基于FLAC~(3D)的公路边坡分级柔性支护数值模拟研究
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摘要
近年来，随着我国经济的持续增长，以及西部大开发政策的不断深入，公路交通建设日新月异。与此同时，公路边坡的安全问题却令人担忧，边坡失稳引起的灾害逐年增加，造成的人员伤亡和财产损失不可估量。传统的边坡刚性支挡结构如重力式挡土墙、衡重式挡土墙以及薄臂式挡土墙等在工程实践中逐渐暴露出了缺点与不足。因此，对公路边坡防护与治理的新方法、新技术的探讨，已成为比以往任何时候更重要更迫切的研究课题。
作为新型的柔性支挡结构，土钉墙与框架预应力锚杆克服了传统边坡支护结构笨重、造价高、稳定性差、支护高度受限等缺点，在高等级公路的边坡支护工程中得到了广泛应用。同时，在近几年的边坡加固设计中，有将土钉与框架预应力锚杆相结合，采用分级组合支护的趋势，既获得经济合理的支护方案，又提高边坡加固的安全性。但由于两种支护结构同时作用于边坡，在进行理论计算时，结构受力复杂，分析难度较大，导致研究工作相对工程实践较为滞后，而采用有限差分程序，通过对支护结构的数值模拟，可以得到较为真实准确的求解，成为目前常用且行之有效的研究方法。
为了探讨土钉与框架预应力锚杆分级支护边坡的锚固效果及其协同工作性能，本文采用快速拉格朗日差分软件FLAC~(3D)，对兰州某边坡进行分级柔性支护数值模拟研究。具体内容包括：
（1）介绍了FLAC~(3D)的基本特点及计算原理，对FLAC~(3D)中的模型建立及结构单元的选用进行了详细介绍，论述了其对支护结构性能模拟的可行性，并运用FLAC3D软件对一个实际工程建立三维数值模型；
（2）考虑分级支护施工顺序，对比分析了边坡支护前后的塑性破坏发展趋势、安全系数变化规律、水平位移以及竖向沉降变化情况，研究了土钉与预应力锚杆的轴力分布规律，探讨了预应力锚杆所施加预应力在支护过程中的损耗情况；
（3）依据塑性区分布情况、最大剪切应变增量云图以及土钉与预应力锚杆的轴力最大点连线总结得出了边坡潜在滑移面的位置。
最后，得出了一些有意义的结论，对此类工程设计提供一定的参考和建议。
In recent years, with the persistently increase of the economy and the furtherimplementation of the Western Development policy, highway traffic constructionchange continuously. At the same time, the problem of highway slope safety isworrying. Slope instability caused by the disaster has been increased year by year, andmade a great deal of injuries and loses in life and loses in wealth. The traditionalsupporting structures such as gravity retaining wall，counterweight retaining wall，cantilever retaining wall， and buttressed retaining wall exposed some problemsgradually in engineering application. The remedy and treatment of highway slope hasbecome even more important than anytime.
Soil nail and frame pre-stressed anchor bar, as a new flexible support structure,are widely applied in many highway slope support engineerings. Comparing with thetraditional slope retaining structure, soil nail and frame pre-stressed anchor barperformed advantages in lightweight, economy, stability, height limit, etc. Meanwhile,it is a trend to compose soil nail and frame pre-stressed anchor bar in the reinforcementof side slope for superhighway within recent years, which reduce the project cost andensure project quality. The corresponding research lags relatively comparing withproject practices because of complexity of stress and design when two supportstructures are researched at the same time. Using the finite difference program，throughthe numerical simulation of supporting structure can obtain a true and accurate result.The study method for this aspect is more effective in the present.
To explore the anchoring effect and coordinated working performance of soil nailand frame pre-stressed anchor bar in the grading reinforced slope, a numericalsimulation model was established byFLAC~(3D). The study contents are as follows：
(1) The basic features and the computable principles、the building of the modeland the choise of the structure element of theFLAC~(3D)is introduced，meanwhile thefeasibility of simulation to the characteristic of the retaining structure elements isproved．The numerical model of aproject was builded by using ofFLAC~(3D)．
(2) A contrast analysis of the plastic zone and the safety factor was made betweenunreinforced and reinforced slopes according to the slope support construction order.The displacement change of the slope and force character of soil nail and pre-stressedanchor are also studied. The information loss of the prestressed is studied at the sametime.
(3) Searching the position of slip surfacet according to the distribution of the plastic zone, cloud picture of the shear strain increment，and the line connecting of themaximum axis-force of soil nailing and frame pre-stressed anchor.
