论《人鼠之间》的主题
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摘要
美国作家斯坦贝克的短篇小说《人鼠之间》是一部现代美国文学经典作品。这是一部拥有沉重而巨大意义底蕴的作品,有着无限可供阐释的空间,从中寄寓着作家对世界和人类生存状态的深刻领悟。它描述了在美国大萧条时期到处流浪的牧场工人的悲惨命运。故事所涵盖的时间不超过三天,场景浓缩在一个牧场內∷抵魅?公George和Lennie是一对好朋友,他们唯一的人生梦想是赚取一小块属于自己的土地,不受为人庸工之苦。这也是当时许多美国人的“美国梦想”之一。然而他们的梦想是那样的渴望而不可及。由于Lennie智力低下,他不知道自己有多么巨大的力量而“轻轻”掐死了很多小动物,这给他的同伴George带来了许多麻烦。小说最终以lennie误杀Curly’s wife和George亲手射击lennie的头部以悲剧告终。
本论文分析了《人鼠之间》的三个主题:理想化的男性之间的友谊、美国梦的不可实现性和孤独的本质。这三个主题既是相互渗透又是各自独立的。本文分析了作者如何借助于具体形象外化的描写技巧,将三大主题潜伏于其中,从而赋予了具体事物更深层的意义。这里每一个人物、动物、地点甚至身体的一部分都有着不同寻常的意义,它们直接服务于主题。同时本文利用形形色色的象征、反讽、隐喻和借用等文学手法进行探究和剖析,分析和展示这些文学手法是如何揭示和表现这三大主题的深刻含义,同时如何对其主题进行解读的。
这部小说还表现出了其他主题,例如:理想与现实、力量与柔弱、人类生存环境的掠夺性、暴力、和女性的堕落等等。但是本人认为这些“副”主题均是通过对这三大主题所表现出的细枝末节。美国梦的不可实现性已暗示了理想与现实的差距;人类生存环境的掠夺性和暴力归根结底更加深了牧工们的孤独感;力量与柔弱的对比实际上是渴求友谊的另类阐述。因此这些“副”主题不能客观全面地描述在大萧条时期农业季节工梦想破灭,处境维艰、生活辛酸但同时对美好生活的憧憬的情形。在这部作品中斯坦培克表现了对农业季节工和遭受欺凌的人们的深刻同情。小说有着敢于直面人之真相的勇气,对于人类现实的深渊以及创面作出了睿智的艺术的识见和锋锐的创造性的剖示。而隐藏在文字背后的这三大主题就是斯坦贝克呈现给读者的永久的思考。
American writer John Steinbeck's short story "Of Mice and Men" is a modern American classic literature work. It has great significance and unlimited space for interpretation. It expresses the writer’s the profound understanding to the whole world and human existence condition. This novel is covered by no more than three days, and scenes condensed in a ranch within. It describes in the United States during the Great Depression the ranch workers’tragic destinies. The story is about two traveling companions, George and Lennie, who wander the country during the Depression, and share a dream of owning their own farm someday. This is also one of the“American Dreams”which many Americans have at that time. Then, just as heaven is within their grasp, it is inevitably yanked away. As Lennie mental retardation, he doesn't know how great his strength is. So he“tenderly”kills many little animals. And this always brings his good friend George in trouble. At the end, Lennie kills Curly's wife when he pets on her hair. George truly loves Lennie, so he shoots Lennie painlessly in the back of the head. Lennie dies with the happy thought of the dream.
This paper analyzes three themes: the fraternity and idealized male friendship, the impossibility of American dream and the nature of loneliness. The themes are mutual penetrated and respectively independent. Also the paper analyzes how the writer ambushed the three themes among the description of the specific images, which is endowed with profound significance upon the surface of specific things. In this novel, every character, location, animal even the part of body has great function, which directly serve the main themes. At the mean time, the writer interprets and digs these three themes deeply by analyzing all sorts of literature practices, such as symbol, sarcasm, innuendo and so on.
The book also showed other topics, such as: the ideality and the reality, the strength and the weak, violence, the predatory nature of human existence, the corrupting power of women and so on. But I think these "subheadings" are the themes adopted by the three main themes. The impossibility of American dream has hinted the distance between the ideality and the reality; the predatory nature of human existence and violence add more feeling of loneliness to people; the contrast between the strength and the weak is in fact alternative description for friendship. Therefore these subheadings cannot objectively and comprehensively describe the ranch works’shattered dreams and hard situation in the Great Depression. In this novel, Steinbeck expressed deep sympathy toward to the ranch workers and suffering people. The novel has unique courage to face the truth. It has unique and knowledgeable viewpoint to the reality of the wound and human abyss. And the three themes are the permanent thinking that Steinbeck presents to the reader.
