负载型铂催化剂上甲醛的CO低温催化氧化反应性能研究
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摘要
近年来，空气污染问题日益加剧，对环境和人类的健康造成了极大的危害。如何有效消除一氧化碳及一些可挥发性有机化合物（例如甲醛）已经成为人们广泛关注的研究课题。治理这些污染物的方法有很多种，如吸附技术、化学反应技术等。其中，低温催化氧化技术被认为是一种消除空气污染物的有效方法。特别是一些负载型贵金属催化剂对氧化消除HCHO及CO等空气污染物表现出了优良的催化性能，能够在较低的反应温度下实现有效净化空气的目的。目前，研究和开发适用于HCHO和CO低温催化氧化反应的高性能催化剂体系仍是亟待解决的主要问题。此外，如何能深入理解催化剂活性中心性质及催化作用机制等问题也是当前所面临的主要任务。
本论文主要研究了不同方法制备的负载型Pt催化剂对HCHO和CO氧化反应的催化性能；系统的考察了制备方法（包括制备条件）、载体种类等因素对负载的Pt催化剂反应性能的影响；同时结合各种表征手段对催化剂的组成、结构及氧化还原性质进行了研究，并与催化的反应性能进行了关联，探讨了催化剂活性中心的性质和催化作用机制等问题。论文的主要研究内容和取得的结果概述如下：
一．Pt/Fe_2O_3催化剂上HCHO氧化性能研究
采用胶体沉积法、沉积沉淀法和浸渍法等方法制备了一系列Pt/Fe_2O_3催化剂，并考察了其对HCHO催化氧化反应的性能。结果表明：采用胶体沉积法制备的Pt/Fe_2O_3催化剂在室温条件下即可将HCHO完全氧化生成CO2和H2O。而浸渍法和沉积沉淀法制备的Pt/Fe_2O_3催化剂则需要在相对较高的反应温度下（70℃和90℃）才能将HCHO完全转化。胶体沉积法制备的Pt/Fe_2O_3催化剂除了具有良好的活性和稳定性，还具有很强的湿度增强效应。各种表征结果证实：不同方法制备的Pt/Fe_2O_3催化剂上，Pt物种粒子的大小、价态及与Fe_2O_3载体之间相互作用力强度都有明显不同，并且氧化铁载体的结构及性能也会产生一定的变化。对于胶体沉积法制备的Pt/Fe_2O_3催化剂，当Pt0和Ptn+按一定比例存在时，对提高催化剂的反应活性有利；而金属和载体之间存在的一定强度的相互作用（Pt-O-Fe）可以使Pt物种保持一个稳定的化学价态，同时还可以稳定Pt粒子使其不发生聚集，从而有利于HCHO氧化反应的进行。
二．Pt/SiO2催化剂上HCHO氧化性能研究
选用不同类型的SiO2载体制备了一系列Pt/SiO2-based催化剂，并用于甲醛催化氧化反应。结果表明：SiO2载体种类对负载型贵金属催化剂的结构和性能影响很大。以Fumed SiO2(f-SiO2)为载体制备的Pt催化剂在室温条件下即可将HCHO完全氧化为CO2和H2O。以SBA-15和p-SiO2为载体制备的Pt催化剂分别在50℃和110℃实现甲醛的完全氧化。各种表征结果表明：SiO2载体种类的不同会影响催化剂表面Pt粒子的大小和化学价态，进而影响催化剂的反应性能。其中，Pt/f-SiO2催化剂上存在相对较多的Pt0物种，并且催化剂能够在常温下实现氧化-还原循环，显示出良好的低温活化氧的能力，使得Pt/f-SiO2催化剂表现出很高的甲醛低温氧化活性。
此外，通过沉淀法制备了一系列Pt/SiO2催化剂，并用于甲醛低温氧化。研究发现，该法制备的Pt/SiO2催化剂结构和性能受到焙烧温度等制备条件的影响。其中，500℃焙烧的1%Pt/SiO2催化剂在室温下即可实现HCHO的完全转化。值得注意的是，随着焙烧温度的提高，Pt/SiO2催化剂上Pt粒子并未发生明显的聚集。这说明该法制备的Pt/SiO2催化剂上Pt粒子具有很好的热稳定性。
三．Pt/Fe_2O_3催化剂上CO氧化反应活性中心性质的探索
采用胶体沉积法制备了三种Pt/Fe_2O_3催化剂（Pt/Fe_2O_3-a, Pt/Fe_2O_3-b和Pt/Fe_2O_3-c），并用于CO低温氧化反应。主要通过调变Pt胶体的制备参数，对Pt胶体粒子的大小进行了调控，并考察了Pt胶体粒径大小对催化剂性能的影响。结果表明：三种催化剂在CO氧化反应中表现出不同的催化活性。其中，Pt/Fe_2O_3-b催化剂在室温条件下即可实现CO的完全氧化，性能明显优于其它两种催化剂。XRD和TEM结果表明，Pt/Fe_2O_3-a、Pt/Fe_2O_3-b和Pt/Fe_2O_3-c三种催化剂上Pt粒子都均匀的分散在载体表面，但粒径大小略有不同，平均粒径大小分别为1.1、1.9和2.7nm。H2-TPR和XPS等表征结果表明：三种催化剂的氧化还原性能有一定差异，并且Pt粒子的价态也随粒径大小的变化而有所不同。CO滴定结果证实Pt/Fe_2O_3-b催化剂具有很强的低温活化氧能力。结合相关文献报道结果，可以推测Pt/Fe_2O_3-b催化剂在低温条件下强的活化氧的能力应该同金属-载体间适宜的相互作用有密切关系（即Pt-O-Support）。通过这种Pt-O-Support之间的相互作用，氧物种可以在低温条件下活化，并进行有效传递，这是Pt/Fe_2O_3-b催化剂能够在低温反应条件下表现出高活性的一个重要原因。此外，In-situ FTIR结果表明：三种Pt/Fe_2O_3催化剂上CO吸附能力不同，这可能与金属-载体间的相互作用（即Pt-O-Fe）有一定关系。这种相互作用能够在一定程度上改变Pt粒子的电荷性能，使CO在Pt粒子表面的吸附能力减弱，从而更有利于氧物种的竞争吸附，这应该也是Pt/Fe_2O_3-b催化剂表现出高活性的一个主要因素。
