活动星系核统一模型与铁Kα发射线
摘要
活动星系核(AGN)统一模型认为Seyfert 1和Seyfert 2星系的中心引擎结构是相同的,他们之间所表现的不同类型主要是因为对观测者的视角不同。在Seyfert 2星系中没有发现宽的发射线是由于视线方向上几何和光学厚的尘埃环的遮蔽引起的。对Seyfert 2星系的偏振观测发现了隐藏的宽发射线是对统一模型最有力的支持。X射线可以用来测量Seyfert 2星系视线方向上尘埃环的吸收,因而也可以用来验证统一模型。X射线照射到黑洞周围的气体如吸积盘或尘埃环上还会产生显著的位于6.4 keV附近的铁Ka荧光线辐射,这种荧光线辐射被认为是探测活动星系核内区结构的重要探针。我们在第一章综述了统一模型和铁Kα荧光线研究现状。本文的工作正是围绕着统一模型和铁Kα荧光线的研究展开的,具体的结果如下：
在第二章中,我们研究两类Seyfert 2星系(有无偏振的宽发射线)的核区遮蔽与统一模型的关系。我们选取了z<0.06有偏振观测的Seyfert 2星系样本,其中29个Seyfert 2探测到了偏振的宽发射线,25个Seyfert 2没有发现偏振的宽线,并比较了两类Seyfert 2星系的X射线波段的吸收柱密度(NH),FX／F[OⅢ]比,和Fe Kα线等值宽度。这些观测量可以做为核区遮蔽的指示器。我们发现对于高光度的Seyfert 2星系(L[OⅢ]>1041 erg S-1),有偏振宽线Seyfert 2的NH要明显的小于没有偏振宽线的Seyfert 2,置信水平为92.3%：大部分NH<1023.8cm-2的Seyfert 2有偏振的宽发射线(86%),而大于这个吸收柱密度时,有偏振宽线的Seyfert 2比例为54%。当比较它们的FX／F[OⅢ]和Fe Kα线等值宽度时,区别的显著水平有所提高,分别为99.1%和95.3%。我们发现两类Seyfert 2星系核区遮蔽的区别不是由于观测的选择效引起的。我们的结果第一次在高显著水平上发现,除了核区活动性,尘埃环的遮蔽对探测偏振的宽线有很大的影响。我们的结果可以在统一模型的框架下得到解释,即尘埃环的倾角越大,X-ray吸收越强,对宽线散射屏的遮蔽也越严重。
在第三章中,我们详细研究了Seyfert 2星系NGC 7590的核区遮蔽性质。NGC 7590的偏振观测没有发现隐藏的宽线区,而之前低分辨率的ASCA观测认为这个星系几乎没有X射线吸收(NH<9×1020 cm-2),与统一模型的预言不一致。我们利用最新的XMM-Newton卫星对NGC 7590的观测,发现其X-ray辐射由核外的极亮X射线源(ULX)和延展的寄主星系的辐射主导。与寄主星系的辐射相比,核区辐射非常弱。利用XMM-Newton测量的核区2-10 keV流量,我们发现NGC 7590的FX／F[OⅢ]非常小(<0.1),表明NGC 7590很可能是康普顿厚的。
在第四章中,我们利用Chandra高能光栅(HEG)的观测,系统研究了36个低吸收(NH<1023 cm-2)活动星系核的窄Fe Ka荧光发射线的特征。我们在33个AGN中探测到了Fe K线辐射,其线心能量分布集中在～6.4 keV,其中>80%的测量位于6.38-6.43 keV。因此,我们证实了AGN中窄Fe Ka线是普遍存在的,它们应起源于非常冷的、中性或低电离的物质。此外,我们发现加权平均的Fe Kα线等值宽度(EW)为53±3 eV,其中70%测量的1σ上限<100eV。对于有多次观测的源,我们发现在误差范围内,观测和观测之间没有明显的线流量光变。我们可以限制27个源的Fe Ka线宽度,加权平均的半高全宽FWHM=2060±230 km S-1。我们比较了12个源的Fe Kα线宽与光学HβFWHM的关系。结果发现FWHM(Fe K)／FWHM(Hβ)的分布较广,表明不同源的铁线发射区相对于宽线区的尺度不尽相同。最后,利用HEG测量的窄Fe Ka线参数,我们证实了EW和X-ray光度(Lx)的反相关关系(即X-ray Baldwin效应),以及EW和爱丁顿比(Lx／LEdd)的反相关关系。
在第五章中,我们分析了XMM-Newton于2003年对Seyfert 1.9星系NGC2992的观测,发现其X射线流量处于迄今发现的最高态(为历史最低2-10keV流量的23.5倍左右),并且在～5-7 keV波段有显著的相对论性宽Fe Ka发射线特征。与低态的Suzaku数据相比,宽铁K线的流量随连续谱有相同幅度的光变,表明宽铁K线与连续谱流量正相关。这种行为与其它活动星系核观测到的宽铁K线流量不随连续谱变化正好相反。
第六章是全文的总结和未来研究的展望。
The unification model for active galactic nuclei (AGN) proposes that Seyfert 2 galaxies and Seyfert 1 galaxies are intrinsically same. The differences observed be-tween type 1 and type 2 Seyfert galaxies are primarily due to orientation effects. The absence of broad emission lines in the optical spectra of Seyfert 2 galaxies is due to ob-scuration by a geometrically and optically thick structure from our view (the so-called torus). Optical spectropolarimetry observations have detected hidden broad emission lines in a large fraction of Seyfert 2 galaxies, providing strong evidence in favour of the unified model. The X-ray data can be used to measure the absorption due to dusty torus along the line of sight in Seyfert 2 galaxies, thus could serve as potential diag-nosis for the unified model. In addition, The X-ray continuum can illuminate the gas in accretion disk and torus, producing significant Fe Ka fluorescence emission line at about 6.4 keV, which is considered as an important probe to the structure of inner region of the AGN. We reviewed in Chapter 1 the observations and related issues of the unification model and Fe Ka lines in AGN. The thesis focuses on the study on the unification model and Fe Ka lines in AGN, and the detailed findings are as follows:
In Chapter 2, we investigated the nuclear obscuration in two types of Seyfert 2 galaxies (with and without polarized broad emission lines), and its relation to AGN unification model. We assembled a large sample Seyfert 2 galaxies (Sy2s) at redshift z＜0.06, including of 29 Sy2s with polarized broad emission lines (PBL) detected and 25 without. We compared their X-ray absorption column density (N#), Fx/F[o III]ra-tio, and Fe Ka line equivalent width (EW). The latter two parameters were suggested as independent indicators for nuclear obscuration. We find that for luminous Sy2s with L[O III]＞1041 erg s-1,sources with PBL have smaller X-ray absorption column density comparing with those without PBL (at 92.3% confidence level):most of the Sy2s with NH<1023.8 cm-2 show PBL (86%,12 out 14), while the fraction is much smaller for sources with heavier obscuration (54%,15 out 28). The confidence level of the differ-ence in absorption bounces up to 99.1% and 95.3%, while using the F2-10 kev/F[O III] ratio and Fe Ka line EW as nuclear obscuration indicators. We rule out observation or selection bias as the origin for the difference. Our results, for the first time with high statistical confidence, show that, in additional to the nuclei activity, the nuclear obscuration also plays an important role in the visibility of PBL in Sy2s. These results can be interpreted in the framework of the unified model. We can reach these results in the unified model if:a) the absorption column density is higher at large inclinations and b) the scattering region is obscured at large inclinations.
In Chapter 3, we made a detailed investigation on the nuclear obscuration in Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 7590. While spectropolarimetric observations have not detected the hidden broad line region (BLR) in this galaxy, the low spatial resolution ASCA ob-servation found its X-ray absorption is very low (NH＜9×1020 cm-2), in contrast with the standard unification model. With three new XMM-Newton observations, we find that the X-ray emission of NGC 7590 is dominated by an off-nuclear ultraluminous X-ray source and extended emission from the host galaxy. The nuclear X-ray emission is rather weak comparing with the host galaxy. Using the 2-10 keV flux measured by XMM-Newton, we derived a relatively small F2-10 kev/F[O III] ratio (＜0.1) for NGC 7590, suggesting the galaxy hosts an Compton-thick AGN.
In Chapter 4, We have presented an empirical and uniform analysis of the narrow core of the Fe Kαemission line in a sample of 36 AGNs with low to moderately low X-ray absorption (NH< 1023 cm-2), using Chandra High Energy Gratings data. The Fe Ka line was detected in 33 sources, and the distribution of their centroid energies is strongly peaked around-6.4 keV, with over 80% of the measurements lying in the range 6.38-6.43 keV. Thus we confirm the ubiquity of the narrow core of Fe Ka line in AGN, and its preferred origin in cool, neutral or only mildly-ionized matter. In addition, we find the weighted mean equivalent width (EW) was 53±3 eV, and-70% of the individual measurements had a 68%confidence upper limit on the EW of less than 100 eV. We also presented measurements of the flux of narrow Fe Kαline and found that for sources that had multiple observations, there was no case in which the line flux varied between observations, within statistical errors. The intrinsic width of the narrow Fe Kαline was measured for 27 sources and we obtained a weighted mean value of FWHM= 2060±230 km s-1. We compared 1.2 AGNs to investigate the relation between the width of the Fe Ka line and the width of the Hβline. We found that the ratio of the X-ray to optical line width varies from source to source, suggesting that the location of the X-ray line-emitting region relative to the BLR may actually be different in different sources. Finally, having isolated the narrow core of the Fe Ka line with the best available spectral resolution we confirm the anti-correlation (albeit with a large scatter) between the line EW and X-ray luminosity, Lx (the X-ray Baldwin effect), and between the line EW and Eddington ration, Lx/LEdd。
In Chapter 5, we present the analysis of an XMM-Newton observation of Seyfert 1.9 galaxy NGC 2992 performed on 2003, and find the source in its highest level of X-ray flux yet detected, a factor～23.5 higher in the 2-10 keV than the historical min-imum. We also find a broad feature in the～5-7 keV band which could be interpreted as a relativistic Fe Ka emission line. Its flux appears to have increased in tandem with the 2-10 keV continuum when compared to a previous Suzaku observation when the continuum was a factor of～8 lower than that during the XMM-Newton observation, indicating the flux of broad Fe K line correlates positively with the continuum flux. This behavior contrasts with the behavior of other AGN in which the broad Fe Ka line does not respond to variability in the X-ray.
We present the summary of the work and give some prospects of future work in Chapter 6.
