梯级水电系统短期优化调度与自动发电控制研究
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摘要
随着电力工业的解除管制,电力市场的逐步形成,各发电实体实行竞价上网,
其调度的目标也逐步发生了转变,以追究各自发电效益最大为目标,这样使得水电
系统的独立调度成为可能,不再仅仅为火电系统的调度做“配套服务”。特别地,对
于梯级水电系统,由于其调度目标的变化以及梯级各电站间的复杂的水、电联系,
给梯级优化调度带来了新的研究内容。梯级电站的短期优化调度对整个梯级的实际
运行具有非常重要的意义,因此,本文以三峡梯级水电系统短期优化调度和梯级自
动发电控制为研究背景,结合《三峡梯级水电联合调度自动发电控制》和《三峡数
字梯级调度决策支持系统》两个实际的科研课题,研究了梯级短期优化调度的模型
和求解算法,提出了三峡梯级自动发电控制的基本方案,取得了一些有价值的研究
成果。
论文首先引出本文研究领域,回顾了最近几年来国内外学者在水电系统的短期
优化调度领域研究取得新进展,阐述了梯级水电系统短期优化调度的关键和存在的
不足,综合评述了各种优化算法及其在优化调度中的应用情况,在此基础上确立本
文研究的重点。
在第二章中,首先对梯级电站的基本参数,包括机组特性、水位与水头,水流
时滞等,进行了详细地分析,并提出了一种用迭代法计算电站运行水头的方案。为
满足不同的调度任务的要求,对梯级短期优化调度的优化准则进行了详细的分析,
并提出一种综合考虑梯级发电量和运行周期末水位的优化目标。对于动态规划的维
数问题,给出一种应用 Lagrange 方法进行降维的方案,并介绍了几种常用于水电系
统优化的动态规划改进的算法。
为了便于调度任务求解,必须对调度进行分析,在第三章中,分别建立了“给
定用水量制定梯级发电计划”与“梯级电站间负荷优化分配”的数学模型。对于有
航运要求的梯级电站而言,航运要求制约着发电计划的制定和实施,本章基于河道
不稳定流计算,提出了发电-航运协调的四种方案,提出一种考虑航运不稳定流约束
的分布式参数的协调模型,并基于大系统分解与协调思想,给出了相应的求解方案;
本章还详细讨论了给定用水量的发电计划与梯级负荷优化分配计算方法,提出了在
动态规划的框架下,利用线性插值的方法来减少计算规模,提高计算效率的方法。
梯级联合调峰要求是电力系统对梯级水电系统的必然要求,本章最后也给出了梯级
调峰优化的数学模型。
I
梯级短期优化调度的具体实施是通过梯级自动发电控制来完成的。第四章首先
介绍了电网自动发电控制的控制方式,区域控制误差及其联络线控制策略的发展,
引入电网自动发电控制下机组的几种运行状态。然后,详细介绍了电站自动发电控
制的常规思路及控制方式。在此基础上,提出实现梯级自动发电控制的必要性。文
中以三峡梯级为例,设计一套三峡梯级的自动发电控制基本框架,详细介绍了三峡
梯级的控制方式和基本功能,构建出自动发电控制的分层控制方案,绘制出三峡梯
级有功调度数据流。实现三峡梯级自动发电控制离不开对机组的调节,本文同时提
出了机组负荷分配的梯度分配原则,并给出了机组的负荷调整策略。最后,将电力
系统的动态优化调度概念引入梯级水电系统来,提出实现梯级水电系统动态优化调
度的重要意义。
第五章以三峡-葛洲坝梯级水电站组成的典型的梯级水电系统为例,考虑尽可能
详细的约束,结合前文介绍的基本方法,进行实例计算。考虑航运要求,对给定用
水量和给定梯级总负荷过程两个任务制定短期发电计划,并给出了相应的结果分析。
最后,对本文的成果进行总结,并提出有待进一步研究的问题。
With the deregulation of the electric power industry, the electricity market is being
gradually formed, the generator sells its energy with completive bidding, and its optimal
scheduling objective is changing, therefore, the independent operation of the hydropower
system is possible, and which is not merely an accessory service to the power system any
longer. Extraordinary, in the cascade hydropower system, because of the variability of the
objective and the complicated hydraulic and electric relationship among the cascade
hydro power stations, the new field of research is come forth. As we know, the short-term
optimal scheduling of the cascade hydropower plants is important to the whole power
system, therefore, in this paper, based on short-time optimal scheduling of Three Gorges
and the cascade Automatic Generation Control (AGC), the optimal scheduling model and
its algorithm are studied and the scheme of Three Gorges (TG) AGC is presented
according to the actual projects of the AGC and the DSS of the TG cascade generation
scheduling. The major research work is outlines as follows:
Firstly, the research field is established after reviewing the new research
achievements by the domestic and international researchers in the field of short-term
optimal operation of cascade hydro system in recent years, and the key field and
shortcoming of which are described. And then, the optimal algorithms and their
applications in optimal scheduling field are evaluated.
