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人力资本溢价与企业绩效研究
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摘要
人力资本理论对人们如何获得劳动技能进行了描述,它表明当某项工作比其他工作需要投入更多时间和精力时,工薪不平等是必要的,否则将会导致需要过多投入的工作供给不足,影响经济发展和社会进步。但贝克尔的工资方程却表明薪酬并不能完全由劳动者的工作时间、自身投入来解释,还应考虑行业、地区差异等这些非人力资本因素。这里暗示着员工的薪酬实际上被分为两部分:一部分是因劳动者自身素质和时间精力投入所带来的收益,另一部分是难以被人力资本解释的溢价。本文的主要目的就是探究人力资本溢价存在的合理性及支付的合理范围,并深入考察人力资本溢价对企业绩效的贡献与影响,以期得到对我国薪酬设计有借鉴意义的结论和证据。
     近年来层出不穷的“天价年薪”将高管薪酬推向了风口浪尖,其中高管薪酬与企业绩效是否存在相关性是争论的焦点之一。学者们对该问题做了大量深入、细致的研究,结论却大相径庭。薪酬与业绩的相关性以及薪酬差距对员工的激励效果至今未有定论。笔者认为已有文献在研究薪酬问题时,多以薪酬整体作为研究对象,而未对薪酬的构成内容作具体区分。事实上经济社会生活中人与人之间的薪酬差距既有因劳动力质量不同造成的差距,也有因人力资本以外的其他因素造成的差距。前者是劳动者教育投资的必要回报,劳动者对这部分薪酬差距“心安理得”,并不能对企业绩效产生实质性的影响,而后者才有可能是激励劳动者付出更多努力,提高企业绩效的真正动力。本文的主要贡献在于从资产专用性角度,结合资本资产定价模型理论对人力资本溢价进行了理论分析与概念界定,并以我国上市公司为研究对象区分高管和普通员工两类劳动者群体,分别探讨其人力资本溢价的形成机制及其对企业绩效的作用方式。同时为了权衡公平与效率,充分发挥人力资本溢价对企业绩效的积极作用,有效避免其消极影响,本文引入了收入流动性概念,并用数理模型推导的方式论证了收入流动性、人力资本溢价与企业绩效之间的逻辑关系。本文的主要内容如下:
     首先对文献进行了梳理,将人力资本溢价界定为劳动者因承担额外风险所要求的补偿。人力资本溢价有两个重要的决定因素,一个是因人力资本专用性导致的不可分散风险,另一个是人力资本拥有者对待风险的态度。这为我国高管与员工之间的巨额薪酬差距找到了新的解释:由于企业高管不仅要承担自身因人力资本专用性导致的失业风险,还要承担原本属于所有者的企业风险,因此高管的人力资本溢价往往高于企业员工。
     接着,本文以1999-2012年我国上市公司高管和普通员工为研究对象,运用残差法将人力资本溢价从薪酬中剥离出来,通过构建实证模型探寻人力资本溢价的形成机制。本文结合人力资本理论、劳动力市场分割理论和效率工资理论,对人力资本溢价的产生路径进行了分析,发现劳动力质量的差异对人力资本溢价的影响微乎其微,而行业、地区差异导致的失业风险、收入流动性、高管分担的企业风险以及企业特质是导致人力资本溢价产生的主要原因。另外,本研究对高管和普通员工的人力资本溢价进行对比了分析,研究了两者之间的区别与联系,为企业薪酬设计提供建议。
     然后,在前文的研究基础上,分别以高管与普通员工的人力资本溢价为因变量,考察其与企业绩效的相关性,确定人力资本溢价的最佳范围。实证结果表明高管人力资本溢价与企业绩效呈倒U型关系。高管人力资本溢价范围对企业绩效的作用表现为负激励、有效激励和过度激励三个阶段。有效激励区间介于高管人力资本溢价10%-90%分位数所对应的金额之间。与高管人力资本溢价对企业绩效的作用方式不同,员工人力资本溢价对企业绩效存在着“加速”的正向影响,对于员工来说并不存在过度激励区间,任何溢价的增加都会带来企业绩效的提升。
     最后,本文考察了收入流性、人力资本溢价与企业绩效之间的逻辑关系,发现收入流动性会对人力资本溢价与企业绩效之间的相关性具有调节作用。而且不同所有制企业对收入流动性的反应程度存在差异,收入流动性对国有企业人力资本溢价与企业绩效相关性的调节作用要比在非国有企业更显著。本文的研究为我国薪酬体系设计和相关体制的完善提供了具有参考价值的启示和政策建议。
Human capital theory explains how people acquire labor skills. When a job needsmore time and energy than any other one, wage inequality turns out to be necessary.Otherwise, the work which needs too much input will be in supply shortage and willhamper economic development and social progress. But Becker's wage equation showsthat compensation does not only depended on the laborers' work time and other kind ofhuman capital, but also industry and regional characteristics and other factors that havenothing to do with human capital. It suggests that employees' compensation could bedivided into two parts, one is the return for the labor quality, the other one is humancapital premium which is hard to explain by human capital. This paper’s main purposeis to explore the generation mechanism of human capital premium and to research therelationship between human capital premium and business performance. The study willgive some suggestions for salary system design to the public companies.