本论文分析了《人鼠之间》的三个主题:理想化的男性之间的友谊、美国梦的不可实现性和孤独的本质。这三个主题既是相互渗透又是各自独立的。本文分析了作者如何借助于具体形象外化的描写技巧,将三大主题潜伏于其中,从而赋予了具体事物更深层的意义。这里每一个人物、动物、地点甚至身体的一部分都有着不同寻常的意义,它们直接服务于主题。同时本文利用形形色色的象征、反讽、隐喻和借用等文学手法进行探究和剖析,分析和展示这些文学手法是如何揭示和表现这三大主题的深刻含义,同时如何对其主题进行解读的。
这部小说还表现出了其他主题,例如:理想与现实、力量与柔弱、人类生存环境的掠夺性、暴力、和女性的堕落等等。但是本人认为这些“副”主题均是通过对这三大主题所表现出的细枝末节。美国梦的不可实现性已暗示了理想与现实的差距;人类生存环境的掠夺性和暴力归根结底更加深了牧工们的孤独感;力量与柔弱的对比实际上是渴求友谊的另类阐述。因此这些“副”主题不能客观全面地描述在大萧条时期农业季节工梦想破灭,处境维艰、生活辛酸但同时对美好生活的憧憬的情形。在这部作品中斯坦培克表现了对农业季节工和遭受欺凌的人们的深刻同情。小说有着敢于直面人之真相的勇气,对于人类现实的深渊以及创面作出了睿智的艺术的识见和锋锐的创造性的剖示。而隐藏在文字背后的这三大主题就是斯坦贝克呈现给读者的永久的思考。
American writer John Steinbeck's short story "Of Mice and Men" is a modern American classic literature work. It has great significance and unlimited space for interpretation. It expresses the writer’s the profound understanding to the whole world and human existence condition. This novel is covered by no more than three days, and scenes condensed in a ranch within. It describes in the United States during the Great Depression the ranch workers’tragic destinies. The story is about two traveling companions, George and Lennie, who wander the country during the Depression, and share a dream of owning their own farm someday. This is also one of the“American Dreams”which many Americans have at that time. Then, just as heaven is within their grasp, it is inevitably yanked away. As Lennie mental retardation, he doesn't know how great his strength is. So he“tenderly”kills many little animals. And this always brings his good friend George in trouble. At the end, Lennie kills Curly's wife when he pets on her hair. George truly loves Lennie, so he shoots Lennie painlessly in the back of the head. Lennie dies with the happy thought of the dream.
This paper analyzes three themes: the fraternity and idealized male friendship, the impossibility of American dream and the nature of loneliness. The themes are mutual penetrated and respectively independent. Also the paper analyzes how the writer ambushed the three themes among the description of the specific images, which is endowed with profound significance upon the surface of specific things. In this novel, every character, location, animal even the part of body has great function, which directly serve the main themes. At the mean time, the writer interprets and digs these three themes deeply by analyzing all sorts of literature practices, such as symbol, sarcasm, innuendo and so on.
The book also showed other topics, such as: the ideality and the reality, the strength and the weak, violence, the predatory nature of human existence, the corrupting power of women and so on. But I think these "subheadings" are the themes adopted by the three main themes. The impossibility of American dream has hinted the distance between the ideality and the reality; the predatory nature of human existence and violence add more feeling of loneliness to people; the contrast between the strength and the weak is in fact alternative description for friendship. Therefore these subheadings cannot objectively and comprehensively describe the ranch works’shattered dreams and hard situation in the Great Depression. In this novel, Steinbeck expressed deep sympathy toward to the ranch workers and suffering people. The novel has unique courage to face the truth. It has unique and knowledgeable viewpoint to the reality of the wound and human abyss. And the three themes are the permanent thinking that Steinbeck presents to the reader.