在第二章中,我们研究两类Seyfert 2星系(有无偏振的宽发射线)的核区遮蔽与统一模型的关系。我们选取了z<0.06有偏振观测的Seyfert 2星系样本,其中29个Seyfert 2探测到了偏振的宽发射线,25个Seyfert 2没有发现偏振的宽线,并比较了两类Seyfert 2星系的X射线波段的吸收柱密度(NH),FX／F[OⅢ]比,和Fe Kα线等值宽度。这些观测量可以做为核区遮蔽的指示器。我们发现对于高光度的Seyfert 2星系(L[OⅢ]>1041 erg S-1),有偏振宽线Seyfert 2的NH要明显的小于没有偏振宽线的Seyfert 2,置信水平为92.3%：大部分NH<1023.8cm-2的Seyfert 2有偏振的宽发射线(86%),而大于这个吸收柱密度时,有偏振宽线的Seyfert 2比例为54%。当比较它们的FX／F[OⅢ]和Fe Kα线等值宽度时,区别的显著水平有所提高,分别为99.1%和95.3%。我们发现两类Seyfert 2星系核区遮蔽的区别不是由于观测的选择效引起的。我们的结果第一次在高显著水平上发现,除了核区活动性,尘埃环的遮蔽对探测偏振的宽线有很大的影响。我们的结果可以在统一模型的框架下得到解释,即尘埃环的倾角越大,X-ray吸收越强,对宽线散射屏的遮蔽也越严重。
在第三章中,我们详细研究了Seyfert 2星系NGC 7590的核区遮蔽性质。NGC 7590的偏振观测没有发现隐藏的宽线区,而之前低分辨率的ASCA观测认为这个星系几乎没有X射线吸收(NH<9×1020 cm-2),与统一模型的预言不一致。我们利用最新的XMM-Newton卫星对NGC 7590的观测,发现其X-ray辐射由核外的极亮X射线源(ULX)和延展的寄主星系的辐射主导。与寄主星系的辐射相比,核区辐射非常弱。利用XMM-Newton测量的核区2-10 keV流量,我们发现NGC 7590的FX／F[OⅢ]非常小(<0.1),表明NGC 7590很可能是康普顿厚的。
在第四章中,我们利用Chandra高能光栅(HEG)的观测,系统研究了36个低吸收(NH<1023 cm-2)活动星系核的窄Fe Ka荧光发射线的特征。我们在33个AGN中探测到了Fe K线辐射,其线心能量分布集中在～6.4 keV,其中>80%的测量位于6.38-6.43 keV。因此,我们证实了AGN中窄Fe Ka线是普遍存在的,它们应起源于非常冷的、中性或低电离的物质。此外,我们发现加权平均的Fe Kα线等值宽度(EW)为53±3 eV,其中70%测量的1σ上限<100eV。对于有多次观测的源,我们发现在误差范围内,观测和观测之间没有明显的线流量光变。我们可以限制27个源的Fe Ka线宽度,加权平均的半高全宽FWHM=2060±230 km S-1。我们比较了12个源的Fe Kα线宽与光学HβFWHM的关系。结果发现FWHM(Fe K)／FWHM(Hβ)的分布较广,表明不同源的铁线发射区相对于宽线区的尺度不尽相同。最后,利用HEG测量的窄Fe Ka线参数,我们证实了EW和X-ray光度(Lx)的反相关关系(即X-ray Baldwin效应),以及EW和爱丁顿比(Lx／LEdd)的反相关关系。
在第五章中,我们分析了XMM-Newton于2003年对Seyfert 1.9星系NGC2992的观测,发现其X射线流量处于迄今发现的最高态(为历史最低2-10keV流量的23.5倍左右),并且在～5-7 keV波段有显著的相对论性宽Fe Ka发射线特征。与低态的Suzaku数据相比,宽铁K线的流量随连续谱有相同幅度的光变,表明宽铁K线与连续谱流量正相关。这种行为与其它活动星系核观测到的宽铁K线流量不随连续谱变化正好相反。
第六章是全文的总结和未来研究的展望。
The unification model for active galactic nuclei (AGN) proposes that Seyfert 2 galaxies and Seyfert 1 galaxies are intrinsically same. The differences observed be-tween type 1 and type 2 Seyfert galaxies are primarily due to orientation effects. The absence of broad emission lines in the optical spectra of Seyfert 2 galaxies is due to ob-scuration by a geometrically and optically thick structure from our view (the so-called torus). Optical spectropolarimetry observations have detected hidden broad emission lines in a large fraction of Seyfert 2 galaxies, providing strong evidence in favour of the unified model. The X-ray data can be used to measure the absorption due to dusty torus along the line of sight in Seyfert 2 galaxies, thus could serve as potential diag-nosis for the unified model. In addition, The X-ray continuum can illuminate the gas in accretion disk and torus, producing significant Fe Ka fluorescence emission line at about 6.4 keV, which is considered as an important probe to the structure of inner region of the AGN. We reviewed in Chapter 1 the observations and related issues of the unification model and Fe Ka lines in AGN. The thesis focuses on the study on the unification model and Fe Ka lines in AGN, and the detailed findings are as follows:
In Chapter 2, we investigated the nuclear obscuration in two types of Seyfert 2 galaxies (with and without polarized broad emission lines), and its relation to AGN unification model. We assembled a large sample Seyfert 2 galaxies (Sy2s) at redshift z＜0.06, including of 29 Sy2s with polarized broad emission lines (PBL) detected and 25 without. We compared their X-ray absorption column density (N#), Fx/F[o III]ra-tio, and Fe Ka line equivalent width (EW). The latter two parameters were suggested as independent indicators for nuclear obscuration. We find that for luminous Sy2s with L[O III]＞1041 erg s-1,sources with PBL have smaller X-ray absorption column density comparing with those without PBL (at 92.3% confidence level):most of the Sy2s with NH<1023.8 cm-2 show PBL (86%,12 out 14), while the fraction is much smaller for sources with heavier obscuration (54%,15 out 28). The confidence level of the differ-ence in absorption bounces up to 99.1% and 95.3%, while using the F2-10 kev/F[O III] ratio and Fe Ka line EW as nuclear obscuration indicators. We rule out observation or selection bias as the origin for the difference. Our results, for the first time with high statistical confidence, show that, in additional to the nuclei activity, the nuclear obscuration also plays an important role in the visibility of PBL in Sy2s. These results can be interpreted in the framework of the unified model. We can reach these results in the unified model if:a) the absorption column density is higher at large inclinations and b) the scattering region is obscured at large inclinations.
In Chapter 3, we made a detailed investigation on the nuclear obscuration in Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 7590. While spectropolarimetric observations have not detected the hidden broad line region (BLR) in this galaxy, the low spatial resolution ASCA ob-servation found its X-ray absorption is very low (NH＜9×1020 cm-2), in contrast with the standard unification model. With three new XMM-Newton observations, we find that the X-ray emission of NGC 7590 is dominated by an off-nuclear ultraluminous X-ray source and extended emission from the host galaxy. The nuclear X-ray emission is rather weak comparing with the host galaxy. Using the 2-10 keV flux measured by XMM-Newton, we derived a relatively small F2-10 kev/F[O III] ratio (＜0.1) for NGC 7590, suggesting the galaxy hosts an Compton-thick AGN.
In Chapter 4, We have presented an empirical and uniform analysis of the narrow core of the Fe Kαemission line in a sample of 36 AGNs with low to moderately low X-ray absorption (NH< 1023 cm-2), using Chandra High Energy Gratings data. The Fe Ka line was detected in 33 sources, and the distribution of their centroid energies is strongly peaked around-6.4 keV, with over 80% of the measurements lying in the range 6.38-6.43 keV. Thus we confirm the ubiquity of the narrow core of Fe Ka line in AGN, and its preferred origin in cool, neutral or only mildly-ionized matter. In addition, we find the weighted mean equivalent width (EW) was 53±3 eV, and-70% of the individual measurements had a 68%confidence upper limit on the EW of less than 100 eV. We also presented measurements of the flux of narrow Fe Kαline and found that for sources that had multiple observations, there was no case in which the line flux varied between observations, within statistical errors. The intrinsic width of the narrow Fe Kαline was measured for 27 sources and we obtained a weighted mean value of FWHM= 2060±230 km s-1. We compared 1.2 AGNs to investigate the relation between the width of the Fe Ka line and the width of the Hβline. We found that the ratio of the X-ray to optical line width varies from source to source, suggesting that the location of the X-ray line-emitting region relative to the BLR may actually be different in different sources. Finally, having isolated the narrow core of the Fe Ka line with the best available spectral resolution we confirm the anti-correlation (albeit with a large scatter) between the line EW and X-ray luminosity, Lx (the X-ray Baldwin effect), and between the line EW and Eddington ration, Lx/LEdd。
In Chapter 5, we present the analysis of an XMM-Newton observation of Seyfert 1.9 galaxy NGC 2992 performed on 2003, and find the source in its highest level of X-ray flux yet detected, a factor～23.5 higher in the 2-10 keV than the historical min-imum. We also find a broad feature in the～5-7 keV band which could be interpreted as a relativistic Fe Ka emission line. Its flux appears to have increased in tandem with the 2-10 keV continuum when compared to a previous Suzaku observation when the continuum was a factor of～8 lower than that during the XMM-Newton observation, indicating the flux of broad Fe K line correlates positively with the continuum flux. This behavior contrasts with the behavior of other AGN in which the broad Fe Ka line does not respond to variability in the X-ray.
We present the summary of the work and give some prospects of future work in Chapter 6.
引文
[1]Acker, A., Stenholm, B.,& Veron, P.1991, A&AS,87,499
[2]Adelberger, K., L.& Steidel, C., C.2000, ApJ,544,218
[3]Alexander, D. M.2001, MNRAS,320, L15
[4]Alexander, D. M., Heisler, C. A., Young, S., et al.2000, MNRAS,313,815
[5]Antonucci, R.,& Miller, J. S.1985, ApJ,297,621
[6]Antonucci, R.1993, ARA&A,31,473
[7]Antonucci, R., Hurt, T.,& Kinney, A.1994, Nature,371,313
[8]Arnaud, K. A.1996, in Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems V, ed. Jacoby, G., & Barnes, J. (Astronomical Society of the Pacific), Conference Series, Vol.101, p.17
[9]Awaki, H., Kunieda, H., Tawara, Y.,& Koyama, K.1991, PASJ,43, L37
[10]Awaki, H., Ueno, S., Taniguchi, Y.,& Weaver, K. A.2000, ApJ,542,175