In chapter 2, the basic parameters of cascade station, including characteristic of units,
water level and water head, water delays and so on, are analyzed in details. And a scheme
is brought forward which calculates the real-time operating water head of plant by a
iterative means. To satisfy the needs of various operating tasks, the choice of optimal
principle of the cascade short- term optimal scheduling is thoroughly analyzed, and a new
optimal objective is put forward, which considers the cascade generation together with
the station storied energy in the end operation period. In order to decrease the dimensions
of the problem during the calculation, a scheme of Lagarage algorithm is presented and
some improved methods to Dynamic Programming (DP) are introduced.
In chapter 3, two models, the cascade generation scheduling when given the total
water consumptions volume and cascade load optimal dispatching, are founded. When
the shipping constraints are subject to the cascade generation scheduling, the unsteady
III
flow calculation of the riverway should be taken into consideration. Four schemes, which
coordinate the cascade power station generation and shipping, are given, and a
distributing parameters model considering the shipping constraints is presented, which is
calculated based on the system decomposition and coordination. Then, a new method,
based on the frame of DP and linear interpolation, is introduced in order to reduce the
size and improve the compute efficiency. Finally, to meet the electricity system
requirement to peak shaving, the optimal peak shaving model of cascade is described.
As we know, the real-time operation of the cascade hydro power station is realized
through the cascade AGC. In chapter 4, the control mode of power system AGC, the
concept of Area Error Control (AEC) and the development of the control strategy of the
tie-line, are introduced. Then, the power station AGC is described. On the base of which,
the necessity to realize the cascade AGC is pointed out. In this paper, taking the TG
cascade hydropower station as example, the basic frame, control scheme, basic function
and so on of the TG AGC are presented and the delamination control solution is
established, and the active power station dispatching data flow of the TG station is given.
As to the regulation to the unit, a new grads load dispatching scheme is introduced
together with the unit’s load regulating strategy. Finally, the concept of Dynamic
Optimizing Operat
其调度的目标也逐步发生了转变,以追究各自发电效益最大为目标,这样使得水电
系统的独立调度成为可能,不再仅仅为火电系统的调度做“配套服务”。特别地,对
于梯级水电系统,由于其调度目标的变化以及梯级各电站间的复杂的水、电联系,
给梯级优化调度带来了新的研究内容。梯级电站的短期优化调度对整个梯级的实际
运行具有非常重要的意义,因此,本文以三峡梯级水电系统短期优化调度和梯级自
动发电控制为研究背景,结合《三峡梯级水电联合调度自动发电控制》和《三峡数
字梯级调度决策支持系统》两个实际的科研课题,研究了梯级短期优化调度的模型
和求解算法,提出了三峡梯级自动发电控制的基本方案,取得了一些有价值的研究
成果。
论文首先引出本文研究领域,回顾了最近几年来国内外学者在水电系统的短期
优化调度领域研究取得新进展,阐述了梯级水电系统短期优化调度的关键和存在的
不足,综合评述了各种优化算法及其在优化调度中的应用情况,在此基础上确立本
文研究的重点。
在第二章中,首先对梯级电站的基本参数,包括机组特性、水位与水头,水流
时滞等,进行了详细地分析,并提出了一种用迭代法计算电站运行水头的方案。为
满足不同的调度任务的要求,对梯级短期优化调度的优化准则进行了详细的分析,
并提出一种综合考虑梯级发电量和运行周期末水位的优化目标。对于动态规划的维
数问题,给出一种应用 Lagrange 方法进行降维的方案,并介绍了几种常用于水电系
统优化的动态规划改进的算法。
为了便于调度任务求解,必须对调度进行分析,在第三章中,分别建立了“给
定用水量制定梯级发电计划”与“梯级电站间负荷优化分配”的数学模型。对于有
航运要求的梯级电站而言,航运要求制约着发电计划的制定和实施,本章基于河道
不稳定流计算,提出了发电-航运协调的四种方案,提出一种考虑航运不稳定流约束
的分布式参数的协调模型,并基于大系统分解与协调思想,给出了相应的求解方案;
本章还详细讨论了给定用水量的发电计划与梯级负荷优化分配计算方法,提出了在
动态规划的框架下,利用线性插值的方法来减少计算规模,提高计算效率的方法。
梯级联合调峰要求是电力系统对梯级水电系统的必然要求,本章最后也给出了梯级
调峰优化的数学模型。
I
梯级短期优化调度的具体实施是通过梯级自动发电控制来完成的。第四章首先
介绍了电网自动发电控制的控制方式,区域控制误差及其联络线控制策略的发展,
引入电网自动发电控制下机组的几种运行状态。然后,详细介绍了电站自动发电控
制的常规思路及控制方式。在此基础上,提出实现梯级自动发电控制的必要性。文
中以三峡梯级为例,设计一套三峡梯级的自动发电控制基本框架,详细介绍了三峡
梯级的控制方式和基本功能,构建出自动发电控制的分层控制方案,绘制出三峡梯
级有功调度数据流。实现三峡梯级自动发电控制离不开对机组的调节,本文同时提
出了机组负荷分配的梯度分配原则,并给出了机组的负荷调整策略。最后,将电力
系统的动态优化调度概念引入梯级水电系统来,提出实现梯级水电系统动态优化调
度的重要意义。
第五章以三峡-葛洲坝梯级水电站组成的典型的梯级水电系统为例,考虑尽可能
详细的约束,结合前文介绍的基本方法,进行实例计算。考虑航运要求,对给定用
水量和给定梯级总负荷过程两个任务制定短期发电计划,并给出了相应的结果分析。
最后,对本文的成果进行总结,并提出有待进一步研究的问题。
With the deregulation of the electric power industry, the electricity market is being