引文
1 Swados, H(Ed.). The American writer and the great depression, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1998.P.134
2. Mc EIvaine, Robert S. The Great Depression, New York Times Books, 1984.P.43
3. Bloom, Haiold. John Steinbeck’s Of MICE AND MEN. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1996.P.58
4. Astro, R., & Hayashi, T.(Eds.). Steinbeck: The man and his works. United States of America: Oregon stale University Press 1970. P. 145
5. Simmons, Roy S. A Biograghical and Critical Introduction of John Steinbeck. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 2000. P.85
6. Ditsky, John, ed. Critical Essays on Steinbeck’s work, Boston: Hall, Chelsea House Publishers 1989.P.66
7. Ditsky, John. John Steinbeck and the Critics. Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2000.P.78
8. French, Warren. John Steinbeck’s Fiction Revisited, NY: Twayne, 1994.P.67
9. Benson, Jackson J., ed. The Short Novels Of John Steinbeck: Critical Essays with a Checklist to Steinbeck Criticism. Durham: Duke UP, 1990.P.210
10. Li, Luchen. ed. John Steinbeck: A Documentary Volume. Detroit: Gale, 2005.P.40
11. Magill, F. N. (Ed.). (1983). Critical Survey of Long Fiction, New Jersey: Salem Press 1989. P.177
12. Ditsky, John. John Steinbeck and the Critics. Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2000.P.117
13. Hayashi, Tetsumaro. Study guide to Steinbeck: A Handbook to his Major Works. The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Metuchen, N.J., 1974. P.143
14. Hughes, R. S. John Steinbeck: A Study of the Short Fiction, Salem Press 1989. P.127
15. Simmons, Roy S. A Biograghical and Critical Introduction of John Steinbeck.Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 2000. P.93
16. McCarthy, John. John Steinbeck. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. 1980.P.79
17. Hayashi, Tetsumaro. Study guide to Steinbeck: A Handbook to his Major Works. The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Metuchen, N.J., 1974. P.143
18. Magill, F. N. (Ed.). (1983). Critical Survey of Long Fiction (vol.6, pp. 2518- 2528). New Jersey: Salem Press 1989. P.177
19. HAYASHI, TETSUMARO, ed. John Steinbeck: The Years of Greatness, 1936 --1939. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1993. P.196
20. HAYASHI, TETSUMARO, ed. John Steinbeck: The Years of Greatness, 1936 --1939. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1993.P.68
21. Astro, R., & Hayashi, T. (Eds.). Steinbeck: The man and his works. United States of America: Oregon State University Press, 1978. P.123
22. MacNicholas. Twentieth Century American Dramatists Part 2:K-Z, Detroit: Gale Research Co. 1981.P.124
23. Hughes, R. S. John Steinbeck: A Study of the Short Fiction, Salem Press 1989. P.127
Arensen,Jonathan E. 1992. Mice are men: Language and society among the Murle of Sudan. International Museum of Cultures Publication, P.362
Astro, R., & Hayashi, T. (Eds.).. United States of America Oregon State University Press, 1970
Augsberger. David W. Pastoral Counseling Across Cultures. Philadelphia; Westminster Press. 1976.
Baughman, Judith S. American Decades’ 1920-1929, Detroit: Gale Research, Inc., 1996.
Bloom, Harold. John Steinbeck’s OF AND MEN. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. 1996.
BeMott, R., (Ed.). John Steinbeck: The grapes of wrath and other writings 1936-1941. New York: The Library of America, 1997
Demott, R. (Ed.). John Steinbeck: Novels and stories 1932-193Z New York: The Library of America, 1994
Ditsky, John. “Stupid Sons of Fishes”: Shared Values in John Steinbeck and the Musical Stage New Jersey: Scarecrow Press, 1987.
French, Warren, G. John Steinbeck’s fiction revisited New York: Twayne Publishers; Toronto: Maxwell Macmillan, 1994
Gardner, Howard. To Open Minds. New York: Basic Books, Harper Collins. 1989
Gray, Louis H., Ed. The Mythology of All Races. 13 vols. New York: Cooper Square, 1916-1932.
Gardner, Howard. The Unschooled Mind. New York: Basic Books, Harper Collins. 1991.
Hadella, Charlotte. OF MICE AND MEN: A Kinship of Powerlessness. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1995.
Harmon, Robert B. Steinbeck Bibliographies: An Annotated Guide. Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press, 1987.
Hayashi, Tetsumaro, ed. John Steinbeck: The Years of Greatness, 1936 - 1939. Tuscaloosa University of Alabama Press, 1993.
Hayashi, Tetsumaro. Study guide to Steinbeck: A Handbook to his Major Works. The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Metuchen, N.J., 1974.
Hicks, John D. Republican Ascendancy, 1929-1933. New York: Harper & Row, 1960.
Hoffman, Mark S. ed. The World Almanac. 1992 Ed. New York: Pharos Books, 1992.
Howard, E., & Peck, D. (Eds.). (1997). Identities and issues in literature (vol.3, pp. 899-900). New Jersey: Salem Press
Keyes, Daniel, Flowers for Algernon. New York: Bantam Books. 1975
Kiernan, T. The Intricate Music: A Biography of John Steinbeck. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1979.