[11]Awaki, H., Anabuki, N., Fukazawa, Y. et al.2008, PASJ,60,293
[12]Awaki, H., Terashima, Y., Higaki, Y.,& Fukazawa, Y. et al.2009, PASJ,61,317
[13]Balestra I., Bianchi S., Matt G.,2004, A&A,415,437
[14]Ballantyne, D., Fabian, A. C.,2005, ApJ,622, L97
[15]Barcons X., Carrera F. J., Ceballos M. T.,2003, MNRAS,339,757
[16]Bassani, L., Dadina, M., Maiolino, R., Salvati, M., Risaliti, G., della Ceca, R., Matt, G., Zamorani, G.1999, ApJS,121,473
[17]Bearden, J. A.1967, Rev. Mod. Phys.,39,78
[18]Beckmann, V., Gehrels, N.,& Tueller, J.2007, ApJ,666,122
[19]Beckwith, K.& Done, C.2004, MNRAS,352,353
[20]Beckwith, S. V. W., et al.2006, AJ,132,172
[21]Benson, A. J., Frenk, C. S., Baugh, C. M., Cole, S.,& Lacey, C. G.2001, MNRAS,327,1041
[22]Bertin E.,& Arnouts S.1996, A&A,117,393
[23]Bian, W.,& Gu, Q.,2007, ApJ,657,159
[24]Bianchi S., Balestra I., Matt G., Guainazzi M., Perola G. C.,2003, A&A,402,141
[25]Bianchi S., Matt G., Nicastro F., Porquet D., Dubau J.,2005a, MNRAS,357,599
[26]Bianchi, S., Miniutti, G., Fabian, A.,& Iwasawa, K.2005b, MNRAS,360,380
[27]Bianchi, S., Guainaazi, M., Matt, G., Chiaberge, M., Iwasawa, K., Fiore, F.,& Maiolino, R. 2005c, A&A,442,185
[365]Bianchi S., Guainazzi M., Matt G., Fonseca Bonilla, N.,2007, A&A,467, L19
[29]Bianchi S., Corral A.,& Panessa F., et al.2008a, MNRAS,385,195
[30]Bianchi S., La Franca F., Matt G., Guainazzi M., Jimenez-Bailon E., Longinotti A. L., Nicas-tro F., Pentericci L.,2008b, MNRAS,389,52
[31]Bianchi S., Guainazzi M., Matt G., Fonseca Bonilla N., Ponti G.,2009, A&A,495,421
[32]Blakeslee, J. P., et al.2003a, ApJL,596, L143
[33]Blakeslee, J. P., Anderson, K. R., Meurer, G. R., Benitez, N.,& Magee, D.2003b, in Astro-nomical Data Analysis Software and Systems XII (San Francisco:ASP), eds. H. E. Payne, R. I. Jedrzejewski,& R. N. Hook,295,257
[34]Blakeslee, J. P., et al.2006, ApJ,644,30
[35]Blundell, K. M.,& Rawlings, S.1999, Nature,399,330
[36]Bouwens, R. J., Illingworth, G. D., Blakeslee, J. P., Broadhurst, T. J.,& Franx, M.2004, ApJL,611, L1
[37]Bouwens, R. J., Illingworth, G. D., Franx, M.,& Ford, H.2007, ApJ,670,928
[38]Bouwens, R. J., et al.2009, ApJ,705,936
[39]Braito, V., Framcescjomo, A., Della Ceca.R., et al.2003, A&A,398,107
[40]Braito V., Reeves J. N., Dewangan G. C. et al.2007, ApJ,670,978
[41]Brammer, G. B.,& van Dokkum, P. G.2007, ApJL,654, L107
[42]Brenneman, L. W.& Reynolds, C. S.2006, ApJ,652,1028
[43]Brenneman, L. W.& Reynolds, C. S.2009, ApJ,702,1367
[44]Brightman M., Nandra K.,2008, MNRAS,390,1241
[45]Bruzual, G.2007, in From Stars to Galaxies:Building the Pieces to Build Up the Universe, Ed. A. Vallenari, R. Tantalo, L. Portinari & A. Moretti, ASP Conference Series 374,303
[46]Bruzual, G.,& Charlot, S.2003, MNRAS,344,1000
[47]Caccianiga A. et al.,2004, A&A,416,901
[48]Calzetti, D.2001, PASP,113,1449
[49]Capak, P., et al.2008, ApJL,681, L53
[50]Cappi, M., Panessa, F., Bassani, L., et al.2006, A&A,446,459
[51]Cash. W.1979, ApJ,228,939
[52]Cheng, L. P., Zhao, Y. H.,& Wei, J. Y.2002, Chin. J. Astron. Astrophys. (ChJAA),2,408
[53]Colbert, E. J. M.,& Ptak, A. F. ApJS,2002,143,25
[54]Colbert, E. J. M., Strickland, D. K., Veilleux, S., Weaver, K. A.2005, ApJ,628,113
[55]Colina L., Sparks W. B.,& Macchetto F.,1991, ApJ,370,102
[56]Collinge M. J., Brandt W. N., Kaspi, S. et al.2001, ApJ,557,2
[57]Corral A., Barcons X., Carrera F. J., Ceballos M. T., Mateos S.,2005, A&A,431,97
[58]Croton, D. J., et al.2006, MNRAS,365,11
[59]Crummy, J.,Fabian, A. C., Gallo, L.,& Ross, R. R.2006, MNRAS,365,1067
[60]Cruz-Gonzalez, I., et al.1994, ApJS,94,47
[61]Daddi, E., et al.2009, ApJ,694,1517
[62]Dadina, M.,& Cappi, M.2004, A&A,413,921
[63]Dadina, M.2008, A&A,485,417
[64]de Grijp, M. H. K., Keel, W. C., Miley, G. K.,& Lub, J.1992, A&AS,96,389
[65]Dahari, O.,& De Robertis, M. M.1988, ApJS,67,249
[66]de Robertis, M. M.,& Osterbrock. D. E.,1986, ApJ,301,98
[67]De Lucia, G., Springel, V., White, S. D. M., Croton, D.,& Kauffmann, G.2006, MNRAS, 366,499
[68]De Lucia, G.,& Blaizot, J.2007, MNRAS,375,2
[69]Demarco, R., et al.2007, ApJ,663,164
[70]Dewangan, G. C, Griffiths, R. E.,& Schurch, N. J.2003, ApJ,592,52
[71]Dewangan, G. C.,& Griffiths, R. E.,2005, ApJ,625, L31
[72]Dickey, J. M.,& Lockman, F. J.1990, ARA&A,28,215
[73]Dovciak, M.,& Karas, V., Martocchia, A., Matt, G.,& Yaqoob, T.2004b, in RAGtime 4/5 Workshops on black holes and neutron stars, eds. S. Hledik and Z. Stuchlik Opava, (Czech Republic), p.33 (astro-ph/0407330)
[74]Dovciak, M., Karas, V.,& Yaqoob, T.2004a, ApJS,153,205
[75]Duc, P. A., Mirabel, I. F.,& Maza, J.1997, A&AS,124,533
[76]Dunlop, J. S., Cirasuolo, M.,& McLure, R. J.2007, MNRAS,376,1054
[77]Ellis, R. S., Smail, I., Dressler, A., Couch, W. J., Oemler, A. J., Butcher, H.,& Sharples, R. M.1997, ApJ,483,582
[78]Eyles, L. P., Bunker, A. J., Ellis, R. S., Lacy, M., Stanway, E. R., Stark, D. P.,& Chiu, K. 2007, MNRAS,374,910
[79]Elvis, M. et al.1994, ApJS,95,1
[80]Eminian, C., Kauffmann, G., Charlot, S., Wild, V., Bruzual, G., Rettura, A.,& Loveday, J. 2008, MNRAS,384,930
[81]Evans D. A., Lee J. C., Turner T. J., Weaver K. A., Marshall H. L.,2007, ApJ,671,1345
[82]Fabian, A.C., Rees, M.J., Stella, L.,& White, N.E.1989, MNRAS,238,729
[83]Fabian, A. C, Iwasawa, K., Reynolds, C. S., Young, A. J.2000, PASP,112,1145
[84]Fabian, A. C. et al.2002, MNRAS,335, L1
[85]Fabian C.,& Vaughan S.2003, MNRAS,340, L28
[86]Fabian, A. C., Miniutti, G., Gallo, L., Boller, Th., Tanaka, Y., Vaughan, S.,& Ross, R. R. 2004, MNRAS,353,1071
[87]Fabian, A. C., Miniutti, G., Iwasawa, K.,& Ross, R. R.2005, MNRAS,361,795
[88]Fang T., Marshall H. L., Bryan G. L., Canizares C. R.,2001, ApJ,555,356
[89]Fang X., Davis D. S., Lee J. C., Marshall H. L., Bryan G. L., Canizares C. R.,2002, ApJ,565, 86
[90]Feigelson, E. D.,& Nelson, P. I.1985, ApJ,293,192
[91]Fioc, M.,& Rocca-Volmerange, B.1997, A&A,326,950
[92]Franceschini, A., et al.2003, MNRAS,343,1181
[93]Fraquelli, H. A., Storchi-Bergmann, T.,& Levenson, N. A.2003, MNRAS,341,449
[94]Franx, M., et al.2003, ApJL,587, L79
[95]Gallo L. C., Balestra I., Costantini E., Boller Th., Burwitz V., Ferrero E., Mathur S.,2005, A&A,442,909
[96]Garcia-Rissmann, A., et al.2005, MNRAS,359,765
[97]Gaskell C. M., Goosmann R. W., Klimek E. S.,2008, MmSAI,79,1090
[98]Gawiser, E., et al.2006, ApJL,642, L13
[99]Georgantopoulos, I.,& Zezas, A.2003, ApJ,594,704
[100]George, I.,& Fabian, A. C.1991, MNRAS,249,352
[101]George, I. M., Turner, T. J., Yaqoob, T. et al.2000, ApJ,531,52
[365]Ghisellini G., Haardt F., Matt G.,1994, MNRAS,267,743
[103]Ghosh, H., et al.2007, ApJ,656,105
[104]Giavalisco, M., et al.2004, ApJL,600, L93
[105]Gibson R. R., Marshall H. L., Canizares, C. R., Lee J. C.,2005, ApJ,627,83
[106]Gierlinski, M.; Done, C.2004, MNRAS,349,7
[107]Gilli, R., Maiolino, R., Marconi, A., Risaliti, G., Dadina, M., Weaver, K. A.,& Colbert, E. J. M.2000, A&A,355,485
[108]Gliozzi M., Sambruna R. M., Eracleous M., Yaqoob, T.,2007, ApJ,664,88
[109]Gliozzi M., Sambruna R. M., Foschini L.,2007, ApJ,662,878
[110]Gonzalez-Martin, O., Masegosa, J., Marquez, I. et al.2006, A&A,460,45
[111]Grandi P., Palumbo G. G. C.,2007, ApJ,659,235
[112]Greene, J. E.,& Ho, L. C.2005, ApJ,627,721
[113]Greenhill, L. J., Kondratko, P. T., Lovell, J. et al.2003, ApJ,582, L11
[114]Gu, Q., Maiolino, R.,& Dultzin-Hacyan, D.2001, A&A,366,765
[115]Gu, Q.,& Huang, J.2002, ApJ,579,205
[116]Guainazzi, M., Matt, G., Antonelli, L. A., Fiore, F., Piro, L.& Ueno, S.1998, MNRAS,298, 842
[117]Guainazzi, M.2003, A&A,401,903
[118]Guainazzi, M., Rodriguez-Pascual. P., Fabian, A. C., Iwasawa, K.,& Matt, G.2004, MN-RAS,355,297
[119]Guainazzi, M., Fabian, A. C., Iwasawa, K., Matt, G., Fiore, F.2005a, MNRAS,356,295
[120]Guainazzi, M., Matt, G.,& Perola, G. C.2005b, A&A,444,119
[121]Guainazzi M., Bianchi S., Dovciak M.,2006, AN,327,1032
[122]Guainazzi, M., Bianchi, S.2007, MNRAS,374.1290
[123]Guo, Q.,& White, S. D. M.2009, MNRAS,396,39
[125]Haardt, F.,& Maraschi, L.1993, ApJ,413,507
[125]Haardt, F., Maraschi, L.,& Ghisellini, G.1994, ApJ,432, L95
[126]Hatch, N. A., Overzier, R. A., Kurk, J. D., Miley, G. K., Rottgering, H. J. A.,& Zirm, A. W. 2009, MNRAS,395,114
[127]Hathi, N. P., Malhotra, S.& Rhoads, J. E.2008, ApJ,673,686
[128]Heckman, T. M.,1980, A&A,87,152
[129]Heisler, C. A., Vader, J. P.,& Frogel, J. A.,1989, AJ,97,986
[130]Heisler, C. A., Lumsden, S. L.,& Bailey, J. A.1997, Nature,385,700
[131]Holden, B. P., et al.2005, ApJL,620, L83
[132]Hornschemeier, A. E., et al.2005, AJ,129,86
[133]Ho, L., Filippenko, V.,& Sargent, W. L. W.,1997, ApJS,112,315
[134]Ikeda S., Awaki H., Terashima, Y.,2009, ApJ,692,608
[135]Imanishi, M.,& Terashima, Y.2004, AJ,127,758
