放牧制度与放牧强度对内蒙古短花针茅荒漠草原AM真菌多样性的影响
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摘要
丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)是草原生态系统中的重要组成成分,通过与植物根系形成菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM),促进植物的生长、养分吸收,提高植物的抗逆性,影响植物多样性与群落生产力。内蒙古荒漠草原因放牧与其他人为干扰面临着严重的退化危机。本文以内蒙古短花针茅荒漠草原为对象,研究不同的放牧方式(休牧、轮牧、禁牧、自由放牧等)以及放牧强度(禁牧、轻牧、中牧、重牧)对草原植物和土壤因子的影响,尤其是对土壤AM真菌种群及其多样性的影响,尝试从AM真菌多样性变化,以及AM真菌与植物和土壤因子间的相互关系来评价不同放牧制度和放牧强度对草原生态系统的影响。旨在为草原生产方式、资源的可持续发展和利用提供科学依据。主要的研究结果如下：
1.比较研究了休牧制度(春季休牧40d、50d、60d)、禁牧制度和自由放牧制度对AM真菌,植物和土壤的影响。结果显示,春季适宜休牧一段时间有利于提高AM真菌的多样性和侵染能力,并有利于提高植物生物量、土壤微生物及土壤养分的改善。土壤AM真菌的多样性、孢子密度、土壤磷酸酶活性、土壤理化性质和土壤微生物均表现出休牧区>禁牧区>自由放牧区,差异达到显著水平(p<0.05)。休牧60天区的AM真菌孢子密度、多样性、侵染能力以及植物生物量、有机质、全N等土壤理化性质、磷酸酶活性和土壤微生物数量等均显著高于自由放牧区,其中AM真菌孢子密度和土壤微生物数量显著高于禁牧区,八月和九月的植物生物量也显著高于禁牧区(p<0.05)。休牧制度中,春季休牧60d的效果最好。休牧60d的土壤AM真菌孢子密度、侵染能力以及土壤有机质、全N、磷酸酶活性和土壤微生物数量均高于休牧40d和50d,并达到显著性差异水平(p<0.05)。在休牧条件下,AMF多样性与土壤N含量、磷酸酶活性及细菌等土壤因子之间有积极的相互作用。
2.比较研究了轮牧制度、禁牧制度和自由放牧制度对AM真菌,植物和土壤的影响。结果显示,轮牧有利于提高AM真菌多样性、植物生物量、土壤养分和土壤微生物。AM真菌孢子密度和物种丰富度表现为轮牧>自由放牧>禁牧,而植物现存量、土壤理化性质、土壤磷酸酶活性和土壤微生物数量均表现为轮牧>禁牧>自由放牧。轮牧区与禁牧区和自由放牧区的差异达到显著水平(p<0.05)。轮牧区的AM真菌孢子密度、物种丰富度、土壤磷酸酶活性和土壤微生物数量显著高于禁牧和自由放牧区,而植物现存量和土壤理化性质显著高于自由放牧区(p<0.05)。AM真菌侵染率在自由放牧区内最高,其原因可能是持续的放牧干扰刺激了AM真菌的侵染能力。轮牧条件下AM真菌多样性与土壤有机质、N含量、磷酸酶活性和细菌等土壤因子有显著正相关关系。
3.比较研究了轻度、中度、重度和禁牧等放牧强度对AM真菌多样性、植物和土壤因子的影响。结果显示,轻度放牧有利于提高AM真菌多样性、侵染能力、植物生物量、土壤微生物以及土壤养分的保持。AM真菌多样性、侵染能力、土壤理化性质、土壤微生物数量均表现为轻牧>中牧>禁牧>重牧,轻牧区与其他放牧强度区间的差异达到显著水平(p<0.05)。植物现存量表现为轻牧、禁牧>中牧、重牧,差异达到显著水平(p<0.05)。轻牧区的AM真菌孢子密度、侵染率、有机质等土壤理化性质和土壤微生物数量显著高于禁牧区和重牧区,AM真菌物种丰富度和植物现存量显著高于中牧和重牧区(p<0.05)。在三种放牧强度中,最有利于牧草的生长和土壤养分的保持的是轻度放牧。轻度放牧条件下AM真菌多样性和一些土壤理化性质和微生物数量最高,可见轻牧不仅可以促进AM真菌多样性,还有利于一些土壤因子含量的提高。轻度放牧对植物生长有利,在植物生长旺期,轻牧区的植物现存量甚至高于无放牧区。无放牧区的AM真菌多样性、土壤理化性质和微生物等低于轻牧区,可见单纯禁牧的效果没有轻度放牧好。中度放牧对AM真菌多样性和土壤因子的影响比重度放牧要好一些。重度放牧区AM真菌多样性、植物生物量、土壤理化性质以及微生物数量都最低,可见重度放牧对草原生态系统有不利影响。在不同放牧强度下,AM真菌孢子密度与植物现存量、土壤磷含量、水分含量和真菌数量呈现了显著正相关性,AM真菌物种丰富度与植物现存量、碱解氮含量呈现显著正相关。
As an important component of grassland ecosystem, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) promote the growth and nutrient-uptaking of plant through arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM). In this way, it can strengthen plant resistance and influence plant diversity and community productivity. However in Inner Mongolia, inappropriate grazing methods and anthropogenic interference cause serious soil degradation to the desert grassland. In this paper different grazing managements (rest grazing, rotational grazing, banning grazing and continuous grazing) and different degrees of grazing intensity (light grazing, moderate grazing and heavy grazing) in Inner Mongolian Stipa breviflora desert steppe were analyzed to find out their influence on plants and soil factors of the steppe, especially the effects on AMF diversity. It also attempts to evaluate the effects of the present grazing managements and grazing intensity to grassland ecosystem from the perspectives of AMF diversity change and relationship between AMF and plants, as well as soil factors. This paper aims to provide scientific materials to grassland production methods and sustainable development and utilization of resources. Results were concluded as follows:
1. The influence of rest grazing (resting grazing for40,50,60days respectively in spring), banning grazing and continuous grazing management on AMF, plants and soil factors was analyzed. The result shows that stopping grazing for a period of time in spring improves AMF diversity and infection capacity and increases plant biomass and soil microorganisms and soil nutrient. AMF diversity, spore density, soil phosphatase activity, physical and chemical properties of soil and soil microbial quantity become well from rest grazing, banning grazing to continuous grazing. And the differences are significantly (P<0.05). AMF spore density, diversity, colonization rates, plant biomass, organic matters, total N of soil physical and chemical properties, phosphatase activity and microbial quantity in60days rest grazing areas are all higher than in continuous grazing areas. AMF spore density and microbial