TiAl-5Nb合金定向凝固过程中组织演化规律的研究
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摘要
TiAl合金是一种极具潜力的高温结构材料,它的重要发展方向之一是具有单轴应力状态的发动机叶片。为了充分发挥TiAl基合金用于叶片材料方面的优势,期望TiAl基合金以全β凝固方式进行定向凝固,从而获得与生长方向相平行或成45°夹角的片层组织。Nb元素的加入不仅可以提高TiAl合金的高温性能和室温塑性,而且Nb元素的加入对获得全β凝固的TiAl基合金起到十分重要的作用。因此,Nb元素的添加为设计高铝含量的、全β凝固的、可控片层取向的TiAl基合金提供了可能。
本文首先利用Thermo-Calc软件对Ti-Al-Nb三元合金系进行了热力学计算。通过分析Nb含量低于15at.%的TiAl-Nb三元合金系的变温截面图得出,Nb含量分别为5at.%、10at.%和15at.%时,Al含量分别低于52.3at.%、55.8at.%和56.9at.%的TiAl-Nb三元合金的初生相均为β相。将Ti-Al-Nb三元合金系的变温截面图进一步简化得到了Ti-Al伪二元相图,根据Ti-Al伪二元相图得到了TiAl-Nb合金的“铝当量”表达式,为获得全β相凝固的TiAl-Nb三元合金提供了理论依据。
为了进一步确定全β凝固的TiAl-Nb合金的成分范围和验证Ti-Al伪二元相图中全β凝固的成分点,对非自耗电弧熔炼得到的TiAl-Nb合金锭的组织演化规律进行了研究。对于TiAl-5Nb合金锭而言,当Al含量小于或等于48at.%时,其初生相为β相;Al含量大于48at.%时,其初生相为α相。本文综合考虑了Ti-Al伪二元相图和非自耗电弧熔炼的实验结果,同时为了保持TiAl基合金的低密度的特性和获得较好的综合性能,本文确定用于TiAl-Nb合金定向凝固实验的成分为:Ti-45Al-5Nb、Ti-47Al-5Nb和Ti-50Al-5Nb合金。
对Ti-45Al-5Nb、Ti-47Al-5Nb和Ti-50Al-5Nb三种合金分别在6.9K/mm和11.4K/mm两种温度梯度下进行了定向凝固实验。研究发现温度梯度为6.9K/mm的TiAl-5Nb合金的宏观组织的定向效果较差。但是,从其片层取向与生长方向的夹角可以发现,当温度梯度为6.9K/mm时三种成分的TiAl-5Nb合金在凝固过程中的初生相为β相。当温度梯度为11.4K/mm时,Ti-50Al-5Nb合金的宏观组织具有较好的定向效果。通过对温度梯度为11.4K/mm的Ti-50Al-5Nb合金定向凝固组织的研究可知,生长速度小于20μm/s的Ti-50Al-5Nb合金在定向凝固过程中的初生相均为β相。其中,生长速度小于15μm/s时,Ti-50Al-5Nb合金的片层取向大多与生长方向相平行,实现了在高铝TiAl-5Nb合金中的片层取向的控制。因此,通过实验证明了TiAl-5Nb合金在不同的温度梯度和生长速度条件下都可以得到全β凝固。并且在温度梯度为11.4K/mm、生长速度小于15μm/s条件下Ti-50Al-5Nb合金具有较好的片层组织,在高铝的TiAl-5Nb合金中获得了我们所期望得到的定向凝固组织。本文利用成分过冷和充分形核假设(NCU模型),建立了Ti-(44-53)Al-5Nb合金定向凝固过程中的相和组织选择图,计算结果与实验结果吻合很好。
The engine vanes with monoaxial stress condition are one of the important developmental directions. In order to fully display the advantage of TiAl-based alloys using in engine vanes, we hope that the solidification mode is the full beta solidification during the directional solidification of TiAl-based alloys. Consequently, we obtain the lamellar microstructure inclined at angle of 0°or 45°to the growth direction. Nb additions not only can enhance the high temperature properties and the temperature ductility of TiAl alloys, but also Nb additions play very important role for obtained TiAl-based alloys of the full beta solidification. In summary, Nb additions offer the possibility in order to design the full beta solidified high Al content TiAl alloys of high properties and controllable lamellar orientation.
Firstly, Ti-Al-Nb ternary phase diagrams were calculated by Thermo-Calc software. By the analysis of the vertical sections of Ti-Al-Nb with lower Nb content than 15at.%, the following are the results. First, when Nb content is 5at.% and Al content is lower than 52.3at.%, the primary phase isβphase during solidification. Second, when Nb content is 10at.% and Al content is lower than 55.8at.%, the primary phase isβphase. Third, when Nb content is 15at.% and Al content is lower than 56.9at.%, the primary phase isβphase. The vertical sections of Ti-Al-Nb ternary system are further simplified into pseudo-Ti-Al binary phase diagram. According to the pseudo-Ti-Al binary phase diagram, the expression of the aluminum equivalent is obtained in TiAl-Nb, which provides the theoretical foundation for obtained TiAl-Nb alloys of the beta solidification.