[136]Inglis, M. D., et al.1993, MNRAS,263,895
[137]Intema, H. T., Venemans, B. P., Kurk, J. D., Ouchi, M., Kodama, T., Rottgering, H. J. A., Miley, G. K.,& Overzier, R. A.2006, A&A,456,433
[138]Iwasawa K., Taniguchi Y.,1993, ApJ,413, L15
[140]Iwasawa, K., Lee, J. C.,& Young, A. J. et al.2004, MNRAS,347,4111
[140]Iwasawa, K., Miniutti, G., Fabian, A. C.2004, MNRAS,355,1073
[141]Jaffe, W. et al.2004, Nature,429,47
[142]Jiang, L., Fan, X., Vestergaard, M., Kurk, J. D., Walter, F., Kelly, B. C.,& Strauss, M. A. 2007, AJ,134,1150
[143]Jiang P., Wang J. X., Wang T. G.,2006, ApJ,644,725
[144]Kaiser, N.1984, ApJL,284, L9
[145]Kallman, T. R., Palmeri, P., Bautista, M. A., Mendoza, C.,& Krolik, J. H.2004, ApJ,155, 675
[146]Kannappan, S. J.,& Gawiser, E.2007, ApJL,657, L5
[147]Kaspi S., Brandt W. N., Netzer, H. et al.2001, ApJ,554,216
[148]Kaspi S., Brandt W. N., George, I. M. et al.2002, ApJ,574,643
[149]Kauffmann, G.1995, MNRAS,274,161
[150]Kay, L. E.,& Moran, E. C.,1998, PASP,110,1003
[151]Kennicutt, R. C., Jr.1998, ApJ,498,541
[152]Keres, D., Katz, N., Fardal, M., Dave, R.,& Weinberg, D. H.2009, MNRAS,395,160
[153]Khachikian, E., Weedman, D.1974, ApJ,192,581
[154]Kim, S., et al.2009, ApJ,695,809
[155]Kinkhabwala, A. et al.2002, ApJ,575,732
[156]Kishimoto, M., Antonucci, R., Cimatti, A. et al.2001, ApJ,547,667
[157]Klockner, H., Baan, W. A.,& Garrett, M. A.2003, Nature,421,821
[158]Kodama, T., Tanaka, I., Kajisawa, M., Kurk, J., Venemans, B., De Breuck, C., Vernet, J.,& Lidman, C.2007, MNRAS,377,1717
[159]Kollatschny, W., Fricke, K. J., Biermann, P., et al.1983, A&A,119,80
[160]Krongold Y., Nicastro F., Elvis M., Brickhouse N. S., Mathur S., Zezas A.,2005, ApJ,620, 165
[161]Kurk, J. D., Pentericci, L., Rottgering, H. J. A.,& Miley, G. K.2004, A&A,428,793
[162]Kurk, J. D., et al.2007, ApJ,669,32
[163]Labbe, I., Bouwens, R., Illingworth, G. D.,& Franx, M.2006, ApJL,649, L67
[164]Lee J. C., Iwasawa K., Houck J. C., Fabian A. C., Marshall H. L., Canizares C. R.,2002, ApJ,570, L47
[165]Lehmer, B. D., et al.2008, ApJ,691,687
[166]Levenson, N. A., Weaver, K. A., Heckman, T. M., Awaki, H.,& Terashima, Y.2005, ApJ, 618,167
[167]Levenson N. A., Heckman T. M., Krolik J. H., Weaver K. A., Zycki P. T.,2006, ApJ,648, 111
[168]Longinotti A. L., Nandra, K., Petrucci, P., O'Neill, P. M.2004, MNRAS,355,929
[169]Longinotti A. L. et al.2006, AIPC,924,795
[170]Longinotti A. L., Bianchi S., Santos-Lleo M., Rodriguez-Pascual P., Guainazzi M., Cardaci M., Pollock A. M. T.,2007, A&A,470,73
[171]Lonsdale, C. J.,1992, ApJ,391,629
[172]Lubinski P., Zdziarski A. A.,2001, MNRAS,323, L37
[173]Lumsdem, S. L.& Alexander, D. M.2001, MNRAS,328, L32
[174]Lumsdem, S. L., Heisler, C. A.,& Bailey, J. A., Hough, J. H., Young, S.2001, MNRAS, 327,459
[175]Lumsden, S., Alexander, D.,& Hough, J.,2004, MNRAS,348,1451
[176]Lutz, D., Maiolino, R., Moorwood, A. F. M. et al.2002, A&A,396,439
[177]Lynden-Bell, D.,1969, Nature,233,690
[178]Magdziarz, P.,& Zdziarski, A. A.1995, MNRAS,273,837
[179]Magdziarz, P.,& Zdziarski, A,1995, MNRAS,273,837
[180]Mainieri, V., et al.2008, ApJS,179,95
[181]Maiolino, R., Salvati, M., Bassani, L., Dadina, M., della Ceca, R., Matt, G., Risaliti, G.,& Zamorani, G.1998, A&A,338,781
[182]Maraston, C, Daddi, E., Renzini, A., Cimatti, A., Dickinson, M., Papovich, C., Pasquali, A., & Pirzkal, N.2006, ApJ,652,85
[183]Markert T. H., Canizares C. R., Dewey D., McGuirk M., Pak C., Shattenburg M. L.,1995, Proc. SPIE,2280,168
[184]Markowitz, A.,& Edelson, R.2004, ApJ,617,939
[185]Masanori, O., Yasushi, F.,& Naoko, I.2004, PASJ,56,425
[186]Matsumoto C., Leighly K. M., Marshall H. L.,2004, ApJ,603,456
[187]Matsumoto, C., Nava, A., Maddox, L. A., Leighly, K. M., Grupe, D., Awaki, H.,& Ueno, S. 2004, ApJ,617,930
[188]Matt, G.,2000a, A&A,355, L31
[189]Matt, G., Fabian, A. C., Guainazzi, M., et al.2000b, MNRAS,318,173
[190]Matt, G., Bianchi, S., Guainazzi, M., Brandt, W. N., Fabian, A. C., Iwasawa, K.,& Perola, G. C.2003a, A&A,339,519
[191]Matt, G., Guainazzi, M.,& Maiolino, R.2003b, MNRAS,342,422
[192]Matt, G., Bianchi, S., D'Ammando, F.,& Martocchia, A.2004, A&A,421,473
[193]McKernan B., Yaqoob T.,2004, ApJ,608,157
[194]McLure, R. J., et al.2006, MNRAS,372,357
[195]McLure, R. J., Cirasuolo, M., Dunlop, J. S., Foucaud, S.,& Almaini, O.2009, MNRAS, 395,2196
[196]Mei, S., et al.2006, ApJ,639,81
[197]Mendoza C., Kallman T. R., Bautista M. A., Palmeri P.,2004, A&A,414,377
[198]Meurer, G. R., Heckman, T. M., Calzetti, D.1999, ApJ,521,64
[199]Miley, G. K., et al.2004, Nature,427,47
[200]Miller, J. S.,& Goodrich, R. W.,1990, ApJ,355,456
[201]Miller J. M.,2007, ARA&A,45,441
[202]Miller, L., Turner, T. J.,& Reeves, J. N.2008, A&A,483,437
[203]Miller, L., Turner, T. J.,& Reeves, J. N.2009, MNRAS,399,69
[204]Miniutti, G.,& Fabian, A. C.2004, MNRAS,349,1435
[205]Miniutti, G., Fabian, A. C., Anabuki, N., Crummy, J., Fukazawa, Y.2007, PASJ,59,315
[206]Moran, E. C., Halpern, J. P., Bothun, G. D.,& Becker, R. H.1992, AJ,104,990
[207]Moran, E. C., Barth, A. J., Kay, L. E.,& Filippenko, A. V.2000, ApJ,540, L73
[208]Moran, E. C., Kay, L. E., Davis, M., Filippenko, A. V.,& Barth, A. J.2001, ApJ,556, L75
[209]Morse, J. A., Wilson, A. S., Elvis, M.,& Weaver, K. A.1995, ApJ,439,121
[210]Mulchaey, J., Koratkar, A., Ward, M. J., et al.1994, ApJ,436,586
[211]Mullis, C. R., Rosati, P., Lamer, G., Bohringer, H., Schwope, A., Schuecker, P.,& Fassben-der, R.2005, ApJL,623, L85
[212]Murayama, T, Taniguchi, Y.,& Iwasawa, K.1998, AJ,115,460
[213]Murphy, K., Yaqoob, T.,& Terashima, Y.2007, ApJ,666,96
[214]Murphy K., Yaqoob T.,2009, MNRAS,397,1549 (MY09)
[215]Mushotzky, R. F.1982, ApJ,256,92
[216]Nandra, K.,& Pounds, K. A.1994, MNRAS,268,405
[217]Nandra K., George I. M., Mushotzky R. F., Turner T. J., Yaqoob T.,1997, ApJ,488, L91
[218]Nandra K.,2006, MNRAS,368, L62
[219]Nandra K., O'Neill P. M., George I. M., Reeves J. N.,2007, MNRAS,382,194
[220]Nelson, C. H.,& Whittle, M.,1995, ApJS,99,67
[221]Nicastro, F.2000, ApJ,530, L65
[222]Nicastro, F. Martocchia, A.& Matt, G.2003, ApJ,589, L13
[223]Ogle P. M., Marshall H. L., Lee J. C., Canizares C. R.,2000, ApJ,545, L81
[224]Oliva, E., Salvati, M., Moorwood, A. F. M.,& Marconi, A.1994, A&A,288,457
[225]Ouchi, M., et al.2004, ApJ,611,685
[226]Ouchi, M., et al.2005, ApJL,620, L1
[227]Ouchi, M., et al.2008, ApJS,176,301
[228]Osterbrock, D. E.,1977, ApJ,215,733
[229]Osterbrock, D. E.,1978, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science,75,540
[230]Osterbrock, D. E.,1977, ApJ,249,462
[231]Overzier, R. A., Bouwens, R. J., Illingworth, G. D.,& Franx, M.2006, ApJL,648, L5
[232]Overzier, R. A. et al.2008, ApJ,673,143
[233]Overzier, R. A. et al.2009, MNRAS,394,577
[234]Page K. L., O'Brien P. T., Reeves J. N., Turner M. J. L.,2004b, MNRAS,347,316
[235]Page K. L., Turner M. J. L., Done C., O'Brien P. T., Reeves J. N., Sembay S., Stuhlinger, M.,2004a, MNRAS,349,57
[365]Palmeri P., Mendoza C., Kallman T. R., Bautista M. A., Melendez M.,2003, A&A,410,359
[237]Panessa, F.,& Bassani, L.2002, A&A,394,435
[238]Panessa, F.,2004, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bologna, (http://venus.ifca.unican.es/ panessa/)
[239]Panessa, F. et al.2006, A&A,455,173
[240]Panessa, F., Carrera, F. J., Bianchi, S., et al.2009, MNRAS,398,1951
[241]Papovich, C., Dickinson, M.,& Ferguson, H. C.2001, ApJ,559,620
[242]Papovich, C., et al.2004, ApJL,600,111
[243]Papovich, C., et al.2006, ApJ,640,92
[244]Pappa, A., Georgantopoulos, I., Stewart, G. C.,& Zezas, A. L.2001, MNRAS,326,995
[245]Peng, C. Y., Ho, L. C., Impey, C. D.,& Rix, H.-W.2002, AJ,124,266
[246]Pentericci, L., Rottgering, H. J. A., Miley, G. K., Carilli, C. L.,& McCarthy, P.1997, A&A, 326,580
[247]Pentericci, L., et al.2000, A&A,361, L25
[248]Pentericci, L., Kurk, J. D., Carilli, C. L., Harris, D. E., Miley, G. K., Rottgering, H. J. A. 2002, A&A,396,109
[249]Pentericci, L., Grazian, A., Fontana, A., Salimbeni, S., Santini, P., de Santis, C., Gallozzi, S.,& Giallongo, E.2007, A&A,471,433
[250]Pentericci, L., Grazian, A., Fontana, A., Castellano, M., Giallongo, E., Salimbeni, S.,& Santini, P.2009, A&A,494,553
[251]Pernechele, C., Berta, S., Marconi, A.2003, MNRAS,338,13
[252]Perola G. C., Matt G., Cappi M. et al.2002, A&A,389,802
[253]Peter, A. H. G., Shapley, A. E., Law, D. R., Steidel, C. C., Erb, D. K., Reddy, N. A.,& Pettini, M.2007, ApJ,668,23
[254]Petrucci, P. O., et al.2002, A&A,388,5
[256]Piccinotti, G., Mushotzky, R. F., Boldt, E. A., Holt, S. S., Marshall, F. E., Serlemitsos, P. J., & Shafer, R. A.1982, ApJ,253,485
[257]Pike C. D., Phillips K. J. H., Lang J. et al.1996, ApJ,464,487
