基于可靠性分析的物流服务供应链设计与协调
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摘要
服务经济迅速发展给社会的生产方式、消费方式和交易方式带来了巨大变化。企业所面临的竞争环境日益复杂,从过去供应商主导的、静态的、简单的市场环境变成了现在顾客主导的、动态的、复杂的市场环境,这就要求服务链不断延伸、专业化不断加强、服务可靠性有所保证、服务模式日趋完善。物流服务供应链作为服务供应链的新兴方向和重要分支,是随着物流服务产业的不断发展而形成的。物流服务供应链具有需求不确定、稳定性低的特点,它的协调运行是建立在各个节点运行可靠基础之上的。在物流服务供应链的构建过程中成员选择和能力协调是关键,本文从可靠性理论出发,从以下几个方面对上述问题进行了研究。
(1)物流服务供应链的基础理论研究。在分析物流服务外包产生的原因与存在问题的基础上,研究了物流服务供应链的演化过程与动力、成员与结构、特性,为后面的内容提供理论基础。认为物流服务供应链是以客户物流服务需求为出发点,围绕物流服务集成商,通过对服务流、物流、资金流和信息流的控制保证产品供应链的物流运作,实现从功能型物流服务提供商到物流服务需求方的物流服务增值的一种新型供应链。
(2)物流服务供应链的可靠性研究。从物流服务供应链的可靠性定义入手,研究了节点可靠性和结构可靠性,分析了影响可靠性的内、外部因素,探讨了基于马尔可夫过程的物流服务供应链可靠性问题,并进行了算例分析,可以得出物流服务供应链各成员对系统不可靠的影响程度和其他可靠性指标,对提高物流服务供应链的可靠性具有重要意义。
(3)物流服务集成商的选择问题。分析了物流服务集成商选择的影响因素,建立了三层次评价指标体系,运用灰色多层次选择方法进行了物流服务集成商的选择,对各层次评价指标赋予权重,并制定评价等级和评分标准,得到评价样本矩阵,通过计算灰色评价系数、权向量和权矩阵,进而对各个备选的物流服务集成商进行综合评价,得到综合评价值,并进行排序,可以得到最终结果。
(4)功能型物流服务提供商的数量确定问题。建立了非线性整数规划的模型,目标函数是成本最小化,约束条件是保证链的可靠度不低于最低可靠度,并针对这一模型,设计了基于序列二次规划和分枝定界的组合求解算法,先不考虑整数问题,采用序列二次规划法求解非线性问题,如果得到的是整数解,那么停止计算,否则采用分枝定界法进行分枝、剪枝,对原问题进行求解。最后给出算例,验证了算法的可行性和有效性。
(5)回购契约下物流服务供应链的能力协调问题。研究了需求不确定、回购契约下考虑提供商可靠度的能力协调问题,分别分析了竞争联盟协调策略和Stackelberg主从协调策略下的最优回购价格、物流能力订购量、物流服务集成商期望利润、功能型物流服务提供商期望利润和物流服务供应链期望利润,通过数值仿真分析了可靠度、购买价格和惩罚成本的变化对各个指标的影响。
(6)收益共享契约下物流服务供应链的能力协调问题。研究了需求不确定、收益共享契约下考虑提供商可靠度的能力协调问题,分析了竞争联盟协调策略下的最优收益系数、物流能力订购量、物流服务集成商期望利润、功能型物流服务提供商期望利润和物流服务供应链期望利润。并与回购契约模型进行对比,得出了当两者达到相同协调效果时的条件。最后通过数值仿真研究了可靠度、购买价格和惩罚成本的变化对各个指标的影响,同时与回购契约下的相关变化进行对比分析。
The rapid development of service economy brings tremendous changes to the modes of production, consumption and trading in our society. Confronted with growing complex environment of competition, enterprises switch from a supplier-leading, static, simple market environment to a customer-driven, dynamic and complex one, which requires extended service chains, constantly strengthened professiorialization, guaranteed service reliability, perfect service modes. As a new direction and major branch of service supply chain, logistics service supply chain is shaped with the constant development of the logistics services industry, and featured of demand uncertainty and low stability which indicates that the reliability of all nodes must be guaranteed to secure its coordinated operation. The selection of members and the coordination of capacity is the key to logistics service supply chain. This thesis attempts to study the above questions from the following perspectives based on the reliability theory.
(1) Research on the basic theory of logistics service supply chain. Based on the analysis of the causes and problems of the outsourcing in logistics service, this thesis makes an in-depth exploration of the evolution, dynamics, members, structure and characteristics of logistics service supply chain, providing a theoretical basis for the following chapters. Based on the demands of customs, the logistic service chain centers on logistics service integrator and ensures logistics operation of product supply chain by controlling the service, logistics, capital and information. It is a new supply chain with added value resulting from the transformation of functional logistics service providers to the demanding side.
