红外成像电子学理论及其关键技术研究
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摘要
红外成像技术已经成为当今世界发达国家大力发展的军民两用新兴高科技之一；尽管红外成像技术的研究近年来取得了很大进步，但是红外成像还存在一些共性问题限制着成像质量的提高：一是红外成像受到红外焦平面阵列探测器非均匀性及无效像元的影响，实际温度分辨率不高；第二，红外成像受到材料和制作工艺的限制，阵列规模不大，像元尺寸不够小，红外焦平面阵列空间采样频率不能达到红外成像系统尼奎斯特频率，形成混淆效应，导致红外成像空间分辨率低；第三，红外成像普遍存在图像对比度低、灰度范围窄的现象。红外成像的这些不足有待于从基本理论及成像原理上进行分析突破，建立更加精确的理论模型，对产生这些现象的机理进行准确的描述，进而提出更好的解决方法，这正是本文研究的目的。
本论文就是从分析红外成像的共性问题入手，通过对红外成像机理和红外焦平面阵列探测器材料、器件的光电响应原理以及系统固有缺陷产生机理的理论分析和实验研究，建立了一系列新的红外成像电子学理论模型。这些理论模型包括：基于目标场景和环境辐射的红外焦平面阵列的二元非线性的非均匀性理论模型、红外焦平面阵列探测器响应的统计特征理论模型和红外焦平面阵列二维微扫描成像消除混淆效应理论模型。通过大量实验测试、仿真和数理统计学假设检验理论的x~2检验法验证了这些模型。根据这些理论模型，研究提出了几项红外成像电子学处理新方法和关键技术。它们有基于环境温度补偿的非均匀性校正技术，该方法不仅解决了红外焦平面阵列探测器响应特性的非线性带来的校正精度不高的问题，还可以消除红外焦平面探测器响应随使用环境温度变化的影响；基于多温度匹配的红外焦平面阵列无效像元检测技术，它能有效的避免无效像元的漏检和误判，提高检测精度；非均匀性校正精度的提高，无效像元的准确检测与补偿，可以提高红外成像系统的温度分辨率。微扫描的插值重建可以消除红外焦平面阵列探测器成像因欠采样产生的混淆效应，在探测器阵列规模和像元尺寸不变的情况下，提高红外成像的空间分辨率。还有自适应红外图像直方图分段修正技术和基于无效灰度剔除的红外成像对比度增强技术，它们通过红外图像灰度直方图的统计分析自适应地剔除红外图像中的无效灰度级，再将有效灰度级均匀地映射到整个灰度范围，从而增强相邻灰度像数的对比度，扩大整个红外图像的灰度动态范围，增强对比度。为了更好的了解红外焦平面阵列探测器性能参数，以便有的放矢地进行成像电子学处理算法研究和红外成像系统设计，研究了红外焦平面阵列探测器性能参数测试技术，构建了多模式红外焦平面阵列探测器性能参数测试评估系统。为了直观地评价红外成像电子学处理技术的成像效果，给红外成像系统的设计仿真、验证、修改到定型提供方便快捷的手段，研究了红外成像电子学处理算法动态仿真技术，设计并建立了基于虚拟仪器的红外成像电子学处理算法成像演示系统。
本文建立了较完整的红外成像电子学理论模型，提出了提高红外成像温度和空间分辨率以及扩展红外成像灰度动态范围的几项关键技术，研究开发了红外焦平面探测器性能参数测试评估和红外成像电子学处理技术成像演示技术与系统。在此基础上，通过大量的试验测试、仿真和理论计算，验证了本论文建立的理论模型。对本文提出的红外成像电子学关键技术：基于环境温度补偿的非均匀性校正技术、基于多温度匹配的无效像元检测技术、自适应红外图像直方图分段修正技术和基于无效灰度剔除的红外图像对比度增强技术等，一一与现有的技术进行了比较试验测试和仿真。测试数据的定量评估和仿真结果的定性评估都表明本文提出的新技术与现有技术比较具有一定的优势。这些新技术还应用到进口凝视非致冷红外焦平面阵列探测器和国产扫描型致冷红外焦平面阵列探测器成像，得到了满意的成像效果，展示了这些关键技术对解决红外成像存在的三大共性问题具有一定的应用价值。文章最后结合本文研究的不足之处给出了今后研究方向和红外成像电子学研究展望。
本文红外成像电子学理论及其关键技术研究为我国研制高水平的红外成像电子学组件和高性能的红外成像系统打下了理论基础。
Infrared imaging technique has become one of the most promising high techniquesaround the developed countries today. Infrared imaging technique has achieved muchprogress during the past decade. But there are still some commonness problems, whichhave become the bottleneck of image quality improvement for infrared imaging system.The first commonness problem is that infrared imaging system possesses low temperatureresolution actually due to nonuniformity and non-effective pixels. Secondly, the size ofinfrared focal panel arrays (IRFPA) are limited and the detector pixel cannot be madesmall enough due to the material and producing process limitation. So that, the IRFPAspatial sampling frequency is lower than the Nyquist frequency of imaging systemnormally. This causes aliasing and the spatial resolution of infrared imaging system iscommonly low. Another commonness problem of infrared imaging is narrow grey rangeand low contrast. Above mentioned drawback of infrared imaging are waiting forbreakthrough from basic theory and principle analysis. Setting up exact theory model,which describes those problems more precise, and developing novel solution for infraredimaging inherent drawback are the motivation of this dissertation.