[258]Polletta, M., Bassani, L., Malaguti, G., Palumbo, G. G. C.,& Caroli, E.1996, ApJS,106, 399
[259]Ponti, G., Miniutti, G., Cappi, M., Maraschi, L., Fabian, A. C.,& Iwasawa, K.2006a, MNRAS,368,903
[260]Ponti, G., Miniutti, G., Fabian, A. C., Cappi, M.,& Palumbo, G. G. C.2006b, Astro. Nachr., 327,1055
[261]Postman, M., et al.2005, ApJ,623,721
[262]Prieto, M. Almudena, Perez Garcia, A. M.,& Rodriguez Espinosa, J. M.2002, MNRAS, 329,309
[263]Rees, M. J.,1984, ARA&A,22,471
[264]Reeves, J. N., et al.2006, Astro. Nachr.327,1067
[265]Reddy, N., et al.2006, ApJ,644,792
[266]Rettura, A. et al.2006, A&A,458,717
[267]Rettura, A. et al.2010, ApJ,709,512
[268]Reynolds, C. S.1996, Ph. D thesis, Univ. of Cambridge
[269]Reynolds, C. S.1997, MNRAS,286,513
[270]Reynolds, C. S., Young, A. J., Begelman, M. C.,& Fabian, A. C.1999, ApJ,521,99
[271]Risaliti, G., Maiolino, R.,& Salvati, M.,1999, ApJ,522,157
[272]Risaliti, G., Gilli, R., Maiolino, R., Salvati, M.,2000, A&A,357,13
[273]Risaliti, G.2002, A&A,386,379
[274]Rocca-Volmerange, B., Le Borgne, D., De Breuck, C., Fioc, M.,& Moy, E.2004, A&A, 415,931
[275]Rosati, P., della Ceca, R., Norman, C.,& Giacconi, R.1998, ApJL,492, L21
[276]Rosati, P., et al.2004, AJ,127,230
[277]Rossi, S., Homan, J., Miller, J. M.,& Belloni, T.2005, MNRAS,360,763
[278]Ross, R. R.,& Fabian, A. C.2005, MNRAS,358,211
[279]Rovilos, E., Georgantopoulos, I., Tzanavaris, P. et al.2009, A&A,502,85
[280]Ruiz, M., Rieke, G. H.,& Schmidt, G. D.1994, ApJ,423,608
[281]Rush B., Malkan M. A., Spinoglio L.,1993, ApJS,89,1
[282]Sako, M., et al.2001, A&A,365,168
[283]Scott J. E., Kriss G. A., Lee J. C. et al.2005, ApJ,634,193
[284]Seymour, N., et al.2007, ApJS,171,353
[285]Shakura, N.,& Sunyaev, R.1973, A&A,24,337
[286]Shapiro, S., Lightman, A.,& Eardley, D.1976, ApJ,204,187
[287]Shapley, A. E., Steidel, C. C., Adelberger, K. L., Dickinson, M., Giavalisco, M.,& Pettini, M.2001, ApJ,562,95
[288]Shapley, A. E., Steidel, C. C., Pettini, M.,& Adelberger, K. L.2003, ApJ,588,65
[289]Shimasaku, K., et al.2003, ApJL,586, L111
[290]Shu, X. W., Wang, J. X., Jiang, P., Fan, L. L., Wang, T. G.2007, ApJ,657,167 (Paper I)
[291]Smith, D. A.,& Wilson, A. S.,2001, ApJ,557,180
[292]Spergel, D.N., et al.,2003, ApJS,148,175
[293]Springel, V., et al.2005, Nature,435,629
[294]Stanford, S. A., Holden, B., Rosati, P., Eisenhardt, P. R., Stern, D., Squires, G.,& Spinrad, H.2002, AJ,123,619
[295]Stanford, S. A., et al.2005, ApJL,634, L129
[296]Stanway, E., R., McMahon, R., G.& Bunker, A. J.2005, MNRAS,359,1184
[297]Stark, D. P., Bunker, A. J., Ellis, R. S., Eyles, L. P.,& Lacy, M.2007, ApJ,659,84
[298]Stark, D. P., Ellis, R. S., Bunker, A. J., Bundy, K., Targett, T., Benson, A.& Lacy, M.2009, ApJ,697,1493
[299]Steidel, C. C, Adelberger, K. L., Dickinson, M., Giavalisco, M., Pettini, M.,& Kellogg, M. 1998, ApJ,492,428
[300]Steidel, C. C., Adelberger, K. L., Giavalisco, M., Dickinson, M.,& Pettini, M.1999, ApJ, 519,1
[301]Steidel, C. C., Adelberger, K. L., Shapley, A. E., Erb, D. K., Reddy, N. A.,& Pettini, M. 2005, ApJ,626,44
[302]Stiavelli, M., et al.2005, ApJL,622, L1
[303]Storchi-Bergmann, T.,& Pastoriza, M. G.,1989, ApJ,347,195
[304]Storchi-Bergmann, T., Wilson, A. S., Baldwin, J. A.1992, ApJ,396,45
[305]Storchi-Bergmann, T., Kinney, A. L.,& Challis, P.1995, ApJS,98,103
[306]Struder L., et al.2001, A&A,365, L18
[307]Sulentic J. W., Marziani P., Zwitter T., Calvani M., Dultzin-Hacyan, D.,1998, ApJ,501,54
[308]Tanaka, Y., Nandra, K., Fabian, A. C.1995, Nature,375,659
[309]Taniguchi, Y.,& Anabuki, N.1999, ApJ,521, L103
[310]Terlevich, R., Melnick, J., Masegosa, J., Moles, M.,& Copetti, M.,1991, A&AS,91,285
[311]Thomas, D., Maraston, C., Bender, R.,& Mendes de Oliveira, C.2005, ApJ,621,673
[312]Tran, H. D., Miller, J. S.,& Kay, L. E.,1992, ApJ,397,452
[313]Tran, H. D.,1995, ApJ,440,565
[314]Tran, H. D.,2001, ApJ,554, L19
[315]Tran, H. D.,2003, ApJ,583,632
[316]Tremaine, S., et al.2002, ApJ,574,740
[317]Trippe, M. L., Crenshaw, D. M., Deo, R.,& Dietrich, M.2008, AJ,135,2048
[318]Turner, T. J.,& Pounds, K. A.1989, MNRAS,240,833
[319]Turner, T. J., Weaver, K. A., Mushotzky, R. F., Holt, S. S.,& Madejski, G. M.1991, ApJ, 381,85
[320]Turner, T. J., George, I. M., Nandra, K., Mushotzky,& R. F .1997, ApJ,488,164
[321]Turner, T. J., George, I. M., Nandra, K.,& Turcan, D.1999, ApJ,524,667
[322]Turner, M. J. L., et al.2001, A&A,365, L27
[323]Turner, T. J., Mushotzky R. F., Yaqoob T. et al.2002, ApJ,574, L123
[324]Turner, T. J., Reeves, J. N., Kraemer, S. B.2004, ApJ,603,62,
[325]Turner, T. J., Miller, L., George, I. M., Reeves, J. N.2006, A&A,445,59
[326]Turner T. J., Reeves J. N., Kraemer S. B., Miller L.,2008, A&A,483,161
[327]Turner T. J., Miller L.,2009, A&ARv,17,47
[328]Turner, T. J., Miller, L., Kraemer, S. B., Reeves, J. N.,& Pounds, K. A.2009, ApJ,698,99
[329]Ueda, Y., Eguchi, S., Terashima, Y. et al.2007, ApJ,664,79
[330]Ueno, S., Ward, M. J., O'Brien, P. T., et al.2000, AdSpR,25,823
[331]Vaceli, M. S., Viegas, S. M., Gruenwald, R.,& Souza, R. E.1997, AJ,114,1345
[332]van Breugel, W., De Breuck, C., Stanford, S. A., Stern, D., Rottgering, H.,& Miley, G.1999, ApJL,518, L61
[333]van Dokkum, P. G., Franx, M., Fabricant, D., Illingworth, G. D.,& Kelson, D. D.2000, ApJ, 541,95
[334]Vasudevan R. V., Fabian A.C.,2009, MNRAS,392,1124
[335]Veilleux, S., Kim, D. C., Sanders, D., Mazzarella, J. M.,& Soifer, B. T.,1995, ApJS,98, 171
[336]Veilleux, S., Goodrich, R. W., Hill, G. J.,1997, ApJ,477,631
[337]Venemans, B. P., et al.2002, ApJL,569, L11
[338]Venemans, B. P., et al.2004, A&A,424, L17
[339]Venemans, B. P., et al.2007, A&A,461,823
[340]Verma, A., Lehnert, M. D., Forster Schreiber, N. M., Bremer, M. N.,& Douglas, L.2007, MNRAS,377,1024
[341]Verner D. A., Ferland G. J., Korista K. T., Yakovlev D. G.,1996, ApJ,465,487
[342]Vignali, C.,& Comastri, A.2002, A&A,381,834
[343]Vignali, C., Alexander, D. M.,& Comastri, A.2004, MNRAS,354,720
[344]Vikhlinin, A., et al.2009, ApJ,692,1060
[345]Wang, B.& Heckman, T.1996, ApJ,457,645
[346]Wang, J., Mao, Y. F.,& Wei, J. Y.,2009, AJ,137,3388
[347]Ward, M. Elvis, M. Fabbiano, G. et al.1987, ApJ,315,74
[348]Warwick, R. S., Barstow, M. A.,& Yaqoob, T.1989, MNRAS,238,917
[349]Weaver, K. A., Nousek., J., Yaqoob, T., Mushotzky, R. F., Makino, F.,& Otani, C.1996, ApJ,458,160
[350]Weaver K. A., Gelbord J., Yaqoob T.,2001, ApJ,550,261
[351]Whittle, M.,1992, ApJS,79,49
[352]Wiklind, T., Dickinson, M., Ferguson, H. C, Giavalisco, M., Mobasher, B., Grogin, N. A., & Panagia, N.2008, ApJ,676,781
[353]Wilson, A. S., Ward, M. J.,& Haniff, C. A.1988, ApJ,334,121
[354]Winkler, H.,1992, MNRAS,257,677
[355]Winter L. M., Mushotzky R. F., Reynolds C. S., Tueller J.,2009, ApJ,690,1322
[356]Wolter, A., Gioia, I. M., Henry, J. P.,& Mullis, C. R.2005, A&A,444,165
[357]Wuyts, S., et al.2007, ApJ,655,51
[358]Wyithe, J. S. B.,& Loeb, A.2009, MNRAS,395,1607
[359]Yabe, K., Ohta, K., Iwata, I., Sawicki, M., Tamura, N., Akiyama, M.,& Aoki, K.2009, ApJ, 693,507
[360]Yan, H., et al.2004, ApJ,616,63
[361]Yan, H., et al.2005, ApJ,634,109
[362]Yaqoob, T. et al.1996, ApJ,470,27
[363]Yaqoob T., George I. M., Nandra K., Turner T. J.,Serlemitsos P. J., Mushotzky R. F.,2001, ApJ,546,759
[364]Yaqoob T., George I. M., Kallman T. R., Padmanabhan U., Weaver. K. A., Turner T. J.,2003, ApJ,596,85
[365]Yaqoob T., Padmanabhan U.,2004, ApJ,604,63 (YP04)
[366]Yaqoob T., Reeves J. N., Markowitz A., Serlemitsos P. J., Padmanabhan U.,2005a, ApJ, 627,156.
[367]Yaqoob T., Serlemitsos P. J.,2005b, ApJ,623,112
[368]Yaqoob, T., Murphy, K. D., Griffiths, R. E. et al.2007, PASJ,59,283
[369]Young A. J., Lee J. C., Fabian A. C., Reynolds C. S., Gibson R. R., Canizares C. R.,2005, ApJ,631,733
[370]Young A. J., Nowak M. A., Markoff S., Marshall H. L., Canizares C. R.,2007, ApJ,669, 830
[371]Young, S., Hough, J. H., Efstathiou, A., Wills, B. J., Bailey, J. A., Ward, M. J.,& Axon, D. J.1996, MNRAS,281,1206
[372]Yu, P.,& Hwang, C.2005, ApJ,631,720
[373]Zdziarski, A., Ghisellini, G., George, I. et al.1990, ApJ,363, L1
[374]Zhang, E. P.,& Wang, J. M.2006, ApJ,653,137
[375]Zheng, W., et al.2006, ApJ,640,574
[376]Zhou X.-L., Wang J.-M.,2005, ApJ,618, L83
[377]Zirm, A. W., Dickinson, M.,& Dey, A.2003, ApJ,585,90
[378]Zirm, A. W., et al.2005, ApJ,630,68
[379]Zirm, A. W., et al.2008, ApJ,680,224
[380]Zirm, A. W., et al.2009, ApJ,694, L31
[2]Adelberger, K., L.& Steidel, C., C.2000, ApJ,544,218
[3]Alexander, D. M.2001, MNRAS,320, L15
[4]Alexander, D. M., Heisler, C. A., Young, S., et al.2000, MNRAS,313,815
[5]Antonucci, R.,& Miller, J. S.1985, ApJ,297,621
[6]Antonucci, R.1993, ARA&A,31,473
[7]Antonucci, R., Hurt, T.,& Kinney, A.1994, Nature,371,313