(2) Research on the reliability of logistics service supply chain. On the basis of the definition of reliability, the thesis analyzes the reliability of the nodes and structures of the logistics service supply chain. By analyzing the internal and external factors, the paper studies the reliability of logistics service supply chain based on Markov process and gives an example. The indicators of reliability can be calculated. From the indicators, the influence of all members of the logistics service supply chain is obvious. It plays an important role in improving the reliability of logistics service supply chain.
(3) The selection of logistics service integrator. The thesis has analyzed the influence factors of logistics services integrator selection, built a three-level evaluation system, and used the gray multi-level method for the logistics service integrator selection. The weight is given to three-level evaluation system. Then, rating scale, scoring standards and sample matrix are fixed. By calculating the gray evaluation factor, the weight vector and weight matrix, and then a comprehensive evaluation of each alternative logistics service integrators can be got. According to the value of comprehensive evaluation and sorting, we can get the final result.
(4) Quantification of functional logistics service providers. The thesis builds a nonlinear integer programming model. The objective function is to minimize costs and the constraints are to ensure the reliability of chain no less than the minimum chain reliability. For this model, a design of a hybrid algorithm based on sequential quadratic programming and branch and bound, which firstly doesn't take the integer problem into account, adopting the sequential quadratic programming method for solving the global optimal solution of nonlinear problems. If the global optimal solution is integer solution, it can stop caulculating. Otherwise, it can start from the global optimal solution, using branch and bound method, branching, pruning, to solve the original problem. At the same time, example is given to verify the feasibility and effectiveness.
(5) The coordination of capacity of logistics service supply chain under the buyback contract. In the thesis, it studies the coordination of capacity based on uncertainty demand, buyback contract and the reliability of suppliers. Considering two coordination strategies, those are competition, alliances strategy and stackelberg strategies. It can get the optimal buyback price, the order quantity of logistics capability, the expected profit for logistics service integrators, the expected profit for functional logistics service providers and the expected profit for logistics service supply chain. Through a numerical simulation, the influence on various indicators can be seen when the reliability, the purchase price and the punishment cost change.
(6) The coordination of capacity of logistics service supply chain under the revenue sharing contract. The thesis researches the coordination of capacity based on uncertainty demand, revenue sharing contract and the reliability of suppliers. It analyzes the optimal coefficients, the order quantity of logistics capability, the expected profit for logistics service integrators, the expected profit for functional logistics service providers and the expected profit for logistics service supply chain under the competitive and alliances strategy. Compared with the buy back contract model, the conditions when the two are coordinated to achieve the same results are obtained. Finally, through a numerical simulation, the influence on various indicators can be seen when the reliability, the purchase price and the punishment cost change. At the same time, it is compared with the related changes under buy back contract.
(1)物流服务供应链的基础理论研究。在分析物流服务外包产生的原因与存在问题的基础上,研究了物流服务供应链的演化过程与动力、成员与结构、特性,为后面的内容提供理论基础。认为物流服务供应链是以客户物流服务需求为出发点,围绕物流服务集成商,通过对服务流、物流、资金流和信息流的控制保证产品供应链的物流运作,实现从功能型物流服务提供商到物流服务需求方的物流服务增值的一种新型供应链。
(2)物流服务供应链的可靠性研究。从物流服务供应链的可靠性定义入手,研究了节点可靠性和结构可靠性,分析了影响可靠性的内、外部因素,探讨了基于马尔可夫过程的物流服务供应链可靠性问题,并进行了算例分析,可以得出物流服务供应链各成员对系统不可靠的影响程度和其他可靠性指标,对提高物流服务供应链的可靠性具有重要意义。
(3)物流服务集成商的选择问题。分析了物流服务集成商选择的影响因素,建立了三层次评价指标体系,运用灰色多层次选择方法进行了物流服务集成商的选择,对各层次评价指标赋予权重,并制定评价等级和评分标准,得到评价样本矩阵,通过计算灰色评价系数、权向量和权矩阵,进而对各个备选的物流服务集成商进行综合评价,得到综合评价值,并进行排序,可以得到最终结果。
(4)功能型物流服务提供商的数量确定问题。建立了非线性整数规划的模型,目标函数是成本最小化,约束条件是保证链的可靠度不低于最低可靠度,并针对这一模型,设计了基于序列二次规划和分枝定界的组合求解算法,先不考虑整数问题,采用序列二次规划法求解非线性问题,如果得到的是整数解,那么停止计算,否则采用分枝定界法进行分枝、剪枝,对原问题进行求解。最后给出算例,验证了算法的可行性和有效性。
(5)回购契约下物流服务供应链的能力协调问题。研究了需求不确定、回购契约下考虑提供商可靠度的能力协调问题,分别分析了竞争联盟协调策略和Stackelberg主从协调策略下的最优回购价格、物流能力订购量、物流服务集成商期望利润、功能型物流服务提供商期望利润和物流服务供应链期望利润,通过数值仿真分析了可靠度、购买价格和惩罚成本的变化对各个指标的影响。
(6)收益共享契约下物流服务供应链的能力协调问题。研究了需求不确定、收益共享契约下考虑提供商可靠度的能力协调问题,分析了竞争联盟协调策略下的最优收益系数、物流能力订购量、物流服务集成商期望利润、功能型物流服务提供商期望利润和物流服务供应链期望利润。并与回购契约模型进行对比,得出了当两者达到相同协调效果时的条件。最后通过数值仿真研究了可靠度、购买价格和惩罚成本的变化对各个指标的影响,同时与回购契约下的相关变化进行对比分析。