quantity are significantly higher in the60days rest grazing area than in banning grazing areas and plant biomass is also higher than banning grazing areas in August and September (P<0.05). The result of60days rest grazing in spring is the best among all rest grazing managements. Its AMF spore density, colonization rates, content of organic matters, total N, phosphatase activity and soil microbial quantity are all significantly higher than40or50days rest grazing (p<0.05). Under rest grazing management, AMF diversity and soil factors such as soil N content, phosphatase activity and bacterial quantity shows positive interactions.
2. The influences of rotational grazing, banning grazing and continuous grazing managements on AMF, plant and soil were analyzed. The result shows that rotational grazing is beneficial to improve AMF diversity, plant biomass, soil nutrient and soil microbial quantity. AMF spore density and species richness are higher in rotational grazing areas than in continuous grazing ones. And plant biomass, soil physical and chemical properties and soil microbial quantity are higher in rotational grazing>banning grazing> continuous grazing and the differences are significantly. AMF spore density, species richness, soil phosphatase activity and soil microbial quantity in rotational grazing areas are significantly higher than banning grazing or continuous grazing areas and plant amount and soil physical and chemical properties are significantly higher than continuous grazing areas. AMF colonization rate is the highest in continuous grazing area, maybe because continuous grazing interference the ability of AMFo colonization. In rotational grazing areas, AMF diversity shows positive relationships with soil microbial amount, N content, phosphatase activity and soil factors.
3. By comparing the influence of light, moderate and heavy stocking rates and banning grazing on AMF diversity, plant and soil factors, it is concluded that light grazing can improve AMF diversity, colonization rate, plant biomass, soil microbial quantity and the maintaining of soil nutrients. AMF diversity, colonization rate, soil physical and chemical properties and soil microbial amount are higher in light grazing>moderate grazing>banning grazing>heavy grazing areas and the difference is significant between light grazing and other grazing areas. Plant biomass shows higher in light and banning grazing than moderate and heavy grazing areas and the difference is significantly. AMF spore density, colonization rate, organic matters, soil physical and chemical properties and soil microbial quantity are all significantly higher than banning grazing and heavy grazing areas and AMF species richness and plant biomass are significantly higher than moderate and heavy grazing areas (p<0.05). Light grazing intensity is the best for growth of grass and maintaining of soil nutrients among the three kinds of grazing intensity. Because AMF diversity and some soil physical and chemical properties are the highest under light grazing, this grazing way not only improves AMF diversity, but also increases contents of some soil factors. Light grazing is good for plant growth, and which is more, plant biomass in this area is even higher than non-grazing area during plant growing seasons. AMF diversity, soil physical and chemical properties and microbial in non-grazing areas are lower than light grazing areas, so we can see that the result of light grazing method is better than the latter one. As far as the influence on AMF diversity and soil factors is concerned, moderate grazing is better than heavy grazing. AMF diversity, plant biomass, soil physical and chemical properties and microbial amount are all lower in heavy grazing areas. So heavy grazing has an adverse effect on grassland ecosystem. Under different grazing conditions, AMF spore density shows positive relationship with plant biomass, soil phosphorous content, soil moisture and fungal quantity. AMF species richness has significant positive relationship with plant biomass and nitrogen content.