Formaldehyde (HCHO) and carbon monoxide (CO) are regarded as the majorindoor pollutants, which are harmful to human health and air condition. Great effortshave been made to eliminate HCHO and CO in the indoor air in order to satisfy thestringent environmental regulations. Low-temperature catalytic oxidation is anattractive technique for removing these air pollutants. Especially，supported noblemetal catalysts are promising for their excellent catalytic oxidation properties atrelatively low reaction temperature. Currently, it is still a interesting subject todevelop highly efficient catalysts for low-temperature oxidation of HCHO and CO,and also more work is required for the purpose to clarify the nature of active centersof supported noble catalysts, and to underatand reaction mechanism.
In this work, various supported Pt catalysts were prepared by adopting differentpreparation strategies (e.g., changing preparation methods, supports, and pretreatmentconditions). And their catalytic activities were investigated for the complete oxidationof HCHO and CO. A number of characterization means were carried out in order tobuild a clear relationship between the physicochemical properties of the catalysts andtheir catalytic oxidative performance. The main research contents and results are asfollows:
1. Catalytic performance of HCHO oxidation over Pt/Fe_2O_3catalysts
The catalytic properties of iron oxide supported platinum catalysts (Pt/Fe_2O_3),prepared by a colloid deposition route, were investigated for the complete oxidation offormaldehyde. It is found that all the Pt/Fe_2O_3catalysts calcined at differenttemperatures (200-500℃) were active for the oxidation of formaldehyde. Amongthem, the catalysts calcined at lower temperatures (i.e.,200and300℃) exhibited relatively high catalytic activity and stability, which could completely oxidize HCHOeven at room temperature. Based on a variety of physical-chemical characterizationresults, it is proposed that the presence of suitable interaction between Pt particles andiron oxide supports, which is mainly in the form of Pt-O-Fe bonds, should play apositive role in determining the catalytic activity and stability of the supportedPt/Fe_2O_3catalysts.