Magill, F. N. (Ed.). Critical Survey of Long Fiction(vol.6, pp. 2518- 2528). New Jersey: Salem Press, 1983
Magill, F. N. (Ed.). Critical Survey of Short Fiction_(vol.6, pp. 2518- 2528). New Jersey: Salem Press, 1983
Magill, Frank N., Ed. The American Presidents: The Office and the Men. Vol. 2. Pasadena, California: Salem Press, 1986.
Mceivaine, Robert S. The Great Depression. New York Times Books, 1984.
Meyer, Michael J. The Betrayal of Brotherhood in the Work of John Steinheck .Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 2000.
Mark Spilda. Of George and Lennie and Curley’s Wife: Sweet Violence in Steinbeck’s Eden North Carolina:Duke University Press, 1990.
Houghton Mufflin. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Globe Book Company, Inc. 1990.
Parini. JAY. John Steinbeck: A Biography. London: Heinemann, 1994.
Parini, J. John Steinbeck: A Biography. New York: Henry Holt Company, 1995.
Perret, Geoffrey. American in the Times. New York: Simon & Scuster, Inc., 1982.
Potter, Robert R. Making Sense: Exploring semantics and critical thinking. New York: Globe Book Company, Inc. 1974.
Ryan, B. (Ed). (1997). Major 20th century writers. A selection of sketches from contemporary authors (vol. 4, pp. 2828-2833). Detroit: Gale Research Inc.
Saint Pierre, Brian. John Steinbeck. The California Years. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1983.
Seigneuret, Jean-Charles, ed. Dictionary of Literary Themes and Motifs. 2 vols. New York: Greenwood Press, 1988.
Simmonds, Roy S. A Biograghical and Critical lntroduction of john Steinbeck. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 2000.
Steinbeck, John. Of Mice and Men. New York: Penguin Books, 1993.
Swados, H. (Ed). (1966). The American writer and the great depression (p.118-129). New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc.
Tedlnek, E.W., Jr. C.V. Wicker. Steinbeck and His Critics: A Record of Twenty-Five Years. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 1957.
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2. Mc EIvaine, Robert S. The Great Depression, New York Times Books, 1984.P.43
3. Bloom, Haiold. John Steinbeck’s Of MICE AND MEN. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1996.P.58
4. Astro, R., & Hayashi, T.(Eds.). Steinbeck: The man and his works. United States of America: Oregon stale University Press 1970. P. 145
5. Simmons, Roy S. A Biograghical and Critical Introduction of John Steinbeck. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 2000. P.85
6. Ditsky, John, ed. Critical Essays on Steinbeck’s work, Boston: Hall, Chelsea House Publishers 1989.P.66
7. Ditsky, John. John Steinbeck and the Critics. Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2000.P.78
8. French, Warren. John Steinbeck’s Fiction Revisited, NY: Twayne, 1994.P.67
9. Benson, Jackson J., ed. The Short Novels Of John Steinbeck: Critical Essays with a Checklist to Steinbeck Criticism. Durham: Duke UP, 1990.P.210
10. Li, Luchen. ed. John Steinbeck: A Documentary Volume. Detroit: Gale, 2005.P.40
11. Magill, F. N. (Ed.). (1983). Critical Survey of Long Fiction, New Jersey: Salem Press 1989. P.177
12. Ditsky, John. John Steinbeck and the Critics. Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2000.P.117
13. Hayashi, Tetsumaro. Study guide to Steinbeck: A Handbook to his Major Works. The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Metuchen, N.J., 1974. P.143
14. Hughes, R. S. John Steinbeck: A Study of the Short Fiction, Salem Press 1989. P.127
15. Simmons, Roy S. A Biograghical and Critical Introduction of John Steinbeck.Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 2000. P.93
16. McCarthy, John. John Steinbeck. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. 1980.P.79
17. Hayashi, Tetsumaro. Study guide to Steinbeck: A Handbook to his Major Works. The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Metuchen, N.J., 1974. P.143
18. Magill, F. N. (Ed.). (1983). Critical Survey of Long Fiction (vol.6, pp. 2518- 2528). New Jersey: Salem Press 1989. P.177
19. HAYASHI, TETSUMARO, ed. John Steinbeck: The Years of Greatness, 1936 --1939. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1993. P.196
20. HAYASHI, TETSUMARO, ed. John Steinbeck: The Years of Greatness, 1936 --1939. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1993.P.68
21. Astro, R., & Hayashi, T. (Eds.). Steinbeck: The man and his works. United States of America: Oregon State University Press, 1978. P.123
22. MacNicholas. Twentieth Century American Dramatists Part 2:K-Z, Detroit: Gale Research Co. 1981.P.124
23. Hughes, R. S. John Steinbeck: A Study of the Short Fiction, Salem Press 1989. P.127
Arensen,Jonathan E. 1992. Mice are men: Language and society among the Murle of Sudan. International Museum of Cultures Publication, P.362
Astro, R., & Hayashi, T. (Eds.).. United States of America Oregon State University Press, 1970
Augsberger. David W. Pastoral Counseling Across Cultures. Philadelphia; Westminster Press. 1976.
