中心的科研性质。
Forestry has some characteristics of long management cycle, great influence by nature and society. As entities of forest resource management, forestry enterprise's development has great important meaning for China's forestry and nation's economy development. Once any forestry enterprises make wrong decisions that may affect their many years or even decades of development. Thus scientific decision-making for forestry enterprises management is particularly important.
Tropic forestry experiment center of china Academy of forestry and science is national forestry research base integrated scientific research, production and management, industries' development and stated forestry unit based on forest cultivation. On the conditions of market economy, as for tropic forestry experiment center, how to change traditional management idea, how to implement scientific management decision-making and plan scientific Strategy management object, and how to construct three major systems and Achieve sustainable development, all of these will provide great guidance meanings for stated forestry enterprises development based forest cultivation in the process of new era's modern forestry construction in China.
The paper takes tropic forestry experiment center as a research object, and makes use of system engineering method and takes enterprises management strategies as core, then preliminary studies on how to achieve scientific decision-making in the middle of forestry enterprises management. The research takes the analysis of conditions of tropic forestry experiment center as the premise and then takes system's diagnosis and analysis as base of planning enterprises management strategy. Under the guidance of strategy decision, in order to achieve management strategy object, the research makes some specific decision as follows, forest land use decision, timber production decision, multi-management decision. These provide a scientific management means for forestry enterprises, and achieve the greatest benefit of ecology, economy and society and sustainable management for forestry enterprises.the paper makes some conclusion as follows.
(1) The research takes the analysis of conditions of tropic forestry experiment center(ECTF) as the premise, and uses system's diagnosis model to analyses tropic forestry experiment center. Then concludes that basic reasons of comprehensive benefits badly and development slowly of ECTF attributes to two aspects, internal and external factors. Internal factors refer how to further improve leader's thinking, progressing decision levels, clearing further guidance thoughts, and implement management strategy. External factors refer to fuzzy property rights, un-clear between government and enterprises and over-tax, etc.
(2) The research proceeds management decision analysis on basis of analyzing traditional management of ECTF. According to present situation of ECTF, plans middle and long-time strategy objective, it progresses constantly ecology, society and economy benefits and tries all best to breakthrough 30 million in 2020. In order to complete strategy tasks, on one hand, the paper puts forward that must control strategy issue, that is strengthen forest resource cultivation and industrial structure modification. On the other hands it must devise some reasonable strategy measurements, that is strengthen enterprise management and personal resource development, emphasizing technique's development and input, strengthening lateral economic connect and setting up enterprise group by means of importing personal capital.
(3) Taking the guidance of classification management idea, plans forests and tree species for tropic forestry experiment center, then concludes that timer and economic forest is the major one. In addition to traditional planning like pines and Fir, it should plan some precise timber and fast forest according to market's demand. Finally it concludes that the area ratio of precise broad-leave species, general broad-leaved species and needle species is 3:1:6.
(4)The paper adopts Linear Programming model and determines timber harvesting limitation. It concludes that harvesting object is Chinese Fir and Dendrolimus in the following ten years, and timber's output should be controlled in 60 thousand m3 including 10 thousand m3 Chinese Fir and 50 thousand m3 Dendrolimus.
(5) The paper adopts AHP model, and constructs multi-management industries decision. It modifies that industries management should enlarge the depth and breadth of resources industry besides timber production, and emphases on Plywood production lines, Rosin and Longan deep processing and the development of rare-earth. At the same time should proceed some feasible study of Pine Pollen, Pine Needles, Plate Furniture. And develops the tertiary industry and resource processing industry. Concentrates strengths and develops green seedlings planting and aquaculture industry.
The paper studies preliminary scientific management making-decision of tropic forestry experiment center by use of modern management idea and scientific decision instead of traditional management idea and traditional decision, and there is not enough. Tropic forestry experiment center is not only a modern forestry enterprises but also undertakes tasks of introduced cultivation test of fast-precious species in Tropical and South subtropical area and other national major research tasks. The paper takes little consideration of its science research.
引文
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