安徽巢湖杭埠河流域环境变化的湖泊沉积地球化学记录
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摘要
湖泊沉积记录了流域环境变化的各种信息指征,通过研究湖泊(含水库)沉积中记录的各种环境变化因子,可以探讨流域环境变化的过程和机制。本文以安徽巢湖—杭埠河流域为例,通过对杭埠河三角洲平原钻孔(ACN)AMS测年和多种古环境指标,包括粒度、磁性参数、有机碳、总氮、碳氮同位素、化学元素、粘土矿物等的实验分析,探讨了该地区全新世以来的环境变化历史、巢湖的形成演化及其影响机制。同时也对位于杭埠河上游的龙河口水库沉积柱样(ALE)进行了尝试性分析,探讨了自然因素(气候)与人类活动共同影响下流域环境变化的机制。初步结论如下:
1.全新世早期(10.0～8.73kaBP)发育冲—洪积,是在海平面上升和长江水的顶托作用下形成的。古巢湖存在的时间是8.73～2.15kaBP之间,其中7.4～4.3kaBP时沉积物颜色较深、颗粒较细,反映湖水较深,湖泊处于扩张时期;4.3～2.7kaBP时湖水相对较浅、湖泊处于收缩时期。2.7～2.15kaBP,湖泊逐渐淤浅,发育杭埠河水下三角洲。
2.自8.7kaBP来巢湖—杭埠河流域环境演化历史可划分为六个阶段,即8.7～8.3kaBP的气候回升期、8.3～7.4kaBP的降温期(其中7.6～7.4kaBP降温最剧烈)、7.4～6.3kaBP的暖湿期、6.3～4.3kaBP的温湿期(呈波动下降趋势)、4.3～2.2kaBP的降温期(其中尤以4.3～3.2kaBP气温下降幅度最大)、2.2～1.0kaBP的气温回升期(偏温湿)和1.0kaBP以来的气候冷干期。全新世大暖期约为8.5～4.3kaBP,大暖期鼎盛期约为7.4～6.3kaBP。ACN孔揭示的环境变化历史与全球进入冰后期后的环境变化框架基本一致。
3.龙河口水库深水区的沉积速率较之巢湖要高得多,为0.5～5.5cm/a,平均2.28cm/a。沉积物中极细砂(>63μm)含量变化曲线经多项式拟合后获得的剩余值与月径流曲线呈明显的正相关,因而可用来指示季风区降水相对集中的夏季或洪水事件。近50a来杭埠河上游地区的环境变化历史具有阶段性(可划分为六个阶段)和事件性的特点,并明显受流域降水—径流和人类活动的双重影响。
Lake sediments are the best records for researches of the catchment environmental change. In east China the lower Yangtze River has ever been, for decades, an area influenced strongly by monsoon climate and under high pressure of human activities. Therefore, it is more significant in both theory and reality to choose a representative catchment for studies of the processes and mechanism of the environmental changes based on sediment cores. This paper takes the Chaohu-Hangbu catchment as an example. Two cores covering different time-scales were deeply studied for different purposes. One is, covering the complete Holocene, a drilling core (ACN) in the Hangbu delta plain of the Chaohu lake and the other, spanning the last several decades, is taken from the Longhekou reservoir (ALE) in the upper reaches of Hangbu River. Methods, such as AMS dating, grain-size analysis, magnetic measurements, organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, isotopes of carbon and nitrogen and XRD and XRF analyses, spherical carbon particles (SPC) analysis etc, were alternatively included. Results can be drawn as follows.The lower part of ACN core consists of alluvial-pluvial deposits, indicating that it is formed under conditions of increasing water table of Yangtze River due to the global sea-level uprising during the early time of the Holocene (10.0~8.73kaBP). The middle part (nearly nine meters thick) is lacustrine deposits showing that the paleo-Chaohu lake here lasts from 8.73~2.15kaBP. From then this bay was filled up with the sediments derived from Dabie Mountains and formed as a delta of the Hangbu River.
Since ~8.7ka BP seven substages of climate change in this area were divided. They are warming up substage of 8.7~8.3ka BP, cold substage of 8.3~7.4ka BP, most warm and humid substage of 7.4-6.3ka BP, fluctuation substage of 6.3~4.3ka BP, cold substage of 4.3~2.2ka BP, warm and humid substage of 2.2-1.Oka BP, and cool and dry substage since ~1.0ka BP. This framework of climatic change is fundamentally in accordance with the global change during the post-glacial. The Holocene warm period seems to begin at ca 8.5ka BP and to conclude at ca 4.3ka BP, and the Climatic Optimum is from 7.4~6.3ka BP.The ALE core reveals a yearly resolution record over the past 50 years, with a mean sedimentary rate of 2.28cm/a. We built the depth-age model based on the SCP analysis and particle size-to-runnoff comparison. Significantly, the residual value obtained through fit polynary analysis to the percent of coarse sediments (>63um) represents a proxy of rainy season or floods in summer under monsoon conditions. Six substages indicative of the catchment environmental change were grouped through multi-proxes analyses. These substages each are strongly characterized by both the catchment rainfall-to-runoff and the human activities.
