活性粉末混凝土高温后动力学特性研究
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摘要
随着现代建筑工程结构向大跨、高层、重载及特殊环境(如核设施、航天工程等)方向发展,普通性能混凝土已经不能满足当代工程建设发展的需要。活性粉末混凝土(Reactive Powder Concrete,简称RPC)应运而生,其以细砂为骨料,掺入大量硅灰等矿物掺合料、高效减水剂和微细钢纤维,成型后材料内部结构致密,是一种高强度、高韧性、低孔隙率的超高性能水泥基复合材料。RPC在桥梁结构、高层建筑、军事防护、核电工程及航天工程等领域极具应用前景。然而,随着RPC在工程中的应用,其服役环境也越来越复杂,除了可能经受冲击加载、高温的作用外,还存在高温后承受冲击载荷的情况(如火箭发射台导流槽、发动机点火试验台等)。这对RPC材料的抗火(高温)设计提出了更高的要求,即需要考虑高温后的抗冲击性能。
目前,对于RPC材料高温后抗冲击性能的研究尚比较缺乏。研究RPC材料高温后的力学特性,特别是动力学特性及纤维的影响规律,可以为考虑高温后抗冲击性能的RPC材料抗火(高温)设计提供实验依据和理论指导。
基于以上背景,本文首先针对混凝土材料SHPB实验方法展开研究,以确保SHPB冲击压缩实验的有效性;在此基础上,以RPC材料为研究对象,系统地研究了RPC材料高温后的静、动态力学行为特性,重点分析了温度效应及钢纤维、混杂纤维对RPC材料高温后动力学行为的影响规律;结合高温后微观结构扫描电镜分析,探讨了RPC材料宏观力学性能变化的微观机理;结合细观热力耦合仿真结果,定性地分析了钢纤维抗高温爆裂的机理;依据实验分析结果,对ZWT粘弹性本构模型进行温度项的修正,讨论了修正模型的适用性;最后,利用实验与数值仿真相结合的方法,获得了适用于SHPB冲击压缩应变率范围(102s-1)内的RPC材料HJC本构模型参数。本文的主要研究内容如下:
第一,利用SHPB实验过程数值模拟手段,对混凝土材料SHPB实验方法进行研究。探讨了入射加载脉冲形式的选取原则,从波形弥散、应力均匀性、应变率等指标上评价了三种典型的入射加载脉冲形式(矩形波、半正弦波、三角形波)的优劣,发现半正弦波符合SHPB实验精度要求;分析了试样端面平行度加工精度对SHPB实验结果的影响规律,获得了应变直测法修正的有效范围;明确了波头起始位置的选取方法;最后,利用自制PVDF应力计监测RPC试样端面的应力状态,验证了SHPB冲击压缩实验的有效性。
第二,利用压折试验机和压力试验机对RPC材料高温后静态压缩和弯折性能进行测试。根据实验结果,获得了RPC材料高温后抗压、抗折强度随过火温度的变化规律,并提出了相应的经验公式;分析了钢纤维掺量对RPC材料高温后静态压缩和弯折性能的影响规律;利用SEM扫描电镜对高温后RPC材料微观结构进行观察分析,建立了宏观力学性能与微观结构变化之间的关系;最后,通过细观热力耦合仿真定性分析了钢纤维的抗高温爆裂机理,发现钢纤维减轻了过火时试样的温度梯度,降低了试样棱角处的拉应力值,有利于RPC材料抗高温爆裂性能的提高。
第三,利用SHPB设备对RPC材料进行高温后相近应变率(75~85s-1)下的冲击压缩实验。根据实验结果,分析了RPC材料动态力学性能的温度效应,发现RPC材料动态力学性能的转折温度值约为600℃;研究了钢纤维及混杂纤维(钢纤维+PVA纤维)对RPC材料高温后动力学行为的影响规律,讨论了纤维的混杂效应,发现混杂纤维RPC材料高温后抗冲击性能和材料完整性普遍优于单掺同体积钢纤维的情况,表现出正混杂效应;讨论了纤维掺量的优化设计,从抗高温爆裂及抗冲击性能角度考虑,在本文研究范围内,混杂纤维最优体积掺量为:钢纤维2.0%,PVA纤维0.1%。
第四,利用SHPB设备对RPC材料进行高温后大应变率范围(75~150s-1)内的冲击压缩实验。根据实验结果,分析了高温后RPC材料冲击压缩应力应变曲线的特征;从材料微结构特征和能量的角度分析了应变率效应和温度效应;基于高温后RPC材料动态力学性能的特性,构造了一个包含临界转折温度的修正函数,修正了ZWT粘弹性本构模型并获得相关参数,通过模型预测结果和实验结果对比验证,发现该修正模型适用于描述RPC高温过火后率型本构关系。
第五,利用SHPB实验与数值模拟相结合的方法,在分析HJC本构模型部分参数物理意义的基础上,获得了适用于SHPB冲击压缩应变率范围(102s-1)内的RPC材料HJC本构模型参数,通过仿真重构应力应变曲线与实验曲线对比分析,验证了模型参数的准确性;讨论了模型的适用性,发现HJC本构模型无法准确模拟混凝土材料破碎压实过程的力学行为,该模型只适用于损伤演化不太剧烈的初始阶段。
综上,通过本文的研究系统地得到了RPC材料高温后静、动态力学特性及纤维的影响规律,并从细观的角度分析了钢纤维抗高温爆裂的机理。所取得的研究成果为RPC材料的开发应用、特别是考虑高温后抗冲击性能的抗火(高温)设计提供必要的实验与理论基础,具有一定的工程应用价值和理论指导意义。
With the rapid development of modern large-span, high-rise, over-load and special environment (e.g. nuclear constructions, space facilities) engineering construction industry, just normal strength grade of concrete would not accommodate for the nowadays engineering requirements. However, reactive powder concrete, RPC for short, emerges as the times required. Its basic physical properties are greatly different from the traditional concretes. By mixing fine sands as aggregate and large amount of silica fume, high efficiency water reducing agent and minuteness steel fibers, its weak interface is substantially strengthened and fracture energy is improved to double orders of magnitude. Recently, RPC has become a kind of high strength, high toughness, low porosity super-performance concrete. Though, the RPC material has great promotional value and potential capability in bridge constructions, high-rise buildings, military shield structures and nuclear power engineering. Nevertheless, with the increases of engineering applications for RPC, this material always involves in more complex load conditions, like dynamic impact, fire burn and even load after burnt (e.g. diversion trench of rocket launching pad, experimental platform of engine ignitions). All of these require higher design rules, especially for impact resistance performances after high temperature burnt.