This work studies on those commonness problems of infrared imaging. Focusing onthe imaging mechanism and inherent disadvantages of IRFPA detector, thephotoresponsive principle of IRFPA materials and detectors are analyzed. Several exacttheory models on processing electronics of infrared imaging are proposed in thisdissertation, namely, binary nonlinear nonuniformity theory model based on scene andsurrounding infrared radiation, non-effective pixel statistic character theory model andmicroscanning infrared imaging elimination aliasing theory model. Some novel processingelectronics algorithms and key techniques are present under the guidance of these theorymodels. The nonuniformity correction (NUC) based on surrounding temperaturecompensation not only improves the low correction precision of normal calibration-basedNUC caused by the nonlinearity of IRFPA responsive curve but also eliminates theinfluence of the detector responsive drift with Surrounding temperature. Non-effectivepixel detection based on multi-temperature matching improves the detection precision byavoiding misjudgment. Both the nonuniformity correction precision elevation and thenon-effective pixel accurate detection do benefits to the temperature resolutionimprovement of infrared imaging. Interpolation reconstruction infrared image based on microscanning eliminates aliasing resulting from sub-sampling of infrared imaging. Thismethod improves the spatial resolution of infrared imaging based on existing IRFPAtechnology. Self-adaptive histogram subsection modification can preserve the original graylevels mostly during extending the dynamic range of grey levels in infrared image.Self-adaptive infrared image contrast enhancement based on non-effective grey leveleliminating can enlarge the dynamic range of infrared image by grey histogram statisticand analysis. This method eliminates the grey levels, which possess zero possibility density,and then maps the effective grey levels to the whole grey range equality. Hence, thistechnique expands the dynamic range of infrared scene and enhances the contrast ofinfrared image without losing any grey levels and image detail. In order to measure keyparameters and evaluate the performance of IRFPA, characteristic parametersmeasurement and evaluation system for IRFPA is developed. An infrared imagingsimulation and demo system based on visible and multi-mode drive technology isestablished to simulate, validate, revise and finalize the design of processing electronicstechniques. It ensures designers evaluate infrared imaging effect directly.
An integrated set of infrared imaging electronics theory models are set up in thisdissertation. Several novel techniques are present to elevate both temperature and spatialresolution and extend the dynamic range of infrared image. IRFPA charactistic parametermeasurement technology and system are developed. Infrared imaging electronicsprocessing algorithm simulation technology and demo system are studied and established.A comprehensive theoretical deduction and experimental test analysis is performed toprove the theory models and evaluate the novel electronics processing techniques.
Based on above ground works, these theory models present in this dissertation arevalidated with plentiful experimental test, simulation ,and the chi-square test method ofdistribution hypothesis test theory in mathematical statistics. Furthermore, novel infraredimaging electronics processing method proposed in this dissertation are evaluated andcompared with existed method one by one. Both quantitative test and qualitativesimulation results show that these new technologies are excelled method in existence. Thehigh-quality processing abilities of presented key techniques are atso demonstrated throughapplication to real infrared imaging both cryogenically cooled and uncooled IRFPAsensors. The results are well pleasing. In conclusion, all experimental test, simulationcomparison and application results indicate that these key techniques deduced from noveltheory models proposed in this dissertation are effective to settle these commonnessdrawbacks of infrared imaging. Finally, avenues of future work are considered including possible infrared imaging electronics key technique extensions.