[8]Arnaud, K. A.1996, in Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems V, ed. Jacoby, G., & Barnes, J. (Astronomical Society of the Pacific), Conference Series, Vol.101, p.17
[9]Awaki, H., Kunieda, H., Tawara, Y.,& Koyama, K.1991, PASJ,43, L37
[10]Awaki, H., Ueno, S., Taniguchi, Y.,& Weaver, K. A.2000, ApJ,542,175
[11]Awaki, H., Anabuki, N., Fukazawa, Y. et al.2008, PASJ,60,293
[12]Awaki, H., Terashima, Y., Higaki, Y.,& Fukazawa, Y. et al.2009, PASJ,61,317
[13]Balestra I., Bianchi S., Matt G.,2004, A&A,415,437
[14]Ballantyne, D., Fabian, A. C.,2005, ApJ,622, L97
[15]Barcons X., Carrera F. J., Ceballos M. T.,2003, MNRAS,339,757
[16]Bassani, L., Dadina, M., Maiolino, R., Salvati, M., Risaliti, G., della Ceca, R., Matt, G., Zamorani, G.1999, ApJS,121,473
[17]Bearden, J. A.1967, Rev. Mod. Phys.,39,78
[18]Beckmann, V., Gehrels, N.,& Tueller, J.2007, ApJ,666,122
[19]Beckwith, K.& Done, C.2004, MNRAS,352,353
[20]Beckwith, S. V. W., et al.2006, AJ,132,172
[21]Benson, A. J., Frenk, C. S., Baugh, C. M., Cole, S.,& Lacey, C. G.2001, MNRAS,327,1041
[22]Bertin E.,& Arnouts S.1996, A&A,117,393
[23]Bian, W.,& Gu, Q.,2007, ApJ,657,159
[24]Bianchi S., Balestra I., Matt G., Guainazzi M., Perola G. C.,2003, A&A,402,141
[25]Bianchi S., Matt G., Nicastro F., Porquet D., Dubau J.,2005a, MNRAS,357,599
[26]Bianchi, S., Miniutti, G., Fabian, A.,& Iwasawa, K.2005b, MNRAS,360,380
[27]Bianchi, S., Guainaazi, M., Matt, G., Chiaberge, M., Iwasawa, K., Fiore, F.,& Maiolino, R. 2005c, A&A,442,185
[365]Bianchi S., Guainazzi M., Matt G., Fonseca Bonilla, N.,2007, A&A,467, L19
[29]Bianchi S., Corral A.,& Panessa F., et al.2008a, MNRAS,385,195
[30]Bianchi S., La Franca F., Matt G., Guainazzi M., Jimenez-Bailon E., Longinotti A. L., Nicas-tro F., Pentericci L.,2008b, MNRAS,389,52
[31]Bianchi S., Guainazzi M., Matt G., Fonseca Bonilla N., Ponti G.,2009, A&A,495,421
[32]Blakeslee, J. P., et al.2003a, ApJL,596, L143
[33]Blakeslee, J. P., Anderson, K. R., Meurer, G. R., Benitez, N.,& Magee, D.2003b, in Astro-nomical Data Analysis Software and Systems XII (San Francisco:ASP), eds. H. E. Payne, R. I. Jedrzejewski,& R. N. Hook,295,257
[34]Blakeslee, J. P., et al.2006, ApJ,644,30
[35]Blundell, K. M.,& Rawlings, S.1999, Nature,399,330
[36]Bouwens, R. J., Illingworth, G. D., Blakeslee, J. P., Broadhurst, T. J.,& Franx, M.2004, ApJL,611, L1
[37]Bouwens, R. J., Illingworth, G. D., Franx, M.,& Ford, H.2007, ApJ,670,928
[38]Bouwens, R. J., et al.2009, ApJ,705,936
[39]Braito, V., Framcescjomo, A., Della Ceca.R., et al.2003, A&A,398,107
[40]Braito V., Reeves J. N., Dewangan G. C. et al.2007, ApJ,670,978
[41]Brammer, G. B.,& van Dokkum, P. G.2007, ApJL,654, L107
[42]Brenneman, L. W.& Reynolds, C. S.2006, ApJ,652,1028
[43]Brenneman, L. W.& Reynolds, C. S.2009, ApJ,702,1367
[44]Brightman M., Nandra K.,2008, MNRAS,390,1241
[45]Bruzual, G.2007, in From Stars to Galaxies:Building the Pieces to Build Up the Universe, Ed. A. Vallenari, R. Tantalo, L. Portinari & A. Moretti, ASP Conference Series 374,303
[46]Bruzual, G.,& Charlot, S.2003, MNRAS,344,1000
[47]Caccianiga A. et al.,2004, A&A,416,901
[48]Calzetti, D.2001, PASP,113,1449
[49]Capak, P., et al.2008, ApJL,681, L53
[50]Cappi, M., Panessa, F., Bassani, L., et al.2006, A&A,446,459
[51]Cash. W.1979, ApJ,228,939
[52]Cheng, L. P., Zhao, Y. H.,& Wei, J. Y.2002, Chin. J. Astron. Astrophys. (ChJAA),2,408
[53]Colbert, E. J. M.,& Ptak, A. F. ApJS,2002,143,25
[54]Colbert, E. J. M., Strickland, D. K., Veilleux, S., Weaver, K. A.2005, ApJ,628,113
[55]Colina L., Sparks W. B.,& Macchetto F.,1991, ApJ,370,102
[56]Collinge M. J., Brandt W. N., Kaspi, S. et al.2001, ApJ,557,2
[57]Corral A., Barcons X., Carrera F. J., Ceballos M. T., Mateos S.,2005, A&A,431,97
[58]Croton, D. J., et al.2006, MNRAS,365,11
[59]Crummy, J.,Fabian, A. C., Gallo, L.,& Ross, R. R.2006, MNRAS,365,1067
[60]Cruz-Gonzalez, I., et al.1994, ApJS,94,47
[61]Daddi, E., et al.2009, ApJ,694,1517
[62]Dadina, M.,& Cappi, M.2004, A&A,413,921
[63]Dadina, M.2008, A&A,485,417
[64]de Grijp, M. H. K., Keel, W. C., Miley, G. K.,& Lub, J.1992, A&AS,96,389
[65]Dahari, O.,& De Robertis, M. M.1988, ApJS,67,249
[66]de Robertis, M. M.,& Osterbrock. D. E.,1986, ApJ,301,98
[67]De Lucia, G., Springel, V., White, S. D. M., Croton, D.,& Kauffmann, G.2006, MNRAS, 366,499
[68]De Lucia, G.,& Blaizot, J.2007, MNRAS,375,2
[69]Demarco, R., et al.2007, ApJ,663,164
[70]Dewangan, G. C, Griffiths, R. E.,& Schurch, N. J.2003, ApJ,592,52
[71]Dewangan, G. C.,& Griffiths, R. E.,2005, ApJ,625, L31
[72]Dickey, J. M.,& Lockman, F. J.1990, ARA&A,28,215
[73]Dovciak, M.,& Karas, V., Martocchia, A., Matt, G.,& Yaqoob, T.2004b, in RAGtime 4/5 Workshops on black holes and neutron stars, eds. S. Hledik and Z. Stuchlik Opava, (Czech Republic), p.33 (astro-ph/0407330)
[74]Dovciak, M., Karas, V.,& Yaqoob, T.2004a, ApJS,153,205
[75]Duc, P. A., Mirabel, I. F.,& Maza, J.1997, A&AS,124,533
[76]Dunlop, J. S., Cirasuolo, M.,& McLure, R. J.2007, MNRAS,376,1054
[77]Ellis, R. S., Smail, I., Dressler, A., Couch, W. J., Oemler, A. J., Butcher, H.,& Sharples, R. M.1997, ApJ,483,582
[78]Eyles, L. P., Bunker, A. J., Ellis, R. S., Lacy, M., Stanway, E. R., Stark, D. P.,& Chiu, K. 2007, MNRAS,374,910
[79]Elvis, M. et al.1994, ApJS,95,1
[80]Eminian, C., Kauffmann, G., Charlot, S., Wild, V., Bruzual, G., Rettura, A.,& Loveday, J. 2008, MNRAS,384,930
[81]Evans D. A., Lee J. C., Turner T. J., Weaver K. A., Marshall H. L.,2007, ApJ,671,1345
[82]Fabian, A.C., Rees, M.J., Stella, L.,& White, N.E.1989, MNRAS,238,729
[83]Fabian, A. C, Iwasawa, K., Reynolds, C. S., Young, A. J.2000, PASP,112,1145
[84]Fabian, A. C. et al.2002, MNRAS,335, L1
[85]Fabian C.,& Vaughan S.2003, MNRAS,340, L28
[86]Fabian, A. C., Miniutti, G., Gallo, L., Boller, Th., Tanaka, Y., Vaughan, S.,& Ross, R. R. 2004, MNRAS,353,1071
[87]Fabian, A. C., Miniutti, G., Iwasawa, K.,& Ross, R. R.2005, MNRAS,361,795
[88]Fang T., Marshall H. L., Bryan G. L., Canizares C. R.,2001, ApJ,555,356
[89]Fang X., Davis D. S., Lee J. C., Marshall H. L., Bryan G. L., Canizares C. R.,2002, ApJ,565, 86
[90]Feigelson, E. D.,& Nelson, P. I.1985, ApJ,293,192
[91]Fioc, M.,& Rocca-Volmerange, B.1997, A&A,326,950
[92]Franceschini, A., et al.2003, MNRAS,343,1181
[93]Fraquelli, H. A., Storchi-Bergmann, T.,& Levenson, N. A.2003, MNRAS,341,449
[94]Franx, M., et al.2003, ApJL,587, L79
[95]Gallo L. C., Balestra I., Costantini E., Boller Th., Burwitz V., Ferrero E., Mathur S.,2005, A&A,442,909
[96]Garcia-Rissmann, A., et al.2005, MNRAS,359,765
[97]Gaskell C. M., Goosmann R. W., Klimek E. S.,2008, MmSAI,79,1090
[98]Gawiser, E., et al.2006, ApJL,642, L13
[99]Georgantopoulos, I.,& Zezas, A.2003, ApJ,594,704
[100]George, I.,& Fabian, A. C.1991, MNRAS,249,352
[101]George, I. M., Turner, T. J., Yaqoob, T. et al.2000, ApJ,531,52
[365]Ghisellini G., Haardt F., Matt G.,1994, MNRAS,267,743
[103]Ghosh, H., et al.2007, ApJ,656,105
[104]Giavalisco, M., et al.2004, ApJL,600, L93
[105]Gibson R. R., Marshall H. L., Canizares, C. R., Lee J. C.,2005, ApJ,627,83
[106]Gierlinski, M.; Done, C.2004, MNRAS,349,7
[107]Gilli, R., Maiolino, R., Marconi, A., Risaliti, G., Dadina, M., Weaver, K. A.,& Colbert, E. J. M.2000, A&A,355,485
[108]Gliozzi M., Sambruna R. M., Eracleous M., Yaqoob, T.,2007, ApJ,664,88
[109]Gliozzi M., Sambruna R. M., Foschini L.,2007, ApJ,662,878
[110]Gonzalez-Martin, O., Masegosa, J., Marquez, I. et al.2006, A&A,460,45
[111]Grandi P., Palumbo G. G. C.,2007, ApJ,659,235
[112]Greene, J. E.,& Ho, L. C.2005, ApJ,627,721
[113]Greenhill, L. J., Kondratko, P. T., Lovell, J. et al.2003, ApJ,582, L11
[114]Gu, Q., Maiolino, R.,& Dultzin-Hacyan, D.2001, A&A,366,765
[115]Gu, Q.,& Huang, J.2002, ApJ,579,205
[116]Guainazzi, M., Matt, G., Antonelli, L. A., Fiore, F., Piro, L.& Ueno, S.1998, MNRAS,298, 842
[117]Guainazzi, M.2003, A&A,401,903
[118]Guainazzi, M., Rodriguez-Pascual. P., Fabian, A. C., Iwasawa, K.,& Matt, G.2004, MN-RAS,355,297
[119]Guainazzi, M., Fabian, A. C., Iwasawa, K., Matt, G., Fiore, F.2005a, MNRAS,356,295
[120]Guainazzi, M., Matt, G.,& Perola, G. C.2005b, A&A,444,119
[121]Guainazzi M., Bianchi S., Dovciak M.,2006, AN,327,1032
[122]Guainazzi, M., Bianchi, S.2007, MNRAS,374.1290
[123]Guo, Q.,& White, S. D. M.2009, MNRAS,396,39
[125]Haardt, F.,& Maraschi, L.1993, ApJ,413,507
[125]Haardt, F., Maraschi, L.,& Ghisellini, G.1994, ApJ,432, L95
[126]Hatch, N. A., Overzier, R. A., Kurk, J. D., Miley, G. K., Rottgering, H. J. A.,& Zirm, A. W. 2009, MNRAS,395,114
[127]Hathi, N. P., Malhotra, S.& Rhoads, J. E.2008, ApJ,673,686
[128]Heckman, T. M.,1980, A&A,87,152
[129]Heisler, C. A., Vader, J. P.,& Frogel, J. A.,1989, AJ,97,986