1.比较研究了休牧制度(春季休牧40d、50d、60d)、禁牧制度和自由放牧制度对AM真菌,植物和土壤的影响。结果显示,春季适宜休牧一段时间有利于提高AM真菌的多样性和侵染能力,并有利于提高植物生物量、土壤微生物及土壤养分的改善。土壤AM真菌的多样性、孢子密度、土壤磷酸酶活性、土壤理化性质和土壤微生物均表现出休牧区>禁牧区>自由放牧区,差异达到显著水平(p<0.05)。休牧60天区的AM真菌孢子密度、多样性、侵染能力以及植物生物量、有机质、全N等土壤理化性质、磷酸酶活性和土壤微生物数量等均显著高于自由放牧区,其中AM真菌孢子密度和土壤微生物数量显著高于禁牧区,八月和九月的植物生物量也显著高于禁牧区(p<0.05)。休牧制度中,春季休牧60d的效果最好。休牧60d的土壤AM真菌孢子密度、侵染能力以及土壤有机质、全N、磷酸酶活性和土壤微生物数量均高于休牧40d和50d,并达到显著性差异水平(p<0.05)。在休牧条件下,AMF多样性与土壤N含量、磷酸酶活性及细菌等土壤因子之间有积极的相互作用。
2.比较研究了轮牧制度、禁牧制度和自由放牧制度对AM真菌,植物和土壤的影响。结果显示,轮牧有利于提高AM真菌多样性、植物生物量、土壤养分和土壤微生物。AM真菌孢子密度和物种丰富度表现为轮牧>自由放牧>禁牧,而植物现存量、土壤理化性质、土壤磷酸酶活性和土壤微生物数量均表现为轮牧>禁牧>自由放牧。轮牧区与禁牧区和自由放牧区的差异达到显著水平(p<0.05)。轮牧区的AM真菌孢子密度、物种丰富度、土壤磷酸酶活性和土壤微生物数量显著高于禁牧和自由放牧区,而植物现存量和土壤理化性质显著高于自由放牧区(p<0.05)。AM真菌侵染率在自由放牧区内最高,其原因可能是持续的放牧干扰刺激了AM真菌的侵染能力。轮牧条件下AM真菌多样性与土壤有机质、N含量、磷酸酶活性和细菌等土壤因子有显著正相关关系。
3.比较研究了轻度、中度、重度和禁牧等放牧强度对AM真菌多样性、植物和土壤因子的影响。结果显示,轻度放牧有利于提高AM真菌多样性、侵染能力、植物生物量、土壤微生物以及土壤养分的保持。AM真菌多样性、侵染能力、土壤理化性质、土壤微生物数量均表现为轻牧>中牧>禁牧>重牧,轻牧区与其他放牧强度区间的差异达到显著水平(p<0.05)。植物现存量表现为轻牧、禁牧>中牧、重牧,差异达到显著水平(p<0.05)。轻牧区的AM真菌孢子密度、侵染率、有机质等土壤理化性质和土壤微生物数量显著高于禁牧区和重牧区,AM真菌物种丰富度和植物现存量显著高于中牧和重牧区(p<0.05)。在三种放牧强度中,最有利于牧草的生长和土壤养分的保持的是轻度放牧。轻度放牧条件下AM真菌多样性和一些土壤理化性质和微生物数量最高,可见轻牧不仅可以促进AM真菌多样性,还有利于一些土壤因子含量的提高。轻度放牧对植物生长有利,在植物生长旺期,轻牧区的植物现存量甚至高于无放牧区。无放牧区的AM真菌多样性、土壤理化性质和微生物等低于轻牧区,可见单纯禁牧的效果没有轻度放牧好。中度放牧对AM真菌多样性和土壤因子的影响比重度放牧要好一些。重度放牧区AM真菌多样性、植物生物量、土壤理化性质以及微生物数量都最低,可见重度放牧对草原生态系统有不利影响。在不同放牧强度下,AM真菌孢子密度与植物现存量、土壤磷含量、水分含量和真菌数量呈现了显著正相关性,AM真菌物种丰富度与植物现存量、碱解氮含量呈现显著正相关。
As an important component of grassland ecosystem, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) promote the growth and nutrient-uptaking of plant through arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM). In this way, it can strengthen plant resistance and influence plant diversity and community productivity. However in Inner Mongolia, inappropriate grazing methods and anthropogenic interference cause serious soil degradation to the desert grassland. In this paper different grazing managements (rest grazing, rotational grazing, banning grazing and continuous grazing) and different degrees of grazing intensity (light grazing, moderate grazing and heavy grazing) in Inner Mongolian Stipa breviflora desert steppe were analyzed to find out their influence on plants and soil factors of the steppe, especially the effects on AMF diversity. It also attempts to evaluate the effects of the present grazing managements and grazing intensity to grassland ecosystem from the perspectives of AMF diversity change and relationship between AMF and plants, as well as soil factors. This paper aims to provide scientific materials to grassland production methods and sustainable development and utilization of resources. Results were concluded as follows:
1. The influence of rest grazing (resting grazing for40,50,60days respectively in spring), banning grazing and continuous grazing management on AMF, plants and soil factors was analyzed. The result shows that stopping grazing for a period of time in spring improves AMF diversity and infection capacity and increases plant biomass and soil microorganisms and soil nutrient. AMF diversity, spore density, soil phosphatase activity, physical and chemical properties of soil and soil microbial quantity become well from rest grazing, banning grazing to continuous grazing. And the differences are significantly (P<0.05). AMF spore density, diversity, colonization rates, plant biomass, organic matters, total N of soil physical and chemical properties, phosphatase activity and microbial quantity in60days rest grazing areas are all higher than in continuous grazing areas. AMF spore density and microbial quantity are significantly higher in the60days rest grazing area than in banning grazing areas and plant biomass is also higher than banning grazing areas in August and September (P<0.05). The result of60days rest grazing in spring is the best among all rest grazing managements. Its AMF spore density, colonization rates, content of organic matters, total N, phosphatase activity and soil microbial quantity are all significantly higher than40or50days rest grazing (p<0.05). Under rest grazing management, AMF diversity and soil factors such as soil N content, phosphatase activity and bacterial quantity shows positive interactions.