1.全新世早期(10.0～8.73kaBP)发育冲—洪积,是在海平面上升和长江水的顶托作用下形成的。古巢湖存在的时间是8.73～2.15kaBP之间,其中7.4～4.3kaBP时沉积物颜色较深、颗粒较细,反映湖水较深,湖泊处于扩张时期;4.3～2.7kaBP时湖水相对较浅、湖泊处于收缩时期。2.7～2.15kaBP,湖泊逐渐淤浅,发育杭埠河水下三角洲。
2.自8.7kaBP来巢湖—杭埠河流域环境演化历史可划分为六个阶段,即8.7～8.3kaBP的气候回升期、8.3～7.4kaBP的降温期(其中7.6～7.4kaBP降温最剧烈)、7.4～6.3kaBP的暖湿期、6.3～4.3kaBP的温湿期(呈波动下降趋势)、4.3～2.2kaBP的降温期(其中尤以4.3～3.2kaBP气温下降幅度最大)、2.2～1.0kaBP的气温回升期(偏温湿)和1.0kaBP以来的气候冷干期。全新世大暖期约为8.5～4.3kaBP,大暖期鼎盛期约为7.4～6.3kaBP。ACN孔揭示的环境变化历史与全球进入冰后期后的环境变化框架基本一致。
3.龙河口水库深水区的沉积速率较之巢湖要高得多,为0.5～5.5cm/a,平均2.28cm/a。沉积物中极细砂(>63μm)含量变化曲线经多项式拟合后获得的剩余值与月径流曲线呈明显的正相关,因而可用来指示季风区降水相对集中的夏季或洪水事件。近50a来杭埠河上游地区的环境变化历史具有阶段性(可划分为六个阶段)和事件性的特点,并明显受流域降水—径流和人类活动的双重影响。
Lake sediments are the best records for researches of the catchment environmental change. In east China the lower Yangtze River has ever been, for decades, an area influenced strongly by monsoon climate and under high pressure of human activities. Therefore, it is more significant in both theory and reality to choose a representative catchment for studies of the processes and mechanism of the environmental changes based on sediment cores. This paper takes the Chaohu-Hangbu catchment as an example. Two cores covering different time-scales were deeply studied for different purposes. One is, covering the complete Holocene, a drilling core (ACN) in the Hangbu delta plain of the Chaohu lake and the other, spanning the last several decades, is taken from the Longhekou reservoir (ALE) in the upper reaches of Hangbu River. Methods, such as AMS dating, grain-size analysis, magnetic measurements, organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, isotopes of carbon and nitrogen and XRD and XRF analyses, spherical carbon particles (SPC) analysis etc, were alternatively included. Results can be drawn as follows.The lower part of ACN core consists of alluvial-pluvial deposits, indicating that it is formed under conditions of increasing water table of Yangtze River due to the global sea-level uprising during the early time of the Holocene (10.0~8.73kaBP). The middle part (nearly nine meters thick) is lacustrine deposits showing that the paleo-Chaohu lake here lasts from 8.73~2.15kaBP. From then this bay was filled up with the sediments derived from Dabie Mountains and formed as a delta of the Hangbu River.
Since ~8.7ka BP seven substages of climate change in this area were divided. They are warming up substage of 8.7~8.3ka BP, cold substage of 8.3~7.4ka BP, most warm and humid substage of 7.4-6.3ka BP, fluctuation substage of 6.3~4.3ka BP, cold substage of 4.3~2.2ka BP, warm and humid substage of 2.2-1.Oka BP, and cool and dry substage since ~1.0ka BP. This framework of climatic change is fundamentally in accordance with the global change during the post-glacial. The Holocene warm period seems to begin at ca 8.5ka BP and to conclude at ca 4.3ka BP, and the Climatic Optimum is from 7.4~6.3ka BP.The ALE core reveals a yearly resolution record over the past 50 years, with a mean sedimentary rate of 2.28cm/a. We built the depth-age model based on the SCP analysis and particle size-to-runnoff comparison. Significantly, the residual value obtained through fit polynary analysis to the percent of coarse sediments (>63um) represents a proxy of rainy season or floods in summer under monsoon conditions. Six substages indicative of the catchment environmental change were grouped through multi-proxes analyses. These substages each are strongly characterized by both the catchment rainfall-to-runoff and the human activities.
引文
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