基于低碳模式的城市景观设计模型与方法论
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摘要
本论文引入低碳城市景观测试与管理模型理论,对城市土地利用模式、街道、城市格局和公共开放空间的相关问题进行了研究,以尝试探讨对低碳城市景观进行预测、设计和评价的系统性理论和方法。运用景观设计和模型虚拟对当代城市格局的构建展开研究,论证在面对气候变暖危机时景观设计师所担当的历史重任,深入剖析温室气体排放根源和解决途径。
首先对低碳景观的概念进行界定,认为城市格局和二氧化碳排放之间存在本质上的联系,低碳景观应该是与城市各要素之间具有某种相关联系,城市景观文化的有机整体决定了能源需求和温室气体排放。土地利用的密度、混合度和空间安排影响交通的需求、频率和方式,从而影响交通能源的消耗。城市规划的形态和布局影响建筑密度、外形和占地面积,从而影响建筑制热、制冷和通风的能源需求。绿色开放空间的完整性和连续性影响自然渗水功能和动植物生物链,从而影响流域的缓冲功能和植被碳汇功能。从汽车为主导交通模式所产生的历史背景和未来趋势的分析表明,城市已经成为高碳运作的格局,并且这一格局伴随着经济的发展必将带来灾难性后果。不合理的城市格局忽视人类生活方式的内在规律,利用汽车与快速道路带来的便利将城市建设成无限蔓延和功能单一的格局。合理的城市格局应遵循城市发展和运行规律,以减少汽车通勤和增加城市混合利用率为核心目标,将城市设计成一部管理规范和有机运转的减碳机器。
在上述概念界定和理论框架基础上,从土地利用、街道和公共空间展开实证研究。研究以大量的数据调查资料为基础,基于哥伦比亚大学可持续实验室研究模型和数据库,论证混合利用土地模式、多重功能街道和模拟自然功能开放空间是建设低碳城市的必要原则。在对成渝干道、嘉陵江岸景观的实例研究中,量化比较低碳方法论指导下排碳量和现状排碳量,为系统化认识和创建低碳管理与测试模型提供依据。将城市景观作为一个整体碳排放机器进行研究,结合不同城市人口、交通和基础设施数据,以低碳街道模型、建筑模型、基础设施模型为零部件,测试不同城市形式组织下碳排放量,从而确定最低碳模式城市形式。并提出系统化实施低碳方法论的途径,以可视化方式向政府、民众解说低碳原则下城市排碳量,具有现实可行性。相关理论构架和研究方法对于城市化发展区域建立低碳模式具有借鉴意义。
Based on methodology and molde of low-carbon urban landscape, this dissertation did some researches on land use, street, urban form and open space to explore the relationship between urban landscape and carbon emission. Simulating the process of urban development to examinate the crisis in contemporary landscape, demonstrate the historical responsibility of landscape architect in the face of climate warming and analysis origins and solutions of greenhouse gas emissions.
Firstly, to define the concept of a low-carbon landscape, between that of urban pattern and carbon dioxide emissions, is intrinsically linked. Low-carbon landscapes should be related to the various elements of the city; The greenhouse gas emittion and energy demand decided by the culture of city landscape as an organic whole. The density of land-use, the degree of mixing and the pattern of space influence the need, frequency and pattern of transportation. Thus influencing the transportation energy usage. The integrity and continuity of green open space influence the infiltrate functions and diversity of biological, so impact the carbon credit of vegetation. From the analysis of background of car-oriented transport indicate that the currently urban form will bring disastrous consequences. Unreasonable Urban pattern neglect the discipline of human activity. Highway and vehicles brought city into sprawl and longer distance to travel. The city should follow reasonable models to reduce car commuting and increase the mixed-use function of city.
Based on the former concepts and frameworks, the dissertation applied to the actual project research from the aspects of land use, streets and public spaces. Combinated the great amount of survey data and models from sustainable laboratory in the University of British Columbia, demonstration mixed land use patterns, multi-function streets and open space are the significant principle of low-carbon city. In Chengyu trunk roads, the landscape of Jialing River case study, the quantitative methodology under the guidance of relatively low carbon emission of carbon content and status of emission of carbon, for the systematic understanding and create a carbon management and provide the basis for the test model. Combination of different population, transport and infrastructure to design the city as a low carbon machine. Administer varity street, building, infrastructure models for the parts, calculate carbon footprint in different forms of urban form, thereby determine the minimum carbon model urban form. Relevant theoretical framework and methodology for the development of urban areas with a low-carbon model reference.