2. The influences of rotational grazing, banning grazing and continuous grazing managements on AMF, plant and soil were analyzed. The result shows that rotational grazing is beneficial to improve AMF diversity, plant biomass, soil nutrient and soil microbial quantity. AMF spore density and species richness are higher in rotational grazing areas than in continuous grazing ones. And plant biomass, soil physical and chemical properties and soil microbial quantity are higher in rotational grazing>banning grazing> continuous grazing and the differences are significantly. AMF spore density, species richness, soil phosphatase activity and soil microbial quantity in rotational grazing areas are significantly higher than banning grazing or continuous grazing areas and plant amount and soil physical and chemical properties are significantly higher than continuous grazing areas. AMF colonization rate is the highest in continuous grazing area, maybe because continuous grazing interference the ability of AMFo colonization. In rotational grazing areas, AMF diversity shows positive relationships with soil microbial amount, N content, phosphatase activity and soil factors.
3. By comparing the influence of light, moderate and heavy stocking rates and banning grazing on AMF diversity, plant and soil factors, it is concluded that light grazing can improve AMF diversity, colonization rate, plant biomass, soil microbial quantity and the maintaining of soil nutrients. AMF diversity, colonization rate, soil physical and chemical properties and soil microbial amount are higher in light grazing>moderate grazing>banning grazing>heavy grazing areas and the difference is significant between light grazing and other grazing areas. Plant biomass shows higher in light and banning grazing than moderate and heavy grazing areas and the difference is significantly. AMF spore density, colonization rate, organic matters, soil physical and chemical properties and soil microbial quantity are all significantly higher than banning grazing and heavy grazing areas and AMF species richness and plant biomass are significantly higher than moderate and heavy grazing areas (p<0.05). Light grazing intensity is the best for growth of grass and maintaining of soil nutrients among the three kinds of grazing intensity. Because AMF diversity and some soil physical and chemical properties are the highest under light grazing, this grazing way not only improves AMF diversity, but also increases contents of some soil factors. Light grazing is good for plant growth, and which is more, plant biomass in this area is even higher than non-grazing area during plant growing seasons. AMF diversity, soil physical and chemical properties and microbial in non-grazing areas are lower than light grazing areas, so we can see that the result of light grazing method is better than the latter one. As far as the influence on AMF diversity and soil factors is concerned, moderate grazing is better than heavy grazing. AMF diversity, plant biomass, soil physical and chemical properties and microbial amount are all lower in heavy grazing areas. So heavy grazing has an adverse effect on grassland ecosystem. Under different grazing conditions, AMF spore density shows positive relationship with plant biomass, soil phosphorous content, soil moisture and fungal quantity. AMF species richness has significant positive relationship with plant biomass and nitrogen content.
引文
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