In order to further confirm the beta solidification of TiAl-Nb alloys and verify the full beta solidification critical values in the pseudo-Ti-Al binary phase diagram, the microstructure evolution of TiAl-Nb button ingots is investigated by non-consumable tungsten electrode arc melting equipment. For TiAl-5Nb button ingots, when Al content is lower than 48at.%, the primary phase isβphase. If Al content is higher than 48at.%, the primary phase isαphase. We synthetically analyzed the pseudo-Ti-Al binary phase diagram and the experimental results of non-consumable tungsten electrode arc melting, and considered that the directional solidification process is the quasi-equilibirium state. Simultaneously, in order to retain low density of TiAl-based alloys and obtain good comprehensive mechanical properties, the composition is confirmed to use in the directional solidification experiment. These alloys are Ti-45Al-5Nb, Ti-47Al-5Nb, and Ti-50Al-5Nb alloy.
The directionally solidified microstructures of Ti-45Al-5Nb, Ti-47Al-5Nb, and Ti-50Al-5Nb alloys were investigated under the temperature gradient of 6.9K/mm and 11.4K/mm. The results show that when the temperature gradient is 6.9K/mm the macrostructures of TiAl-5Nb alloys have the poor directional effect. Whereas, when the temperature gradient is 6.9K/mm we can find that the primary phase isβphase under the directional solidification of TiAl-5Nb alloys according to make an angle of the lamellar orientation with the growth direction. When temperature gradient is 11.4K/mm, the macrostructures of Ti-50Al-5Nb alloys have the good directional effect. Experimental studies show that the primary phase isβphase during the directional solidification when the temperature gradient is 11.4K/mm and the growth rate is lower than 20μm/s. Therein the lamellar orientations of Ti-50Al-5Nb alloys mainly have paralleled to the growth direction when the growth rate is lower than 15μm/s. It is realized to control the lamellar orientation in high Al containing TiAl-5Nb alloys. In conclusion, the experimental results show that the beta solidification can be obtained in TiAl-5Nb alloys under the experimental condition. Moreover, the microstructures of Ti-50Al-5Nb alloys have the good lamellar orientations under the temperature gradient is11.4K/mm and the growth rate is lower than 15μm/s. In TiAl-5Nb alloy containing high Al content, we obtain expecting directionally solidified microstructure. Based on the criterion of nucleation and constitutional undercooling (NCU model), the phase and microstructure selection of Ti-(44-53)Al-5Nb alloys was constructed during the directional solidification, which is in good agreement with the experimental results.
本文首先利用Thermo-Calc软件对Ti-Al-Nb三元合金系进行了热力学计算。通过分析Nb含量低于15at.%的TiAl-Nb三元合金系的变温截面图得出,Nb含量分别为5at.%、10at.%和15at.%时,Al含量分别低于52.3at.%、55.8at.%和56.9at.%的TiAl-Nb三元合金的初生相均为β相。将Ti-Al-Nb三元合金系的变温截面图进一步简化得到了Ti-Al伪二元相图,根据Ti-Al伪二元相图得到了TiAl-Nb合金的“铝当量”表达式,为获得全β相凝固的TiAl-Nb三元合金提供了理论依据。
为了进一步确定全β凝固的TiAl-Nb合金的成分范围和验证Ti-Al伪二元相图中全β凝固的成分点,对非自耗电弧熔炼得到的TiAl-Nb合金锭的组织演化规律进行了研究。对于TiAl-5Nb合金锭而言,当Al含量小于或等于48at.%时,其初生相为β相;Al含量大于48at.%时,其初生相为α相。本文综合考虑了Ti-Al伪二元相图和非自耗电弧熔炼的实验结果,同时为了保持TiAl基合金的低密度的特性和获得较好的综合性能,本文确定用于TiAl-Nb合金定向凝固实验的成分为:Ti-45Al-5Nb、Ti-47Al-5Nb和Ti-50Al-5Nb合金。
对Ti-45Al-5Nb、Ti-47Al-5Nb和Ti-50Al-5Nb三种合金分别在6.9K/mm和11.4K/mm两种温度梯度下进行了定向凝固实验。研究发现温度梯度为6.9K/mm的TiAl-5Nb合金的宏观组织的定向效果较差。但是,从其片层取向与生长方向的夹角可以发现,当温度梯度为6.9K/mm时三种成分的TiAl-5Nb合金在凝固过程中的初生相为β相。当温度梯度为11.4K/mm时,Ti-50Al-5Nb合金的宏观组织具有较好的定向效果。通过对温度梯度为11.4K/mm的Ti-50Al-5Nb合金定向凝固组织的研究可知,生长速度小于20μm/s的Ti-50Al-5Nb合金在定向凝固过程中的初生相均为β相。其中,生长速度小于15μm/s时,Ti-50Al-5Nb合金的片层取向大多与生长方向相平行,实现了在高铝TiAl-5Nb合金中的片层取向的控制。因此,通过实验证明了TiAl-5Nb合金在不同的温度梯度和生长速度条件下都可以得到全β凝固。并且在温度梯度为11.4K/mm、生长速度小于15μm/s条件下Ti-50Al-5Nb合金具有较好的片层组织,在高铝的TiAl-5Nb合金中获得了我们所期望得到的定向凝固组织。本文利用成分过冷和充分形核假设(NCU模型),建立了Ti-(44-53)Al-5Nb合金定向凝固过程中的相和组织选择图,计算结果与实验结果吻合很好。