This work smoothes the way to develop high-level infrared imaging electronicsmodules and advanced thermal imaging system in our country.
本论文就是从分析红外成像的共性问题入手，通过对红外成像机理和红外焦平面阵列探测器材料、器件的光电响应原理以及系统固有缺陷产生机理的理论分析和实验研究，建立了一系列新的红外成像电子学理论模型。这些理论模型包括：基于目标场景和环境辐射的红外焦平面阵列的二元非线性的非均匀性理论模型、红外焦平面阵列探测器响应的统计特征理论模型和红外焦平面阵列二维微扫描成像消除混淆效应理论模型。通过大量实验测试、仿真和数理统计学假设检验理论的x~2检验法验证了这些模型。根据这些理论模型，研究提出了几项红外成像电子学处理新方法和关键技术。它们有基于环境温度补偿的非均匀性校正技术，该方法不仅解决了红外焦平面阵列探测器响应特性的非线性带来的校正精度不高的问题，还可以消除红外焦平面探测器响应随使用环境温度变化的影响；基于多温度匹配的红外焦平面阵列无效像元检测技术，它能有效的避免无效像元的漏检和误判，提高检测精度；非均匀性校正精度的提高，无效像元的准确检测与补偿，可以提高红外成像系统的温度分辨率。微扫描的插值重建可以消除红外焦平面阵列探测器成像因欠采样产生的混淆效应，在探测器阵列规模和像元尺寸不变的情况下，提高红外成像的空间分辨率。还有自适应红外图像直方图分段修正技术和基于无效灰度剔除的红外成像对比度增强技术，它们通过红外图像灰度直方图的统计分析自适应地剔除红外图像中的无效灰度级，再将有效灰度级均匀地映射到整个灰度范围，从而增强相邻灰度像数的对比度，扩大整个红外图像的灰度动态范围，增强对比度。为了更好的了解红外焦平面阵列探测器性能参数，以便有的放矢地进行成像电子学处理算法研究和红外成像系统设计，研究了红外焦平面阵列探测器性能参数测试技术，构建了多模式红外焦平面阵列探测器性能参数测试评估系统。为了直观地评价红外成像电子学处理技术的成像效果，给红外成像系统的设计仿真、验证、修改到定型提供方便快捷的手段，研究了红外成像电子学处理算法动态仿真技术，设计并建立了基于虚拟仪器的红外成像电子学处理算法成像演示系统。
本文建立了较完整的红外成像电子学理论模型，提出了提高红外成像温度和空间分辨率以及扩展红外成像灰度动态范围的几项关键技术，研究开发了红外焦平面探测器性能参数测试评估和红外成像电子学处理技术成像演示技术与系统。在此基础上，通过大量的试验测试、仿真和理论计算，验证了本论文建立的理论模型。对本文提出的红外成像电子学关键技术：基于环境温度补偿的非均匀性校正技术、基于多温度匹配的无效像元检测技术、自适应红外图像直方图分段修正技术和基于无效灰度剔除的红外图像对比度增强技术等，一一与现有的技术进行了比较试验测试和仿真。测试数据的定量评估和仿真结果的定性评估都表明本文提出的新技术与现有技术比较具有一定的优势。这些新技术还应用到进口凝视非致冷红外焦平面阵列探测器和国产扫描型致冷红外焦平面阵列探测器成像，得到了满意的成像效果，展示了这些关键技术对解决红外成像存在的三大共性问题具有一定的应用价值。文章最后结合本文研究的不足之处给出了今后研究方向和红外成像电子学研究展望。
本文红外成像电子学理论及其关键技术研究为我国研制高水平的红外成像电子学组件和高性能的红外成像系统打下了理论基础。
Infrared imaging technique has become one of the most promising high techniquesaround the developed countries today. Infrared imaging technique has achieved muchprogress during the past decade. But there are still some commonness problems, whichhave become the bottleneck of image quality improvement for infrared imaging system.The first commonness problem is that infrared imaging system possesses low temperatureresolution actually due to nonuniformity and non-effective pixels. Secondly, the size ofinfrared focal panel arrays (IRFPA) are limited and the detector pixel cannot be madesmall enough due to the material and producing process limitation. So that, the IRFPAspatial sampling frequency is lower than the Nyquist frequency of imaging systemnormally. This causes aliasing and the spatial resolution of infrared imaging system iscommonly low. Another commonness problem of infrared imaging is narrow grey rangeand low contrast. Above mentioned drawback of infrared imaging are waiting forbreakthrough from basic theory and principle analysis. Setting up exact theory model,which describes those problems more precise, and developing novel solution for infraredimaging inherent drawback are the motivation of this dissertation.