[130]Heisler, C. A., Lumsden, S. L.,& Bailey, J. A.1997, Nature,385,700
[131]Holden, B. P., et al.2005, ApJL,620, L83
[132]Hornschemeier, A. E., et al.2005, AJ,129,86
[133]Ho, L., Filippenko, V.,& Sargent, W. L. W.,1997, ApJS,112,315
[134]Ikeda S., Awaki H., Terashima, Y.,2009, ApJ,692,608
[135]Imanishi, M.,& Terashima, Y.2004, AJ,127,758
[136]Inglis, M. D., et al.1993, MNRAS,263,895
[137]Intema, H. T., Venemans, B. P., Kurk, J. D., Ouchi, M., Kodama, T., Rottgering, H. J. A., Miley, G. K.,& Overzier, R. A.2006, A&A,456,433
[138]Iwasawa K., Taniguchi Y.,1993, ApJ,413, L15
[140]Iwasawa, K., Lee, J. C.,& Young, A. J. et al.2004, MNRAS,347,4111
[140]Iwasawa, K., Miniutti, G., Fabian, A. C.2004, MNRAS,355,1073
[141]Jaffe, W. et al.2004, Nature,429,47
[142]Jiang, L., Fan, X., Vestergaard, M., Kurk, J. D., Walter, F., Kelly, B. C.,& Strauss, M. A. 2007, AJ,134,1150
[143]Jiang P., Wang J. X., Wang T. G.,2006, ApJ,644,725
[144]Kaiser, N.1984, ApJL,284, L9
[145]Kallman, T. R., Palmeri, P., Bautista, M. A., Mendoza, C.,& Krolik, J. H.2004, ApJ,155, 675
[146]Kannappan, S. J.,& Gawiser, E.2007, ApJL,657, L5
[147]Kaspi S., Brandt W. N., Netzer, H. et al.2001, ApJ,554,216
[148]Kaspi S., Brandt W. N., George, I. M. et al.2002, ApJ,574,643
[149]Kauffmann, G.1995, MNRAS,274,161
[150]Kay, L. E.,& Moran, E. C.,1998, PASP,110,1003
[151]Kennicutt, R. C., Jr.1998, ApJ,498,541
[152]Keres, D., Katz, N., Fardal, M., Dave, R.,& Weinberg, D. H.2009, MNRAS,395,160
[153]Khachikian, E., Weedman, D.1974, ApJ,192,581
[154]Kim, S., et al.2009, ApJ,695,809
[155]Kinkhabwala, A. et al.2002, ApJ,575,732
[156]Kishimoto, M., Antonucci, R., Cimatti, A. et al.2001, ApJ,547,667
[157]Klockner, H., Baan, W. A.,& Garrett, M. A.2003, Nature,421,821
[158]Kodama, T., Tanaka, I., Kajisawa, M., Kurk, J., Venemans, B., De Breuck, C., Vernet, J.,& Lidman, C.2007, MNRAS,377,1717
[159]Kollatschny, W., Fricke, K. J., Biermann, P., et al.1983, A&A,119,80
[160]Krongold Y., Nicastro F., Elvis M., Brickhouse N. S., Mathur S., Zezas A.,2005, ApJ,620, 165
[161]Kurk, J. D., Pentericci, L., Rottgering, H. J. A.,& Miley, G. K.2004, A&A,428,793
[162]Kurk, J. D., et al.2007, ApJ,669,32
[163]Labbe, I., Bouwens, R., Illingworth, G. D.,& Franx, M.2006, ApJL,649, L67
[164]Lee J. C., Iwasawa K., Houck J. C., Fabian A. C., Marshall H. L., Canizares C. R.,2002, ApJ,570, L47
[165]Lehmer, B. D., et al.2008, ApJ,691,687
[166]Levenson, N. A., Weaver, K. A., Heckman, T. M., Awaki, H.,& Terashima, Y.2005, ApJ, 618,167
[167]Levenson N. A., Heckman T. M., Krolik J. H., Weaver K. A., Zycki P. T.,2006, ApJ,648, 111
[168]Longinotti A. L., Nandra, K., Petrucci, P., O'Neill, P. M.2004, MNRAS,355,929
[169]Longinotti A. L. et al.2006, AIPC,924,795
[170]Longinotti A. L., Bianchi S., Santos-Lleo M., Rodriguez-Pascual P., Guainazzi M., Cardaci M., Pollock A. M. T.,2007, A&A,470,73
[171]Lonsdale, C. J.,1992, ApJ,391,629
[172]Lubinski P., Zdziarski A. A.,2001, MNRAS,323, L37
[173]Lumsdem, S. L.& Alexander, D. M.2001, MNRAS,328, L32
[174]Lumsdem, S. L., Heisler, C. A.,& Bailey, J. A., Hough, J. H., Young, S.2001, MNRAS, 327,459
[175]Lumsden, S., Alexander, D.,& Hough, J.,2004, MNRAS,348,1451
[176]Lutz, D., Maiolino, R., Moorwood, A. F. M. et al.2002, A&A,396,439
[177]Lynden-Bell, D.,1969, Nature,233,690
[178]Magdziarz, P.,& Zdziarski, A. A.1995, MNRAS,273,837
[179]Magdziarz, P.,& Zdziarski, A,1995, MNRAS,273,837
[180]Mainieri, V., et al.2008, ApJS,179,95
[181]Maiolino, R., Salvati, M., Bassani, L., Dadina, M., della Ceca, R., Matt, G., Risaliti, G.,& Zamorani, G.1998, A&A,338,781
[182]Maraston, C, Daddi, E., Renzini, A., Cimatti, A., Dickinson, M., Papovich, C., Pasquali, A., & Pirzkal, N.2006, ApJ,652,85
[183]Markert T. H., Canizares C. R., Dewey D., McGuirk M., Pak C., Shattenburg M. L.,1995, Proc. SPIE,2280,168
[184]Markowitz, A.,& Edelson, R.2004, ApJ,617,939
[185]Masanori, O., Yasushi, F.,& Naoko, I.2004, PASJ,56,425
[186]Matsumoto C., Leighly K. M., Marshall H. L.,2004, ApJ,603,456
[187]Matsumoto, C., Nava, A., Maddox, L. A., Leighly, K. M., Grupe, D., Awaki, H.,& Ueno, S. 2004, ApJ,617,930
[188]Matt, G.,2000a, A&A,355, L31
[189]Matt, G., Fabian, A. C., Guainazzi, M., et al.2000b, MNRAS,318,173
[190]Matt, G., Bianchi, S., Guainazzi, M., Brandt, W. N., Fabian, A. C., Iwasawa, K.,& Perola, G. C.2003a, A&A,339,519
[191]Matt, G., Guainazzi, M.,& Maiolino, R.2003b, MNRAS,342,422
[192]Matt, G., Bianchi, S., D'Ammando, F.,& Martocchia, A.2004, A&A,421,473
[193]McKernan B., Yaqoob T.,2004, ApJ,608,157
[194]McLure, R. J., et al.2006, MNRAS,372,357
[195]McLure, R. J., Cirasuolo, M., Dunlop, J. S., Foucaud, S.,& Almaini, O.2009, MNRAS, 395,2196
[196]Mei, S., et al.2006, ApJ,639,81
[197]Mendoza C., Kallman T. R., Bautista M. A., Palmeri P.,2004, A&A,414,377
[198]Meurer, G. R., Heckman, T. M., Calzetti, D.1999, ApJ,521,64
[199]Miley, G. K., et al.2004, Nature,427,47
[200]Miller, J. S.,& Goodrich, R. W.,1990, ApJ,355,456
[201]Miller J. M.,2007, ARA&A,45,441
[202]Miller, L., Turner, T. J.,& Reeves, J. N.2008, A&A,483,437
[203]Miller, L., Turner, T. J.,& Reeves, J. N.2009, MNRAS,399,69
[204]Miniutti, G.,& Fabian, A. C.2004, MNRAS,349,1435
[205]Miniutti, G., Fabian, A. C., Anabuki, N., Crummy, J., Fukazawa, Y.2007, PASJ,59,315
[206]Moran, E. C., Halpern, J. P., Bothun, G. D.,& Becker, R. H.1992, AJ,104,990
[207]Moran, E. C., Barth, A. J., Kay, L. E.,& Filippenko, A. V.2000, ApJ,540, L73
[208]Moran, E. C., Kay, L. E., Davis, M., Filippenko, A. V.,& Barth, A. J.2001, ApJ,556, L75
[209]Morse, J. A., Wilson, A. S., Elvis, M.,& Weaver, K. A.1995, ApJ,439,121
[210]Mulchaey, J., Koratkar, A., Ward, M. J., et al.1994, ApJ,436,586
[211]Mullis, C. R., Rosati, P., Lamer, G., Bohringer, H., Schwope, A., Schuecker, P.,& Fassben-der, R.2005, ApJL,623, L85
[212]Murayama, T, Taniguchi, Y.,& Iwasawa, K.1998, AJ,115,460
[213]Murphy, K., Yaqoob, T.,& Terashima, Y.2007, ApJ,666,96
[214]Murphy K., Yaqoob T.,2009, MNRAS,397,1549 (MY09)
[215]Mushotzky, R. F.1982, ApJ,256,92
[216]Nandra, K.,& Pounds, K. A.1994, MNRAS,268,405
[217]Nandra K., George I. M., Mushotzky R. F., Turner T. J., Yaqoob T.,1997, ApJ,488, L91
[218]Nandra K.,2006, MNRAS,368, L62
[219]Nandra K., O'Neill P. M., George I. M., Reeves J. N.,2007, MNRAS,382,194
[220]Nelson, C. H.,& Whittle, M.,1995, ApJS,99,67
[221]Nicastro, F.2000, ApJ,530, L65
[222]Nicastro, F. Martocchia, A.& Matt, G.2003, ApJ,589, L13
[223]Ogle P. M., Marshall H. L., Lee J. C., Canizares C. R.,2000, ApJ,545, L81
[224]Oliva, E., Salvati, M., Moorwood, A. F. M.,& Marconi, A.1994, A&A,288,457
[225]Ouchi, M., et al.2004, ApJ,611,685
[226]Ouchi, M., et al.2005, ApJL,620, L1
[227]Ouchi, M., et al.2008, ApJS,176,301
[228]Osterbrock, D. E.,1977, ApJ,215,733
[229]Osterbrock, D. E.,1978, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science,75,540
[230]Osterbrock, D. E.,1977, ApJ,249,462
[231]Overzier, R. A., Bouwens, R. J., Illingworth, G. D.,& Franx, M.2006, ApJL,648, L5
[232]Overzier, R. A. et al.2008, ApJ,673,143
[233]Overzier, R. A. et al.2009, MNRAS,394,577
[234]Page K. L., O'Brien P. T., Reeves J. N., Turner M. J. L.,2004b, MNRAS,347,316
[235]Page K. L., Turner M. J. L., Done C., O'Brien P. T., Reeves J. N., Sembay S., Stuhlinger, M.,2004a, MNRAS,349,57
[365]Palmeri P., Mendoza C., Kallman T. R., Bautista M. A., Melendez M.,2003, A&A,410,359
[237]Panessa, F.,& Bassani, L.2002, A&A,394,435
[238]Panessa, F.,2004, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bologna, (http://venus.ifca.unican.es/ panessa/)
[239]Panessa, F. et al.2006, A&A,455,173
[240]Panessa, F., Carrera, F. J., Bianchi, S., et al.2009, MNRAS,398,1951
[241]Papovich, C., Dickinson, M.,& Ferguson, H. C.2001, ApJ,559,620
[242]Papovich, C., et al.2004, ApJL,600,111
[243]Papovich, C., et al.2006, ApJ,640,92
[244]Pappa, A., Georgantopoulos, I., Stewart, G. C.,& Zezas, A. L.2001, MNRAS,326,995
[245]Peng, C. Y., Ho, L. C., Impey, C. D.,& Rix, H.-W.2002, AJ,124,266
[246]Pentericci, L., Rottgering, H. J. A., Miley, G. K., Carilli, C. L.,& McCarthy, P.1997, A&A, 326,580
[247]Pentericci, L., et al.2000, A&A,361, L25
[248]Pentericci, L., Kurk, J. D., Carilli, C. L., Harris, D. E., Miley, G. K., Rottgering, H. J. A. 2002, A&A,396,109
[249]Pentericci, L., Grazian, A., Fontana, A., Salimbeni, S., Santini, P., de Santis, C., Gallozzi, S.,& Giallongo, E.2007, A&A,471,433
[250]Pentericci, L., Grazian, A., Fontana, A., Castellano, M., Giallongo, E., Salimbeni, S.,& Santini, P.2009, A&A,494,553
[251]Pernechele, C., Berta, S., Marconi, A.2003, MNRAS,338,13
[252]Perola G. C., Matt G., Cappi M. et al.2002, A&A,389,802
[253]Peter, A. H. G., Shapley, A. E., Law, D. R., Steidel, C. C., Erb, D. K., Reddy, N. A.,& Pettini, M.2007, ApJ,668,23