Baughman, Judith S. American Decades’ 1920-1929, Detroit: Gale Research, Inc., 1996.
Bloom, Harold. John Steinbeck’s OF AND MEN. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. 1996.
BeMott, R., (Ed.). John Steinbeck: The grapes of wrath and other writings 1936-1941. New York: The Library of America, 1997
Demott, R. (Ed.). John Steinbeck: Novels and stories 1932-193Z New York: The Library of America, 1994
Ditsky, John. “Stupid Sons of Fishes”: Shared Values in John Steinbeck and the Musical Stage New Jersey: Scarecrow Press, 1987.
French, Warren, G. John Steinbeck’s fiction revisited New York: Twayne Publishers; Toronto: Maxwell Macmillan, 1994
Gardner, Howard. To Open Minds. New York: Basic Books, Harper Collins. 1989
Gray, Louis H., Ed. The Mythology of All Races. 13 vols. New York: Cooper Square, 1916-1932.
Gardner, Howard. The Unschooled Mind. New York: Basic Books, Harper Collins. 1991.
Hadella, Charlotte. OF MICE AND MEN: A Kinship of Powerlessness. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1995.
Harmon, Robert B. Steinbeck Bibliographies: An Annotated Guide. Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press, 1987.
Hayashi, Tetsumaro, ed. John Steinbeck: The Years of Greatness, 1936 - 1939. Tuscaloosa University of Alabama Press, 1993.
Hayashi, Tetsumaro. Study guide to Steinbeck: A Handbook to his Major Works. The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Metuchen, N.J., 1974.
Hicks, John D. Republican Ascendancy, 1929-1933. New York: Harper & Row, 1960.
Hoffman, Mark S. ed. The World Almanac. 1992 Ed. New York: Pharos Books, 1992.
Howard, E., & Peck, D. (Eds.). (1997). Identities and issues in literature (vol.3, pp. 899-900). New Jersey: Salem Press
Keyes, Daniel, Flowers for Algernon. New York: Bantam Books. 1975
Kiernan, T. The Intricate Music: A Biography of John Steinbeck. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1979.
Magill, F. N. (Ed.). Critical Survey of Long Fiction(vol.6, pp. 2518- 2528). New Jersey: Salem Press, 1983
Magill, F. N. (Ed.). Critical Survey of Short Fiction_(vol.6, pp. 2518- 2528). New Jersey: Salem Press, 1983
Magill, Frank N., Ed. The American Presidents: The Office and the Men. Vol. 2. Pasadena, California: Salem Press, 1986.
Mceivaine, Robert S. The Great Depression. New York Times Books, 1984.
Meyer, Michael J. The Betrayal of Brotherhood in the Work of John Steinheck .Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 2000.
Mark Spilda. Of George and Lennie and Curley’s Wife: Sweet Violence in Steinbeck’s Eden North Carolina:Duke University Press, 1990.
Houghton Mufflin. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Globe Book Company, Inc. 1990.
Parini. JAY. John Steinbeck: A Biography. London: Heinemann, 1994.
Parini, J. John Steinbeck: A Biography. New York: Henry Holt Company, 1995.
Perret, Geoffrey. American in the Times. New York: Simon & Scuster, Inc., 1982.
Potter, Robert R. Making Sense: Exploring semantics and critical thinking. New York: Globe Book Company, Inc. 1974.
Ryan, B. (Ed). (1997). Major 20th century writers. A selection of sketches from contemporary authors (vol. 4, pp. 2828-2833). Detroit: Gale Research Inc.
Saint Pierre, Brian. John Steinbeck. The California Years. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1983.
Seigneuret, Jean-Charles, ed. Dictionary of Literary Themes and Motifs. 2 vols. New York: Greenwood Press, 1988.
Simmonds, Roy S. A Biograghical and Critical lntroduction of john Steinbeck. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 2000.
Steinbeck, John. Of Mice and Men. New York: Penguin Books, 1993.
Swados, H. (Ed). (1966). The American writer and the great depression (p.118-129). New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc.
Tedlnek, E.W., Jr. C.V. Wicker. Steinbeck and His Critics: A Record of Twenty-Five Years. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 1957.
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