This work studies on those commonness problems of infrared imaging. Focusing onthe imaging mechanism and inherent disadvantages of IRFPA detector, thephotoresponsive principle of IRFPA materials and detectors are analyzed. Several exacttheory models on processing electronics of infrared imaging are proposed in thisdissertation, namely, binary nonlinear nonuniformity theory model based on scene andsurrounding infrared radiation, non-effective pixel statistic character theory model andmicroscanning infrared imaging elimination aliasing theory model. Some novel processingelectronics algorithms and key techniques are present under the guidance of these theorymodels. The nonuniformity correction (NUC) based on surrounding temperaturecompensation not only improves the low correction precision of normal calibration-basedNUC caused by the nonlinearity of IRFPA responsive curve but also eliminates theinfluence of the detector responsive drift with Surrounding temperature. Non-effectivepixel detection based on multi-temperature matching improves the detection precision byavoiding misjudgment. Both the nonuniformity correction precision elevation and thenon-effective pixel accurate detection do benefits to the temperature resolutionimprovement of infrared imaging. Interpolation reconstruction infrared image based on microscanning eliminates aliasing resulting from sub-sampling of infrared imaging. Thismethod improves the spatial resolution of infrared imaging based on existing IRFPAtechnology. Self-adaptive histogram subsection modification can preserve the original graylevels mostly during extending the dynamic range of grey levels in infrared image.Self-adaptive infrared image contrast enhancement based on non-effective grey leveleliminating can enlarge the dynamic range of infrared image by grey histogram statisticand analysis. This method eliminates the grey levels, which possess zero possibility density,and then maps the effective grey levels to the whole grey range equality. Hence, thistechnique expands the dynamic range of infrared scene and enhances the contrast ofinfrared image without losing any grey levels and image detail. In order to measure keyparameters and evaluate the performance of IRFPA, characteristic parametersmeasurement and evaluation system for IRFPA is developed. An infrared imagingsimulation and demo system based on visible and multi-mode drive technology isestablished to simulate, validate, revise and finalize the design of processing electronicstechniques. It ensures designers evaluate infrared imaging effect directly.
An integrated set of infrared imaging electronics theory models are set up in thisdissertation. Several novel techniques are present to elevate both temperature and spatialresolution and extend the dynamic range of infrared image. IRFPA charactistic parametermeasurement technology and system are developed. Infrared imaging electronicsprocessing algorithm simulation technology and demo system are studied and established.A comprehensive theoretical deduction and experimental test analysis is performed toprove the theory models and evaluate the novel electronics processing techniques.
Based on above ground works, these theory models present in this dissertation arevalidated with plentiful experimental test, simulation ,and the chi-square test method ofdistribution hypothesis test theory in mathematical statistics. Furthermore, novel infraredimaging electronics processing method proposed in this dissertation are evaluated andcompared with existed method one by one. Both quantitative test and qualitativesimulation results show that these new technologies are excelled method in existence. Thehigh-quality processing abilities of presented key techniques are atso demonstrated throughapplication to real infrared imaging both cryogenically cooled and uncooled IRFPAsensors. The results are well pleasing. In conclusion, all experimental test, simulationcomparison and application results indicate that these key techniques deduced from noveltheory models proposed in this dissertation are effective to settle these commonnessdrawbacks of infrared imaging. Finally, avenues of future work are considered including possible infrared imaging electronics key technique extensions.
This work smoothes the way to develop high-level infrared imaging electronicsmodules and advanced thermal imaging system in our country.
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