2. Catalytic performance of HCHO oxidation over Pt/SiO2-based catalysts
A series of silica materials, including fumed SiO2, porous granular SiO2andmesoporous SBA-15, were adopted to prepare supported Pt catalysts by impregnationmethod. The catalytic properties of these silica supported Pt catalysts wereinvestigated for the complete oxidation of HCHO. Among them, fumed SiO2supported Pt catalyst (Pt/f-SiO2) shows very high catalytic activity, which couldcompletely oxidize HCHO even at ambient temperature. According to the results ofcatalyst characterization, it was proposed that the nature of silica supports could affectthe particle size and the chemical states of the platinum species and then furtherinfluence the redox property of Pt/SiO2-based catalysts. Compared with other silicasupported Pt catalysts, the Pt/f-SiO2catalyst possesses higher ratio of metallic Ptspecies, which might be a key factor in improving its capability to activate molecularoxygen, thus showing excellent catalytic activity in HCHO oxidation at lowtemperature.
3. Research of nature active sites over Pt/Fe_2O_3catalysts in CO oxidation
The formation of Pt particles in small molecule organic media has been studied bytransmission electron microscopy and UV-visible spectrophotometry. Throughadjusting the synthesis conditions, Pt particles with various particle sizes could beeffectively prepared in the nanoscale. Based on the results of physicochemicalcharacterizations, the formation mechanism of the Pt particles has been proposed.
A series of Pt/Fe_2O_3catalysts was prepared by a colloid deposition route, toinvestigate the structure of catalyst active sites and the mechanism of CO oxidation. A systematical study of supported Pt catalysts by means of transmission electronmicroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, temperature programmed reduction,time-resolved CO titration and in-situ DRIFT spectra is reported. The structure ofplatinum-support interface (i.e., Pt-O-Fe) was relatively easily formed over thePt/Fe_2O_3-b catalyst, which displayed high activity for CO oxidation at lowtemperature. Furthermore, the interaction (i.e., Pt-O-Fe) may also play a crucial rolein activating the oxygen species and weakening the intensity of CO-Pt bond at lowtemperature，showing excellent catalytic activity in CO oxidation at low temperature.
本论文主要研究了不同方法制备的负载型Pt催化剂对HCHO和CO氧化反应的催化性能；系统的考察了制备方法（包括制备条件）、载体种类等因素对负载的Pt催化剂反应性能的影响；同时结合各种表征手段对催化剂的组成、结构及氧化还原性质进行了研究，并与催化的反应性能进行了关联，探讨了催化剂活性中心的性质和催化作用机制等问题。论文的主要研究内容和取得的结果概述如下：
一．Pt/Fe_2O_3催化剂上HCHO氧化性能研究