gradually formed, the generator sells its energy with completive bidding, and its optimal
scheduling objective is changing, therefore, the independent operation of the hydropower
system is possible, and which is not merely an accessory service to the power system any
longer. Extraordinary, in the cascade hydropower system, because of the variability of the
objective and the complicated hydraulic and electric relationship among the cascade
hydro power stations, the new field of research is come forth. As we know, the short-term
optimal scheduling of the cascade hydropower plants is important to the whole power
system, therefore, in this paper, based on short-time optimal scheduling of Three Gorges
and the cascade Automatic Generation Control (AGC), the optimal scheduling model and
its algorithm are studied and the scheme of Three Gorges (TG) AGC is presented
according to the actual projects of the AGC and the DSS of the TG cascade generation
scheduling. The major research work is outlines as follows:
Firstly, the research field is established after reviewing the new research
achievements by the domestic and international researchers in the field of short-term
optimal operation of cascade hydro system in recent years, and the key field and
shortcoming of which are described. And then, the optimal algorithms and their
applications in optimal scheduling field are evaluated.
In chapter 2, the basic parameters of cascade station, including characteristic of units,
water level and water head, water delays and so on, are analyzed in details. And a scheme
is brought forward which calculates the real-time operating water head of plant by a
iterative means. To satisfy the needs of various operating tasks, the choice of optimal
principle of the cascade short- term optimal scheduling is thoroughly analyzed, and a new
optimal objective is put forward, which considers the cascade generation together with
the station storied energy in the end operation period. In order to decrease the dimensions
of the problem during the calculation, a scheme of Lagarage algorithm is presented and
some improved methods to Dynamic Programming (DP) are introduced.
In chapter 3, two models, the cascade generation scheduling when given the total
water consumptions volume and cascade load optimal dispatching, are founded. When
the shipping constraints are subject to the cascade generation scheduling, the unsteady
III
flow calculation of the riverway should be taken into consideration. Four schemes, which
coordinate the cascade power station generation and shipping, are given, and a
distributing parameters model considering the shipping constraints is presented, which is
calculated based on the system decomposition and coordination. Then, a new method,
based on the frame of DP and linear interpolation, is introduced in order to reduce the
size and improve the compute efficiency. Finally, to meet the electricity system
requirement to peak shaving, the optimal peak shaving model of cascade is described.
As we know, the real-time operation of the cascade hydro power station is realized
through the cascade AGC. In chapter 4, the control mode of power system AGC, the
concept of Area Error Control (AEC) and the development of the control strategy of the
tie-line, are introduced. Then, the power station AGC is described. On the base of which,
the necessity to realize the cascade AGC is pointed out. In this paper, taking the TG
cascade hydropower station as example, the basic frame, control scheme, basic function
and so on of the TG AGC are presented and the delamination control solution is
established, and the active power station dispatching data flow of the TG station is given.
As to the regulation to the unit, a new grads load dispatching scheme is introduced
together with the unit’s load regulating strategy. Finally, the concept of Dynamic
Optimizing Operat
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