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松花湖富营养化现状及其防治对策的探讨
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摘要
本文对吉林省重要湖泊松花湖(丰满水库)的富营养化现状和其防治对策进行了研究。介绍了水体富营养化的概念和一些相关的基本概念和理论,国内外湖泊富营养化现状。论述了湖泊富营养化的危害,并且对国内外对于湖泊富营养化的研究进行了较为详细地介绍。国外采用的湖泊富营养化水质改善技术主要有营养盐对策,湖底对策,水中生物对策和一些其他方法。营养盐对策包括湖内化学凝聚沉淀、稀释和水洗、选择排放三种方法。湖底对策则包括疏挖、湖底处理和底层曝气三种方式。生物对策主要有去除生物和全层曝气两种方式。研究和实践证明,在我国湖泊的富营养化情况严重,而治理的效果并不明显,其原因主要是:营养盐来源比较广,短时段内难以控制;河道与湖泊营养盐控制标准差别很大;水污染处理工艺复杂。
    本文论述了研究松花湖的必要性、重要性和研究的方式。首先,在研究中对松花湖的富营养化现状进行解析。依据吉林省环境监测中心站2000~2003年度的环境监测数据,按照国家富营养化技术规定,对监测数据分析后,选取具有代表性点位和数据,选取了松花湖历年(2000~2003)五个断面(大丰满、沙石浒、辉发河口、桦树林子、小荒地)的监测数据。其次,对松花湖所处富营养化状态进行分析和评价。研究中依据湖泊富营养化调查规范具体选取了6个指标,透明度、溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、总氮、总磷和叶绿素。分别对这六个指标进行了2000-2003年度各月各监测点位的对比分析、松花湖1月、5月、7月、9月各监测点位历年的对比分析、五个监测点的历年各月的对比分析;然后采用修正的卡森指数法对监测的6项指标的监测数据进行计算,得到2001-2003年松花湖的综合营
    
    
    养状态指数列表和2002年、2003年的年综合营养状态指数,2002年为51.4454,2003年为47.6776。再按照国家环境监测总站的分级方法和标准,对各年的松花湖营养状态进行评价。得到结论:2001年属中营养化;2002年属于轻度富营养化;2003年时属中营养化。基本掌握了2001-2003年松花湖水体营养状态的动态变化情况。
    依据2001-2003年松花湖水体营养状态的动态变化情况,分析了松花湖富营养化原因。结果表明松花湖富营化的主要原因是人类活动造成的营养物质输入。经过分析发现,营养物质的来源有肥料从农业土壤中流失,饲养业中排出的畜禽粪便,城乡生活污水和工业污水,沉积物中氮和磷的释放和水产养殖业的影响五种。其中以外源为主,磷肥的土壤渗漏是导致松花湖水体富营养化的一个重要原因,甚至是最重要的污染源。而松花湖富营养化的限制因素有两点:气候和水体的流动性。对于营养盐中的限制因素未得出结论,有待于进一步的研究。
    本文参考以往资料,发现松花湖经历了由贫营养化到中营养化直至现在的轻度富营养化状态的历史变化过程。在2002年以前,松花湖未出现过富营养化,相关部门对于松花湖的富营养化问题没有给予过较大的重视。而现在松花湖已经处于富营养化的边缘,且部分地区已经出现了水华现象。于是,针对松花湖富营养化特征,结合吉林省环境管理的实践,借鉴国内外治理富营养化经验,提出以恢复湖体生态系统为主,控制外源与内源污染为辅,完善流域环境管理为保证,建立松花湖富营养化的预警机制和综合防治体系,对松花湖富营养化进行科学治理措施。提出的具体恢复松花湖的生态系统功能措施有:恢复流域湿地生态系统,加强湖体的自净能力;培植水生植物群落,利用水生植物净化水体;用适当的水生植物削减营养物。对污染源进行控制和治理的措施有:加强点源污染源管理;加强面源污染治理;实施总量控制;全流域禁磷以及加强环境基础设施建
    
    
    设。完善流域环境管理的措施为:对松花湖进行饮用水水源保护区划分,并严格进行管理;建立富营养化预警机制;加强流域综合防治;建立健全监督制约机制;完善有关富营养化的法规体系,加大执法力度和加强环境基础工作。
In the paper the status of eutrophication and countermeasures in Songhua Lake, which is an important lake in Jilin Province, were studied. The conception of eutrophication and several contented theories were introduced, as well as the eutrophication status in lakes in and abroad and the harmfulness of eutrophication. Otherwise, the development in eutrophication researches was particularly introduced. Nowadays, the main control methods of eutrophication abroad were nutrients countermeasures, lake sediments countermeasures, aquatic organism countermeasures and some other ones. The nutrients countermeasures included chemical coagulation sedimentation, dilution and bath, and selective drainage. The lake sediments countermeasures included digging, lake sediments treatment and bottom layers aeration. While the aquatic organism countermeasures including organism removal countermeasures whole lake aeration. Lots of researches and investigations have showed that the status of eutrophication had been worse and worse in China. At the mean time, the effects were not contented. The main causes were complicated, including wide nutrients sources, the difference of nutrients controlled standard between rivers and lakes and the complicated water treatment techniques as well.
    In this paper the importance and ways to study on the Songhua Lake were discussed. Firstly, the status of eutrophication in Songhua Lake was studied. According to the inspected data from Jilin province environment inspect center from 2000 to 2003 and regulate of eutrophication techniques, we
    
    
    selected the typical monitoring spots and data. The selected five monitoring spots are Dafengman, Shashihu, Huifahekou, Huashulinzi and Xiaohuangdi. Secondly, the analysis and assessment of eutrophication were carried on. In the study, according to the regulate of eutrophication techniques, six indexes were selected as the assessment parameters, which were SD (secchi disc), DO (dissolved oxygen), permanganate index, TN(total nitrogen), TP(total phosphorus) and chlorophyll. We have carried out four contrastive analyzes which were the contrastive analyzes of certain months in each monitoring spots, each monitoring spots in each year, certain months of five monitoring spots. Then calculating with the corrected Casson index method, we gained the TLI lists of certain months of each monitoring spots from 2001-2003 and the average annual TLI of 2002 and 2003. 51.4454 in 2002,and 47.6776 in 2003. Then, according to the classification method and standard of nation environment center, we assessed the lake eutrophication of each year with the result that it was mesotrophication in 2001, light eutrophication in 2002, and mesotrophication in 2003. Above all, we gained the dynamic change by and large.
    Based on the dynamic change of eutrophication from 2001 to 2003, the causes of eutrophication in the Songhua Lake were analyzed. The results indicated that the main reason to the eutrophication in Songhua Lake was due to the nutrient materials input resulted from human activities. The analyze showed that the sources of nutrient were the fertilizer losing from farmland, dejecta discharge of livestock in breeding industry, urban and rural sewerage from daily living and industry, the release of N and P from sediment and the impact of aquiculture. All of the sources above, the leakage of fertilizer that
    
    
    contains phosphorus was an important factor, so much as the most important. In another hand, the main limiting factors of eutrophication were the climate situation and the fluidity of the Songhua Lake. However, the limiting factors of nutrient were not clearly revealed.
    With the reference of the previous information, we found the conclusion that the Songhua Lake had experienced the periods from oligotrophic, mesotrophication to light eutrophication. Before 2002, the manage departments paid little attention to the eutrophication control, for there was no eutrophication phenomena in the Songhua lake. However, it was at the edge of eutrophication that the Songhua Lake was. And
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