首先对低碳景观的概念进行界定,认为城市格局和二氧化碳排放之间存在本质上的联系,低碳景观应该是与城市各要素之间具有某种相关联系,城市景观文化的有机整体决定了能源需求和温室气体排放。土地利用的密度、混合度和空间安排影响交通的需求、频率和方式,从而影响交通能源的消耗。城市规划的形态和布局影响建筑密度、外形和占地面积,从而影响建筑制热、制冷和通风的能源需求。绿色开放空间的完整性和连续性影响自然渗水功能和动植物生物链,从而影响流域的缓冲功能和植被碳汇功能。从汽车为主导交通模式所产生的历史背景和未来趋势的分析表明,城市已经成为高碳运作的格局,并且这一格局伴随着经济的发展必将带来灾难性后果。不合理的城市格局忽视人类生活方式的内在规律,利用汽车与快速道路带来的便利将城市建设成无限蔓延和功能单一的格局。合理的城市格局应遵循城市发展和运行规律,以减少汽车通勤和增加城市混合利用率为核心目标,将城市设计成一部管理规范和有机运转的减碳机器。
在上述概念界定和理论框架基础上,从土地利用、街道和公共空间展开实证研究。研究以大量的数据调查资料为基础,基于哥伦比亚大学可持续实验室研究模型和数据库,论证混合利用土地模式、多重功能街道和模拟自然功能开放空间是建设低碳城市的必要原则。在对成渝干道、嘉陵江岸景观的实例研究中,量化比较低碳方法论指导下排碳量和现状排碳量,为系统化认识和创建低碳管理与测试模型提供依据。将城市景观作为一个整体碳排放机器进行研究,结合不同城市人口、交通和基础设施数据,以低碳街道模型、建筑模型、基础设施模型为零部件,测试不同城市形式组织下碳排放量,从而确定最低碳模式城市形式。并提出系统化实施低碳方法论的途径,以可视化方式向政府、民众解说低碳原则下城市排碳量,具有现实可行性。相关理论构架和研究方法对于城市化发展区域建立低碳模式具有借鉴意义。
Based on methodology and molde of low-carbon urban landscape, this dissertation did some researches on land use, street, urban form and open space to explore the relationship between urban landscape and carbon emission. Simulating the process of urban development to examinate the crisis in contemporary landscape, demonstrate the historical responsibility of landscape architect in the face of climate warming and analysis origins and solutions of greenhouse gas emissions.
Firstly, to define the concept of a low-carbon landscape, between that of urban pattern and carbon dioxide emissions, is intrinsically linked. Low-carbon landscapes should be related to the various elements of the city; The greenhouse gas emittion and energy demand decided by the culture of city landscape as an organic whole. The density of land-use, the degree of mixing and the pattern of space influence the need, frequency and pattern of transportation. Thus influencing the transportation energy usage. The integrity and continuity of green open space influence the infiltrate functions and diversity of biological, so impact the carbon credit of vegetation. From the analysis of background of car-oriented transport indicate that the currently urban form will bring disastrous consequences. Unreasonable Urban pattern neglect the discipline of human activity. Highway and vehicles brought city into sprawl and longer distance to travel. The city should follow reasonable models to reduce car commuting and increase the mixed-use function of city.
Based on the former concepts and frameworks, the dissertation applied to the actual project research from the aspects of land use, streets and public spaces. Combinated the great amount of survey data and models from sustainable laboratory in the University of British Columbia, demonstration mixed land use patterns, multi-function streets and open space are the significant principle of low-carbon city. In Chengyu trunk roads, the landscape of Jialing River case study, the quantitative methodology under the guidance of relatively low carbon emission of carbon content and status of emission of carbon, for the systematic understanding and create a carbon management and provide the basis for the test model. Combination of different population, transport and infrastructure to design the city as a low carbon machine. Administer varity street, building, infrastructure models for the parts, calculate carbon footprint in different forms of urban form, thereby determine the minimum carbon model urban form. Relevant theoretical framework and methodology for the development of urban areas with a low-carbon model reference.
引文
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