     In recent years, executives’ huge salary draws lots of attention and the correlationof salary and business performance is the focus of the argument. Scholars have done alot of meticulous research, but the conclusion is different. This paper considers that theexisting literature usually takes the whole salary as the research object and doesn’tdecompose the salary in details. In fact the wage has two distinct parts, one is theincome from labor quality, the other one is the premium from the factors other than thehuman capital. The former is the necessary return for investment of education, laborertakes it for granted, as a result it has little motivation. While the latter may probablystimulate laborers to work hard and improve business performance. The maincontribution of this paper is that:(1) we definite the concepat of the human capitalpremium;(2) take the executives and ordinary workers in Chinese listed companies asthe samples, and discuss the formation process of the human capital premium as wellas its effects on business performance;(3) introduce the concept of income mobility,and use the mathematical model to demonstrate the logical relationship among thebusiness performance, human capital premium and income mobility.This paper includes the following parts:
     First, we review the literature and using the asset specificity theory and CAPMtheory define the concept of human capital premium as the excess earnings for takingon additional risk. Human capital premium has two decisive factors: one is theundiversifiable risk caused by human capital specificity, the other is the attitude to risk.In general, the executives was more aggressive than workers, they should not only bearunemployment risk caused by the human capital specificity, but also takes on theenterprise risk belongs to the owners. That is, executives should bears more risk thanthe worker,so their human capital premium is higher than workers’. This idea offers a new explanation for the huge pay gap between executives and employees in China.
     Second, using samples of executives and general staff data in listed companiesfrom1999to2012, we built regression models and found that human capital premiumof executives were mainly resulted from wage rigidity and labor market segmentation,rather than the differences of labor quality. Executives and staff gain huge premiumcurrently just because the last premium is high, otherwise there will be lazy, turn overand other serious consequences as expected by efficiency wage theory. Labor marketsegmentation resulting from Industries and regions has a significant impact onpremium, especially when segmenting labor market infinitely into company unit, thedifference between companies has stronger explanatory power for human capitalpremium. In addition, we compare the human capital premium for executives andstaff,and try to find their differences and relationship in order to provide suggestionsfor compensation design.
     Third, on the basis of above research, we respectively take executives’ andordinary workers’ human capital premium as the dependent variable, and study theircorrelation with business performance and determine the optimal range of humancapital premium. The empirical results show that the executives’ human capitalpremium had inverted u-shaped relationship with business performance. Seniorexecutives' human capital premium range can be divided into3stages: negativeincentives, effective incentives and excessive incentives. If the human capital premiumquantile varies within (0,10%), improving the human capital premium can onlyalleviate grossly undervalued human capital gains, but is unable to improve enterpriseperformance. When the human capital premium quantile varies within (10%,90%),increasing human capital premium will cause improvements in enterprise performance.When the human capital premium quantile varies within (90%,100%) businessperformance gets worse as the human capital premium increases. In contrast,employees’ human capital premium has "accelerated" positive influences on businessperformance, any increase in premium will bring business performance improvement.
     Finally, this paper examines logical relationship among the income mobility,human capital premium and business performance. We find that income mobilitymoderates the relationship between human capital premium and business performance.Furthermore, SOE companies respond stronger to income mobility than non-SOEcompanies. This paper provides valuable suggestions for the salary system of the listedcompanies.
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