[254]Petrucci, P. O., et al.2002, A&A,388,5
[256]Piccinotti, G., Mushotzky, R. F., Boldt, E. A., Holt, S. S., Marshall, F. E., Serlemitsos, P. J., & Shafer, R. A.1982, ApJ,253,485
[257]Pike C. D., Phillips K. J. H., Lang J. et al.1996, ApJ,464,487
[258]Polletta, M., Bassani, L., Malaguti, G., Palumbo, G. G. C.,& Caroli, E.1996, ApJS,106, 399
[259]Ponti, G., Miniutti, G., Cappi, M., Maraschi, L., Fabian, A. C.,& Iwasawa, K.2006a, MNRAS,368,903
[260]Ponti, G., Miniutti, G., Fabian, A. C., Cappi, M.,& Palumbo, G. G. C.2006b, Astro. Nachr., 327,1055
[261]Postman, M., et al.2005, ApJ,623,721
[262]Prieto, M. Almudena, Perez Garcia, A. M.,& Rodriguez Espinosa, J. M.2002, MNRAS, 329,309
[263]Rees, M. J.,1984, ARA&A,22,471
[264]Reeves, J. N., et al.2006, Astro. Nachr.327,1067
[265]Reddy, N., et al.2006, ApJ,644,792
[266]Rettura, A. et al.2006, A&A,458,717
[267]Rettura, A. et al.2010, ApJ,709,512
[268]Reynolds, C. S.1996, Ph. D thesis, Univ. of Cambridge
[269]Reynolds, C. S.1997, MNRAS,286,513
[270]Reynolds, C. S., Young, A. J., Begelman, M. C.,& Fabian, A. C.1999, ApJ,521,99
[271]Risaliti, G., Maiolino, R.,& Salvati, M.,1999, ApJ,522,157
[272]Risaliti, G., Gilli, R., Maiolino, R., Salvati, M.,2000, A&A,357,13
[273]Risaliti, G.2002, A&A,386,379
[274]Rocca-Volmerange, B., Le Borgne, D., De Breuck, C., Fioc, M.,& Moy, E.2004, A&A, 415,931
[275]Rosati, P., della Ceca, R., Norman, C.,& Giacconi, R.1998, ApJL,492, L21
[276]Rosati, P., et al.2004, AJ,127,230
[277]Rossi, S., Homan, J., Miller, J. M.,& Belloni, T.2005, MNRAS,360,763
[278]Ross, R. R.,& Fabian, A. C.2005, MNRAS,358,211
[279]Rovilos, E., Georgantopoulos, I., Tzanavaris, P. et al.2009, A&A,502,85
[280]Ruiz, M., Rieke, G. H.,& Schmidt, G. D.1994, ApJ,423,608
[281]Rush B., Malkan M. A., Spinoglio L.,1993, ApJS,89,1
[282]Sako, M., et al.2001, A&A,365,168
[283]Scott J. E., Kriss G. A., Lee J. C. et al.2005, ApJ,634,193
[284]Seymour, N., et al.2007, ApJS,171,353
[285]Shakura, N.,& Sunyaev, R.1973, A&A,24,337
[286]Shapiro, S., Lightman, A.,& Eardley, D.1976, ApJ,204,187
[287]Shapley, A. E., Steidel, C. C., Adelberger, K. L., Dickinson, M., Giavalisco, M.,& Pettini, M.2001, ApJ,562,95
[288]Shapley, A. E., Steidel, C. C., Pettini, M.,& Adelberger, K. L.2003, ApJ,588,65
[289]Shimasaku, K., et al.2003, ApJL,586, L111
[290]Shu, X. W., Wang, J. X., Jiang, P., Fan, L. L., Wang, T. G.2007, ApJ,657,167 (Paper I)
[291]Smith, D. A.,& Wilson, A. S.,2001, ApJ,557,180
[292]Spergel, D.N., et al.,2003, ApJS,148,175
[293]Springel, V., et al.2005, Nature,435,629
[294]Stanford, S. A., Holden, B., Rosati, P., Eisenhardt, P. R., Stern, D., Squires, G.,& Spinrad, H.2002, AJ,123,619
[295]Stanford, S. A., et al.2005, ApJL,634, L129
[296]Stanway, E., R., McMahon, R., G.& Bunker, A. J.2005, MNRAS,359,1184
[297]Stark, D. P., Bunker, A. J., Ellis, R. S., Eyles, L. P.,& Lacy, M.2007, ApJ,659,84
[298]Stark, D. P., Ellis, R. S., Bunker, A. J., Bundy, K., Targett, T., Benson, A.& Lacy, M.2009, ApJ,697,1493
[299]Steidel, C. C, Adelberger, K. L., Dickinson, M., Giavalisco, M., Pettini, M.,& Kellogg, M. 1998, ApJ,492,428
[300]Steidel, C. C., Adelberger, K. L., Giavalisco, M., Dickinson, M.,& Pettini, M.1999, ApJ, 519,1
[301]Steidel, C. C., Adelberger, K. L., Shapley, A. E., Erb, D. K., Reddy, N. A.,& Pettini, M. 2005, ApJ,626,44
[302]Stiavelli, M., et al.2005, ApJL,622, L1
[303]Storchi-Bergmann, T.,& Pastoriza, M. G.,1989, ApJ,347,195
[304]Storchi-Bergmann, T., Wilson, A. S., Baldwin, J. A.1992, ApJ,396,45
[305]Storchi-Bergmann, T., Kinney, A. L.,& Challis, P.1995, ApJS,98,103
[306]Struder L., et al.2001, A&A,365, L18
[307]Sulentic J. W., Marziani P., Zwitter T., Calvani M., Dultzin-Hacyan, D.,1998, ApJ,501,54
[308]Tanaka, Y., Nandra, K., Fabian, A. C.1995, Nature,375,659
[309]Taniguchi, Y.,& Anabuki, N.1999, ApJ,521, L103
[310]Terlevich, R., Melnick, J., Masegosa, J., Moles, M.,& Copetti, M.,1991, A&AS,91,285
[311]Thomas, D., Maraston, C., Bender, R.,& Mendes de Oliveira, C.2005, ApJ,621,673
[312]Tran, H. D., Miller, J. S.,& Kay, L. E.,1992, ApJ,397,452
[313]Tran, H. D.,1995, ApJ,440,565
[314]Tran, H. D.,2001, ApJ,554, L19
[315]Tran, H. D.,2003, ApJ,583,632
[316]Tremaine, S., et al.2002, ApJ,574,740
[317]Trippe, M. L., Crenshaw, D. M., Deo, R.,& Dietrich, M.2008, AJ,135,2048
[318]Turner, T. J.,& Pounds, K. A.1989, MNRAS,240,833
[319]Turner, T. J., Weaver, K. A., Mushotzky, R. F., Holt, S. S.,& Madejski, G. M.1991, ApJ, 381,85
[320]Turner, T. J., George, I. M., Nandra, K., Mushotzky,& R. F .1997, ApJ,488,164
[321]Turner, T. J., George, I. M., Nandra, K.,& Turcan, D.1999, ApJ,524,667
[322]Turner, M. J. L., et al.2001, A&A,365, L27
[323]Turner, T. J., Mushotzky R. F., Yaqoob T. et al.2002, ApJ,574, L123
[324]Turner, T. J., Reeves, J. N., Kraemer, S. B.2004, ApJ,603,62,
[325]Turner, T. J., Miller, L., George, I. M., Reeves, J. N.2006, A&A,445,59
[326]Turner T. J., Reeves J. N., Kraemer S. B., Miller L.,2008, A&A,483,161
[327]Turner T. J., Miller L.,2009, A&ARv,17,47
[328]Turner, T. J., Miller, L., Kraemer, S. B., Reeves, J. N.,& Pounds, K. A.2009, ApJ,698,99
[329]Ueda, Y., Eguchi, S., Terashima, Y. et al.2007, ApJ,664,79
[330]Ueno, S., Ward, M. J., O'Brien, P. T., et al.2000, AdSpR,25,823
[331]Vaceli, M. S., Viegas, S. M., Gruenwald, R.,& Souza, R. E.1997, AJ,114,1345
[332]van Breugel, W., De Breuck, C., Stanford, S. A., Stern, D., Rottgering, H.,& Miley, G.1999, ApJL,518, L61
[333]van Dokkum, P. G., Franx, M., Fabricant, D., Illingworth, G. D.,& Kelson, D. D.2000, ApJ, 541,95
[334]Vasudevan R. V., Fabian A.C.,2009, MNRAS,392,1124
[335]Veilleux, S., Kim, D. C., Sanders, D., Mazzarella, J. M.,& Soifer, B. T.,1995, ApJS,98, 171
[336]Veilleux, S., Goodrich, R. W., Hill, G. J.,1997, ApJ,477,631
[337]Venemans, B. P., et al.2002, ApJL,569, L11
[338]Venemans, B. P., et al.2004, A&A,424, L17
[339]Venemans, B. P., et al.2007, A&A,461,823
[340]Verma, A., Lehnert, M. D., Forster Schreiber, N. M., Bremer, M. N.,& Douglas, L.2007, MNRAS,377,1024
[341]Verner D. A., Ferland G. J., Korista K. T., Yakovlev D. G.,1996, ApJ,465,487
[342]Vignali, C.,& Comastri, A.2002, A&A,381,834
[343]Vignali, C., Alexander, D. M.,& Comastri, A.2004, MNRAS,354,720
[344]Vikhlinin, A., et al.2009, ApJ,692,1060
[345]Wang, B.& Heckman, T.1996, ApJ,457,645
[346]Wang, J., Mao, Y. F.,& Wei, J. Y.,2009, AJ,137,3388
[347]Ward, M. Elvis, M. Fabbiano, G. et al.1987, ApJ,315,74
[348]Warwick, R. S., Barstow, M. A.,& Yaqoob, T.1989, MNRAS,238,917
[349]Weaver, K. A., Nousek., J., Yaqoob, T., Mushotzky, R. F., Makino, F.,& Otani, C.1996, ApJ,458,160
[350]Weaver K. A., Gelbord J., Yaqoob T.,2001, ApJ,550,261
[351]Whittle, M.,1992, ApJS,79,49
[352]Wiklind, T., Dickinson, M., Ferguson, H. C, Giavalisco, M., Mobasher, B., Grogin, N. A., & Panagia, N.2008, ApJ,676,781
[353]Wilson, A. S., Ward, M. J.,& Haniff, C. A.1988, ApJ,334,121
[354]Winkler, H.,1992, MNRAS,257,677
[355]Winter L. M., Mushotzky R. F., Reynolds C. S., Tueller J.,2009, ApJ,690,1322
[356]Wolter, A., Gioia, I. M., Henry, J. P.,& Mullis, C. R.2005, A&A,444,165
[357]Wuyts, S., et al.2007, ApJ,655,51
[358]Wyithe, J. S. B.,& Loeb, A.2009, MNRAS,395,1607
[359]Yabe, K., Ohta, K., Iwata, I., Sawicki, M., Tamura, N., Akiyama, M.,& Aoki, K.2009, ApJ, 693,507
[360]Yan, H., et al.2004, ApJ,616,63
[361]Yan, H., et al.2005, ApJ,634,109
[362]Yaqoob, T. et al.1996, ApJ,470,27
[363]Yaqoob T., George I. M., Nandra K., Turner T. J.,Serlemitsos P. J., Mushotzky R. F.,2001, ApJ,546,759
[364]Yaqoob T., George I. M., Kallman T. R., Padmanabhan U., Weaver. K. A., Turner T. J.,2003, ApJ,596,85
[365]Yaqoob T., Padmanabhan U.,2004, ApJ,604,63 (YP04)
[366]Yaqoob T., Reeves J. N., Markowitz A., Serlemitsos P. J., Padmanabhan U.,2005a, ApJ, 627,156.
[367]Yaqoob T., Serlemitsos P. J.,2005b, ApJ,623,112
[368]Yaqoob, T., Murphy, K. D., Griffiths, R. E. et al.2007, PASJ,59,283
[369]Young A. J., Lee J. C., Fabian A. C., Reynolds C. S., Gibson R. R., Canizares C. R.,2005, ApJ,631,733
[370]Young A. J., Nowak M. A., Markoff S., Marshall H. L., Canizares C. R.,2007, ApJ,669, 830
[371]Young, S., Hough, J. H., Efstathiou, A., Wills, B. J., Bailey, J. A., Ward, M. J.,& Axon, D. J.1996, MNRAS,281,1206
[372]Yu, P.,& Hwang, C.2005, ApJ,631,720
[373]Zdziarski, A., Ghisellini, G., George, I. et al.1990, ApJ,363, L1
[374]Zhang, E. P.,& Wang, J. M.2006, ApJ,653,137
[375]Zheng, W., et al.2006, ApJ,640,574
[376]Zhou X.-L., Wang J.-M.,2005, ApJ,618, L83
[377]Zirm, A. W., Dickinson, M.,& Dey, A.2003, ApJ,585,90
[378]Zirm, A. W., et al.2005, ApJ,630,68
[379]Zirm, A. W., et al.2008, ApJ,680,224
[380]Zirm, A. W., et al.2009, ApJ,694, L31