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伯纳德·马拉默德作品的苦难主题研究
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摘要
伯纳德·马拉默德(1914-1986)是20世纪美国文学十分重要的一位犹太裔作家。他一生经历丰富、勤勤恳恳,热爱写作,用文学创作表达他对人生的思考、对人类的普世关怀。他一共创作8部长篇小说,4部短篇小说集。因为他写作态度严谨、缜密,小说寓意深刻,一直备受读者和学者喜爱,并获得丰厚回报:多次获得国家图书奖和普利策奖等重大奖项;《天生运动员》和《基辅怨》被搬上银幕;人们对他创作的研究经久不衰。国内外学者对他的作品进行细致、多角度的欣赏、研究,但大多从社会、历史和文化等外在角度对他的作品进行解读,忽略了心理层面的关注。本文结合创伤理论、心理学、哲学等领域相关理论知识,从作家、人物的内在角度切入,分析历史、宗教及社会外部环境对人的内心精神世界造成的创伤和影响。并用悲剧净化理论对其苦难主题的审美价值进行剖析。
     马拉默德关注普通群体,尤其社会底层小人物的生存与挣扎,用细腻的笔触刻画他们的孤寂、挫败、失望、失意和执着与坚持,因此被称为“人道主义代言人”。作为犹太裔作家,他以犹太人的生活为题材,以犹太历史生活为依托,进行苦难书写。在作品中,他深入思考犹太人的苦难、人类的苦难,期冀在艺术创作中寻找到抚平创痛、治疗创伤的途径。
     马拉默德是位现实主义风格十分明显的写实作家。他的苦难书写有着坚实、丰厚的创作基础。首先,他成长于非常贫困的俄裔犹太家庭,物质的极度贫乏给他一生打上了深深烙印。他深知与贫困做斗争、实现自我价值的艰辛。他自幼居住于纽约布鲁克林的贫困区。从小耳濡目染周围社会底层小人物的贫困和痛苦。犹太人的个体创伤经验是他苦难书写的直接来源。其次是社会创伤。马拉默德的童年、成年生活经历了各种社会动荡:第一次世界大战的余波、经济大萧条、第二次世界大战、冷战、越战等等。社会动荡给整个社会造成集体创伤。最后,犹太民族的创伤是他永远的痛。犹太民族长期而刻骨的苦难史给马拉默德提供了取之不尽的素材和创作动机。犹太民族的历史是一部历时久远、充满杀戮和颠沛流离的血泪史,这种群体创伤沉淀在犹太民族的心理意识中,成为每个犹太人一出生就背负的伤痛。马拉默德整合个体、集体和民族的痛楚和心理创伤,形成了自己独特的艺术观。
     在苦难中救赎这一主题思想贯穿马拉默德创作始终。牺牲与救赎思想植根于犹太宗教教义和犹太民族精神里。他们企盼弥赛亚救赎早日到来,使犹太民族乃至全人类从苦难和罪恶中得到解放。而马拉默德则在观照历史和宗教的基础上,深信个体可以在苦难中获得精神救赎。他的第一部小说《天生运动员》中棒球运动员罗依·豪布斯尽管有运动天赋,但不懂得从苦难中吸取教训,在美国拜金主义腐蚀下,被他人利用,结果是步入迷途,无以救赎,直至小说结尾他依然在失败中孤独前行,创伤无法治愈。《店员》是马拉默德代表作之一。莫里斯一生困苦,但信仰坚定,坚持人性的真、善、美,虽然没有获得物质上的成功,却完成了精神上的自我救赎,并以自己的信念和品格影响到女儿海伦和流浪汉弗兰克,帮助他们获得了救赎。莫里斯成为了道德象征和人生典范。通过莫里斯、海伦和弗兰克的救赎之路,马拉默德表达了这样的主题:道德信仰的力量是抚平生命缺失、修复人生创伤的有效途径。
     身份迷失、认同危机和信仰缺失是笼罩现代社会的通病。人们囚禁在各种困境中,与理想中的自由状态愈来愈远。马拉默德在《基辅怨》中结合历史、现实经验,对这个问题进行了思考和探索。小说中雅柯夫把自己所有的苦难归罪于犹太身份的束缚,他抛开信仰,离开家乡,伪装成非犹太人去追求新生活,结果却铛锒入狱。牢狱中的磨难和身体上的囚禁反倒给他的思想插上自由的翅膀,在排犹浪潮中,他反思自我价值、民族使命,最后肩负起勇敢与沙俄势力做抗争、拯救其他犹太人的重担,因而完成了从身份迷失到身份重构的过程,在背离与回归中获得精神自由,抚平了自身的精神创伤。
     马拉默德用独特的艺术手法表现苦难主题。他对生活的体验和观察内化成隐喻,推动了主题的深化。在他的许多作品中,哭泣和监狱意象贯穿始终,它们的多层含义使得作品的寓意显得格外厚重、深远。哭泣是苦难的表达,监狱是囚禁的象征,犹太人成了象征性的载体,通过展示犹太人的苦难与抗争,他对人类的各种困境和囚禁状态进行了多角度的展示和剖析。研究这些意象的生成机制与内涵,我们可以更深入理解他的主题创作。
     凭借娴熟的写作技巧,马拉默德对苦难主题的书写结晶出巨大的净化现实的审美价值。无论是悲剧人物的塑造、情节的突转,还是独特的叙述方式,无不引发出读者的怜悯与恐惧,使人们在审美情感的跌宕中获得心灵涤荡与情感渲泻,从而达到精神陶冶与道德提升的现实作用。
     马拉默德于上世纪后期离开了他所执着的世界,自那时起,社会发展更加呈现出飞速的姿态。信息技术、物质建设、生态危机、精神迷失,使人类在获得极大的物质丰富的同时,精神世界日益变得与物质世界相脱节,人们变得更敏感、脆弱而忧心忡忡,心理、精神的创伤更普遍却也更隐秘。因此,正视各种形式的人生创伤,正视内心精神世界的维护和康复,才能更好地平衡、调节好与外部世界的关系。这也是本论文的现实意义所在。文学是关于人的艺术,马拉默德文学作品不仅以其普世思考对当今社会依然影响深远,而且对现代社会具有一定的警示和教育意义。
Bernard Malamud(1914-1986) was an important American Jewish writer in20thcentury. He created8novels and4story collections. His writings were profound inmeaning which have been appreciated by readers and scholars. In return, he won manyawards and prizes including National Book Award and Pulitzer Prize. The Natural andThe Fixer were adapted into films. People never stop in studying his works. Butresearchers at home and abroad seem to focus on his works from the angle of society,history and culture. Psychological and aesthetic concern was seldom made. This thesisattempts to interpret his works from the internal aspect relying on theory of trauma,psychological theories, philosophical ideas and catharsis theory. Malamud concerns thestruggling of common people, whose loneliness, frustration, disappointment andinsistence, thus he was called “spokesman for humanism”. He pondered the suffering ofJews and of human beings and hoped that solutions for trauma could be found inliterature. In modern time, with rapid development of science and technology, peopleare suffering from spiritual vanity. Psychological and spiritual trauma is morecommonplace and worse. Research on trauma and predicament of human beings canmake it possible to balance well the external and internal worlds. The which is therealistic meaning of this paper.