The conclusions have reference value for engineering optimum design．
作为新型的柔性支挡结构，土钉墙与框架预应力锚杆克服了传统边坡支护结构笨重、造价高、稳定性差、支护高度受限等缺点，在高等级公路的边坡支护工程中得到了广泛应用。同时，在近几年的边坡加固设计中，有将土钉与框架预应力锚杆相结合，采用分级组合支护的趋势，既获得经济合理的支护方案，又提高边坡加固的安全性。但由于两种支护结构同时作用于边坡，在进行理论计算时，结构受力复杂，分析难度较大，导致研究工作相对工程实践较为滞后，而采用有限差分程序，通过对支护结构的数值模拟，可以得到较为真实准确的求解，成为目前常用且行之有效的研究方法。
为了探讨土钉与框架预应力锚杆分级支护边坡的锚固效果及其协同工作性能，本文采用快速拉格朗日差分软件FLAC~(3D)，对兰州某边坡进行分级柔性支护数值模拟研究。具体内容包括：
（1）介绍了FLAC~(3D)的基本特点及计算原理，对FLAC~(3D)中的模型建立及结构单元的选用进行了详细介绍，论述了其对支护结构性能模拟的可行性，并运用FLAC3D软件对一个实际工程建立三维数值模型；
（2）考虑分级支护施工顺序，对比分析了边坡支护前后的塑性破坏发展趋势、安全系数变化规律、水平位移以及竖向沉降变化情况，研究了土钉与预应力锚杆的轴力分布规律，探讨了预应力锚杆所施加预应力在支护过程中的损耗情况；
（3）依据塑性区分布情况、最大剪切应变增量云图以及土钉与预应力锚杆的轴力最大点连线总结得出了边坡潜在滑移面的位置。
最后，得出了一些有意义的结论，对此类工程设计提供一定的参考和建议。
In recent years, with the persistently increase of the economy and the furtherimplementation of the Western Development policy, highway traffic constructionchange continuously. At the same time, the problem of highway slope safety isworrying. Slope instability caused by the disaster has been increased year by year, andmade a great deal of injuries and loses in life and loses in wealth. The traditionalsupporting structures such as gravity retaining wall，counterweight retaining wall，cantilever retaining wall， and buttressed retaining wall exposed some problemsgradually in engineering application. The remedy and treatment of highway slope hasbecome even more important than anytime.
Soil nail and frame pre-stressed anchor bar, as a new flexible support structure,are widely applied in many highway slope support engineerings. Comparing with thetraditional slope retaining structure, soil nail and frame pre-stressed anchor barperformed advantages in lightweight, economy, stability, height limit, etc. Meanwhile,it is a trend to compose soil nail and frame pre-stressed anchor bar in the reinforcementof side slope for superhighway within recent years, which reduce the project cost andensure project quality. The corresponding research lags relatively comparing withproject practices because of complexity of stress and design when two supportstructures are researched at the same time. Using the finite difference program，throughthe numerical simulation of supporting structure can obtain a true and accurate result.The study method for this aspect is more effective in the present.
To explore the anchoring effect and coordinated working performance of soil nailand frame pre-stressed anchor bar in the grading reinforced slope, a numericalsimulation model was established byFLAC~(3D). The study contents are as follows：
(1) The basic features and the computable principles、the building of the modeland the choise of the structure element of theFLAC~(3D)is introduced，meanwhile thefeasibility of simulation to the characteristic of the retaining structure elements isproved．The numerical model of aproject was builded by using ofFLAC~(3D)．
(2) A contrast analysis of the plastic zone and the safety factor was made betweenunreinforced and reinforced slopes according to the slope support construction order.The displacement change of the slope and force character of soil nail and pre-stressedanchor are also studied. The information loss of the prestressed is studied at the sametime.
(3) Searching the position of slip surfacet according to the distribution of the plastic zone, cloud picture of the shear strain increment，and the line connecting of themaximum axis-force of soil nailing and frame pre-stressed anchor.
The conclusions have reference value for engineering optimum design．
引文
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[2]刘天翔,杨雪莲,周永江,等.“5.12”汶川大地震诱发边坡地质灾害及其对公路基础设施影响的初步研究[J].西南公路,2008,28(04):192-199.
[3]杨航宇,颜志平,朱赞凌,等.公路边坡防护与治理[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2002.
[4]陈洪凯,唐红梅,崔志波,等.公路高边坡地质安全与减灾[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.
[5]陈忠达.公路挡土墙设计[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2004.
[6]张玉芳,杨延,房锐.高轻型支挡技术及应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.
[7]郑善义.框架预应力锚杆支护结构的设计与分析研究[D].兰州理工大学,2007.
[8] Al-Homoud, A S, Tal A B, Taqieddin S A. A comparative of slope stabilitymethods and mitigative design of a highway embankment landslide with apotential for deep seated sliding. Engineering Geology,1997,47:157-173.
[9] Singh T N, Gulati A, Dontha L, et al. Evaluating cut slope failure by numericalanalysis-a case study. Nat Hazards,2008,47:263-279.
[10] Jiang C J, Yamagami T. A new back analysis of strength parameters from singleslips. Computers and Geotechnics,2008,35:286-291.
[11] Lee D H, Yang Y E, Lin H M. Assessment slope protection methods for weakrock slopes in Southwestern Taiwan. Engineering Geology,2007,91:100-116.
[12] Turanboy A, Gokay M K, Ulker E. An approach to geometrical modeling ofslope curves and discontinuities. Simulation Modeling,2008,16:445-461.
[13] Oztekin B, Topal T, Kolat C. Assessment of degradation and stability of a cutslope in limestone Ankara-Turkey. Engineering Geology,2006,84:12-30.
[14] Hwang S, Guevarra I F, Fu B. Slope failure prediction using a decision tree: Acase of engineered slope in South Korea. Engineering Geology,2009,104:126-134.
[15] Cheng Y M, Lansivaara T, Wei W B. Two-dimensional slope stability analysisby limit equilibrium and strength reduction methods. Computers andGeotechnics,2007,34:137-150.
[16] Guzzetti F, Reichenbach P, Ghigi S. Rockfall hazard and risk assessment alomga transportation corridor in the Nera Valley, Central Italy. EnvironmentalManagement,2004,34(2):191-208.
[17] Broadbent C D, et al. Rheology aspects of rock slope failure. Proceedings of13th Symp. on Rock Mechanics Illionis,1991.
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