采用胶体沉积法、沉积沉淀法和浸渍法等方法制备了一系列Pt/Fe_2O_3催化剂，并考察了其对HCHO催化氧化反应的性能。结果表明：采用胶体沉积法制备的Pt/Fe_2O_3催化剂在室温条件下即可将HCHO完全氧化生成CO2和H2O。而浸渍法和沉积沉淀法制备的Pt/Fe_2O_3催化剂则需要在相对较高的反应温度下（70℃和90℃）才能将HCHO完全转化。胶体沉积法制备的Pt/Fe_2O_3催化剂除了具有良好的活性和稳定性，还具有很强的湿度增强效应。各种表征结果证实：不同方法制备的Pt/Fe_2O_3催化剂上，Pt物种粒子的大小、价态及与Fe_2O_3载体之间相互作用力强度都有明显不同，并且氧化铁载体的结构及性能也会产生一定的变化。对于胶体沉积法制备的Pt/Fe_2O_3催化剂，当Pt0和Ptn+按一定比例存在时，对提高催化剂的反应活性有利；而金属和载体之间存在的一定强度的相互作用（Pt-O-Fe）可以使Pt物种保持一个稳定的化学价态，同时还可以稳定Pt粒子使其不发生聚集，从而有利于HCHO氧化反应的进行。
二．Pt/SiO2催化剂上HCHO氧化性能研究
选用不同类型的SiO2载体制备了一系列Pt/SiO2-based催化剂，并用于甲醛催化氧化反应。结果表明：SiO2载体种类对负载型贵金属催化剂的结构和性能影响很大。以Fumed SiO2(f-SiO2)为载体制备的Pt催化剂在室温条件下即可将HCHO完全氧化为CO2和H2O。以SBA-15和p-SiO2为载体制备的Pt催化剂分别在50℃和110℃实现甲醛的完全氧化。各种表征结果表明：SiO2载体种类的不同会影响催化剂表面Pt粒子的大小和化学价态，进而影响催化剂的反应性能。其中，Pt/f-SiO2催化剂上存在相对较多的Pt0物种，并且催化剂能够在常温下实现氧化-还原循环，显示出良好的低温活化氧的能力，使得Pt/f-SiO2催化剂表现出很高的甲醛低温氧化活性。
此外，通过沉淀法制备了一系列Pt/SiO2催化剂，并用于甲醛低温氧化。研究发现，该法制备的Pt/SiO2催化剂结构和性能受到焙烧温度等制备条件的影响。其中，500℃焙烧的1%Pt/SiO2催化剂在室温下即可实现HCHO的完全转化。值得注意的是，随着焙烧温度的提高，Pt/SiO2催化剂上Pt粒子并未发生明显的聚集。这说明该法制备的Pt/SiO2催化剂上Pt粒子具有很好的热稳定性。
三．Pt/Fe_2O_3催化剂上CO氧化反应活性中心性质的探索
采用胶体沉积法制备了三种Pt/Fe_2O_3催化剂（Pt/Fe_2O_3-a, Pt/Fe_2O_3-b和Pt/Fe_2O_3-c），并用于CO低温氧化反应。主要通过调变Pt胶体的制备参数，对Pt胶体粒子的大小进行了调控，并考察了Pt胶体粒径大小对催化剂性能的影响。结果表明：三种催化剂在CO氧化反应中表现出不同的催化活性。其中，Pt/Fe_2O_3-b催化剂在室温条件下即可实现CO的完全氧化，性能明显优于其它两种催化剂。XRD和TEM结果表明，Pt/Fe_2O_3-a、Pt/Fe_2O_3-b和Pt/Fe_2O_3-c三种催化剂上Pt粒子都均匀的分散在载体表面，但粒径大小略有不同，平均粒径大小分别为1.1、1.9和2.7nm。H2-TPR和XPS等表征结果表明：三种催化剂的氧化还原性能有一定差异，并且Pt粒子的价态也随粒径大小的变化而有所不同。CO滴定结果证实Pt/Fe_2O_3-b催化剂具有很强的低温活化氧能力。结合相关文献报道结果，可以推测Pt/Fe_2O_3-b催化剂在低温条件下强的活化氧的能力应该同金属-载体间适宜的相互作用有密切关系（即Pt-O-Support）。通过这种Pt-O-Support之间的相互作用，氧物种可以在低温条件下活化，并进行有效传递，这是Pt/Fe_2O_3-b催化剂能够在低温反应条件下表现出高活性的一个重要原因。此外，In-situ FTIR结果表明：三种Pt/Fe_2O_3催化剂上CO吸附能力不同，这可能与金属-载体间的相互作用（即Pt-O-Fe）有一定关系。这种相互作用能够在一定程度上改变Pt粒子的电荷性能，使CO在Pt粒子表面的吸附能力减弱，从而更有利于氧物种的竞争吸附，这应该也是Pt/Fe_2O_3-b催化剂表现出高活性的一个主要因素。
Formaldehyde (HCHO) and carbon monoxide (CO) are regarded as the majorindoor pollutants, which are harmful to human health and air condition. Great effortshave been made to eliminate HCHO and CO in the indoor air in order to satisfy thestringent environmental regulations. Low-temperature catalytic oxidation is anattractive technique for removing these air pollutants. Especially，supported noblemetal catalysts are promising for their excellent catalytic oxidation properties atrelatively low reaction temperature. Currently, it is still a interesting subject todevelop highly efficient catalysts for low-temperature oxidation of HCHO and CO,and also more work is required for the purpose to clarify the nature of active centersof supported noble catalysts, and to underatand reaction mechanism.