The rapid development of service economy brings tremendous changes to the modes of production, consumption and trading in our society. Confronted with growing complex environment of competition, enterprises switch from a supplier-leading, static, simple market environment to a customer-driven, dynamic and complex one, which requires extended service chains, constantly strengthened professiorialization, guaranteed service reliability, perfect service modes. As a new direction and major branch of service supply chain, logistics service supply chain is shaped with the constant development of the logistics services industry, and featured of demand uncertainty and low stability which indicates that the reliability of all nodes must be guaranteed to secure its coordinated operation. The selection of members and the coordination of capacity is the key to logistics service supply chain. This thesis attempts to study the above questions from the following perspectives based on the reliability theory.
(1) Research on the basic theory of logistics service supply chain. Based on the analysis of the causes and problems of the outsourcing in logistics service, this thesis makes an in-depth exploration of the evolution, dynamics, members, structure and characteristics of logistics service supply chain, providing a theoretical basis for the following chapters. Based on the demands of customs, the logistic service chain centers on logistics service integrator and ensures logistics operation of product supply chain by controlling the service, logistics, capital and information. It is a new supply chain with added value resulting from the transformation of functional logistics service providers to the demanding side.
(2) Research on the reliability of logistics service supply chain. On the basis of the definition of reliability, the thesis analyzes the reliability of the nodes and structures of the logistics service supply chain. By analyzing the internal and external factors, the paper studies the reliability of logistics service supply chain based on Markov process and gives an example. The indicators of reliability can be calculated. From the indicators, the influence of all members of the logistics service supply chain is obvious. It plays an important role in improving the reliability of logistics service supply chain.
(3) The selection of logistics service integrator. The thesis has analyzed the influence factors of logistics services integrator selection, built a three-level evaluation system, and used the gray multi-level method for the logistics service integrator selection. The weight is given to three-level evaluation system. Then, rating scale, scoring standards and sample matrix are fixed. By calculating the gray evaluation factor, the weight vector and weight matrix, and then a comprehensive evaluation of each alternative logistics service integrators can be got. According to the value of comprehensive evaluation and sorting, we can get the final result.
(4) Quantification of functional logistics service providers. The thesis builds a nonlinear integer programming model. The objective function is to minimize costs and the constraints are to ensure the reliability of chain no less than the minimum chain reliability. For this model, a design of a hybrid algorithm based on sequential quadratic programming and branch and bound, which firstly doesn't take the integer problem into account, adopting the sequential quadratic programming method for solving the global optimal solution of nonlinear problems. If the global optimal solution is integer solution, it can stop caulculating. Otherwise, it can start from the global optimal solution, using branch and bound method, branching, pruning, to solve the original problem. At the same time, example is given to verify the feasibility and effectiveness.
(5) The coordination of capacity of logistics service supply chain under the buyback contract. In the thesis, it studies the coordination of capacity based on uncertainty demand, buyback contract and the reliability of suppliers. Considering two coordination strategies, those are competition, alliances strategy and stackelberg strategies. It can get the optimal buyback price, the order quantity of logistics capability, the expected profit for logistics service integrators, the expected profit for functional logistics service providers and the expected profit for logistics service supply chain. Through a numerical simulation, the influence on various indicators can be seen when the reliability, the purchase price and the punishment cost change.
(6) The coordination of capacity of logistics service supply chain under the revenue sharing contract. The thesis researches the coordination of capacity based on uncertainty demand, revenue sharing contract and the reliability of suppliers. It analyzes the optimal coefficients, the order quantity of logistics capability, the expected profit for logistics service integrators, the expected profit for functional logistics service providers and the expected profit for logistics service supply chain under the competitive and alliances strategy. Compared with the buy back contract model, the conditions when the two are coordinated to achieve the same results are obtained. Finally, through a numerical simulation, the influence on various indicators can be seen when the reliability, the purchase price and the punishment cost change. At the same time, it is compared with the related changes under buy back contract.
引文
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