     Malamud is a realistic writer. His writings of suffering have rich realistic materials.Firstly, he grew up in extremely poor Russian Jewish family. Poverty impressed him inall his life. He knew the suffering of struggling for success in poverty. He grew up inBrooklyn, a slum area in New York and he witnessed the suffering and misery of poorpeople all the time. Individual trauma was the direct origin of his writing. Social traumais the second. He experienced different social turbulence: end of WWI, GreatDepression, WWII, the Cold War, etc., which caused mass trauma. Thirdly, nationaltrauma is forever pain. The tribulation of Jews is Malamud’s endless writing materials.Malamud integrated individual trauma, social trauma and national trauma together toform his unique artistic points of view.
     Salvation in tribulation runs through all Malamud’s works. The idea of sacrificeand salvation rooted in Judaism and Jewish spirit, based on which, Malamud advocatedredemption in suffering. Roy Hobbs in his first novel The Natural failed in redemptionbecause he couldn’t understand suffering at all. He was exploited and corrupted byAmerican materialism. In the end he wandered in street lonely, leaving his traumaunhealed. In The Assistant, Morris is poor all his life, but he insisted on his belief, ontruth, goodness and beauty of life. Although he failed in materialism, he fulfilledspiritual redemption both of himself and others. He is symbol of morality. Malamudbelieves that morality can be effective solution for loss of life and trauma.
     Identity loss, identity crisis and belief crisis is modern problem. People areimprisoned in variety of predicaments and dilemmas, being further from ideal freedom.Malamud ponders this problem in The Fixer based on history and reality. Yakov Bokowes all his suffering to his Jewish identity. He left hometown, abandoned his belief anddisguised himself a gentile in order to pursue new life and freedom. But he wasrewarded imprisonment. The predicament in prison offered him freedom in thinking. Heintrospected himself and rethink about Jewish people. At last, he took the responsibilityof Jews and fought against tsarist anti-semitism in order to rescue his people. Hereconstructed his identity,achieved spiritual freedom and healed his trauma.
     Malamud expressed predicament by using unique artistic techniques. Weeping andprison are two images running through his writings. Their multiple meanings providehis creation with profound artistic effect. Jewish people is symbol of all mankind. Heattempts to solve human’s problems by morality and reason and to heal differenttraumas. Research on the mechanism of these images can help us appreciate his themesprofoundly.
     Malamud’s suffering themes have realistic and aesthetic value especially catharsisfunction. The tragic characters, sudden reverse in plot and special narration all arousereaders’ pity and fear. Through spiritual cleansing and emotional purgation, the readerscan get spiritual pleasure and moral purification, which is instructive and warning tomodern society.
     Malamud left the world he beloved in the last decades of last century. Society hasdeveloped rapidly since then: information technology, material construction, ecological crisis and spiritual loss. People are suffering from the gap between spiritual world andmaterial development. People are more sensitive, fragile and depressed, thus,psychological and spiritual trauma and suffering became wider and more concealing.Only facing the trauma, stressing on the recovery of spirit, can human beings balancerelationship with the outside world, which is the aim and value of this thesis. Literatureis art of man. Malamud’s writings not only influence the society because of its universalcare, but also warn and instruct people to some degree.
引文
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