The engine vanes with monoaxial stress condition are one of the important developmental directions. In order to fully display the advantage of TiAl-based alloys using in engine vanes, we hope that the solidification mode is the full beta solidification during the directional solidification of TiAl-based alloys. Consequently, we obtain the lamellar microstructure inclined at angle of 0°or 45°to the growth direction. Nb additions not only can enhance the high temperature properties and the temperature ductility of TiAl alloys, but also Nb additions play very important role for obtained TiAl-based alloys of the full beta solidification. In summary, Nb additions offer the possibility in order to design the full beta solidified high Al content TiAl alloys of high properties and controllable lamellar orientation.
Firstly, Ti-Al-Nb ternary phase diagrams were calculated by Thermo-Calc software. By the analysis of the vertical sections of Ti-Al-Nb with lower Nb content than 15at.%, the following are the results. First, when Nb content is 5at.% and Al content is lower than 52.3at.%, the primary phase isβphase during solidification. Second, when Nb content is 10at.% and Al content is lower than 55.8at.%, the primary phase isβphase. Third, when Nb content is 15at.% and Al content is lower than 56.9at.%, the primary phase isβphase. The vertical sections of Ti-Al-Nb ternary system are further simplified into pseudo-Ti-Al binary phase diagram. According to the pseudo-Ti-Al binary phase diagram, the expression of the aluminum equivalent is obtained in TiAl-Nb, which provides the theoretical foundation for obtained TiAl-Nb alloys of the beta solidification.
In order to further confirm the beta solidification of TiAl-Nb alloys and verify the full beta solidification critical values in the pseudo-Ti-Al binary phase diagram, the microstructure evolution of TiAl-Nb button ingots is investigated by non-consumable tungsten electrode arc melting equipment. For TiAl-5Nb button ingots, when Al content is lower than 48at.%, the primary phase isβphase. If Al content is higher than 48at.%, the primary phase isαphase. We synthetically analyzed the pseudo-Ti-Al binary phase diagram and the experimental results of non-consumable tungsten electrode arc melting, and considered that the directional solidification process is the quasi-equilibirium state. Simultaneously, in order to retain low density of TiAl-based alloys and obtain good comprehensive mechanical properties, the composition is confirmed to use in the directional solidification experiment. These alloys are Ti-45Al-5Nb, Ti-47Al-5Nb, and Ti-50Al-5Nb alloy.
The directionally solidified microstructures of Ti-45Al-5Nb, Ti-47Al-5Nb, and Ti-50Al-5Nb alloys were investigated under the temperature gradient of 6.9K/mm and 11.4K/mm. The results show that when the temperature gradient is 6.9K/mm the macrostructures of TiAl-5Nb alloys have the poor directional effect. Whereas, when the temperature gradient is 6.9K/mm we can find that the primary phase isβphase under the directional solidification of TiAl-5Nb alloys according to make an angle of the lamellar orientation with the growth direction. When temperature gradient is 11.4K/mm, the macrostructures of Ti-50Al-5Nb alloys have the good directional effect. Experimental studies show that the primary phase isβphase during the directional solidification when the temperature gradient is 11.4K/mm and the growth rate is lower than 20μm/s. Therein the lamellar orientations of Ti-50Al-5Nb alloys mainly have paralleled to the growth direction when the growth rate is lower than 15μm/s. It is realized to control the lamellar orientation in high Al containing TiAl-5Nb alloys. In conclusion, the experimental results show that the beta solidification can be obtained in TiAl-5Nb alloys under the experimental condition. Moreover, the microstructures of Ti-50Al-5Nb alloys have the good lamellar orientations under the temperature gradient is11.4K/mm and the growth rate is lower than 15μm/s. In TiAl-5Nb alloy containing high Al content, we obtain expecting directionally solidified microstructure. Based on the criterion of nucleation and constitutional undercooling (NCU model), the phase and microstructure selection of Ti-(44-53)Al-5Nb alloys was constructed during the directional solidification, which is in good agreement with the experimental results.
引文
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