In this work, various supported Pt catalysts were prepared by adopting differentpreparation strategies (e.g., changing preparation methods, supports, and pretreatmentconditions). And their catalytic activities were investigated for the complete oxidationof HCHO and CO. A number of characterization means were carried out in order tobuild a clear relationship between the physicochemical properties of the catalysts andtheir catalytic oxidative performance. The main research contents and results are asfollows:
1. Catalytic performance of HCHO oxidation over Pt/Fe_2O_3catalysts
The catalytic properties of iron oxide supported platinum catalysts (Pt/Fe_2O_3),prepared by a colloid deposition route, were investigated for the complete oxidation offormaldehyde. It is found that all the Pt/Fe_2O_3catalysts calcined at differenttemperatures (200-500℃) were active for the oxidation of formaldehyde. Amongthem, the catalysts calcined at lower temperatures (i.e.,200and300℃) exhibited relatively high catalytic activity and stability, which could completely oxidize HCHOeven at room temperature. Based on a variety of physical-chemical characterizationresults, it is proposed that the presence of suitable interaction between Pt particles andiron oxide supports, which is mainly in the form of Pt-O-Fe bonds, should play apositive role in determining the catalytic activity and stability of the supportedPt/Fe_2O_3catalysts.
2. Catalytic performance of HCHO oxidation over Pt/SiO2-based catalysts
A series of silica materials, including fumed SiO2, porous granular SiO2andmesoporous SBA-15, were adopted to prepare supported Pt catalysts by impregnationmethod. The catalytic properties of these silica supported Pt catalysts wereinvestigated for the complete oxidation of HCHO. Among them, fumed SiO2supported Pt catalyst (Pt/f-SiO2) shows very high catalytic activity, which couldcompletely oxidize HCHO even at ambient temperature. According to the results ofcatalyst characterization, it was proposed that the nature of silica supports could affectthe particle size and the chemical states of the platinum species and then furtherinfluence the redox property of Pt/SiO2-based catalysts. Compared with other silicasupported Pt catalysts, the Pt/f-SiO2catalyst possesses higher ratio of metallic Ptspecies, which might be a key factor in improving its capability to activate molecularoxygen, thus showing excellent catalytic activity in HCHO oxidation at lowtemperature.
3. Research of nature active sites over Pt/Fe_2O_3catalysts in CO oxidation
The formation of Pt particles in small molecule organic media has been studied bytransmission electron microscopy and UV-visible spectrophotometry. Throughadjusting the synthesis conditions, Pt particles with various particle sizes could beeffectively prepared in the nanoscale. Based on the results of physicochemicalcharacterizations, the formation mechanism of the Pt particles has been proposed.
A series of Pt/Fe_2O_3catalysts was prepared by a colloid deposition route, toinvestigate the structure of catalyst active sites and the mechanism of CO oxidation. A systematical study of supported Pt catalysts by means of transmission electronmicroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, temperature programmed reduction,time-resolved CO titration and in-situ DRIFT spectra is reported. The structure ofplatinum-support interface (i.e., Pt-O-Fe) was relatively easily formed over thePt/Fe_2O_3-b catalyst, which displayed high activity for CO oxidation at lowtemperature. Furthermore, the interaction (i.e., Pt-O-Fe) may also play a crucial rolein activating the oxygen species and weakening the intensity of CO-Pt bond at lowtemperature，showing excellent catalytic activity in CO oxidation at low temperature.
引文
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