Up to now, studies on impact resistance performances of RPC after exposure in fire or high temperature are less in open literatures. To investigate the mechanism properties after exposure in high temperature especially for the dynamic mechanical behaviors and influence of fiber mixture have effective and theoretical references on material development, application and design.
Based on the background mentioned above, this paper firstly investigates the SHPB experimental techniques for concrete-like materials, to insure the reliability of experiments data; based on the experimental results, the quasi-static and dynamic properties of RPC after exposure in high temperature are investigated. And emphasis investigates the thermal effect, steel fibers and hybrid fibers reinforced effect on mechanical behaviors and temperature resistance detonation for RPC; combine with analysis of material micro-structures with scanning electron microscope, the macroscopical properties on micro-mechanism is discussed; combine with micron thermo-mechanical coupling simulation results, the steel fibers high temperature and detonation resistance mechanism is studied; a temperature modified ZWT constitutive model is published based on stress-strain curves; finally, based on the experiment data and by using a combine method of both experiment and simulation, the parameters of HJC constitutive model with strain rate (102s-1) is deduced. The investigation contents of this paper show below:
Firstly, by using a SHPB experimental process simulation method, the methods for SHPB experimental techniques is investigated. Selection principle methods of input load pulses are discussed. Dispersion effect, stress uniformity, strain rate index are evaluated for three typical input waveforms (rectangular wave, semi-sine wave and triangular wave), the results show the semi-sine is an ideal input waveform which has less dispersion effect and also can fit the requirements of stress uniformity; The influence between parallelism on the double sides of specimens and experimental precision is investigated. An evident error is found with unparallel of two sides. The strain direct measurement method validity is discussed by numerical simulation; the selection method for wave head initialization is studied; finally, a self made PVDF is used to monitor the stress profiles on both sides of specimens in order to verify the experimental results.
Secondly, quasi-static compression and bending experiments are preformed after exposure in high temperature RPC specimens by using compression and compress-bend testing devices. Based on the experimental results, the variety pattern between compression, bending strength and temperature is published, and corresponding empirical formulas are deduced; the influence among steel fiber ratio, compression and bending mechanical properties is discussed; the variety between inner micro-structures of RPC and temperature is discussed by a SEM micro-analysis, and connection between macro-mechanism and micro-structure is established; finally based on the micron thermo-mechanical coupling simulation results, the mechanism of steel fibers effect on detonation is investigated. The results show, the temperature gradient decreases with steel fibers, the tensile grade also decreases which could improve the RPC detonation properties after high temperature burnt.
Thirdly, dynamic compression experiments under strain rate ranging from 75~85s-1 are preformed after exposure in high temperature RPC by using SHPB devices. Based on the experimental results, the influence between dynamic mechanical behaviors and temperature effect for RPC is discussed, the results show: material properties knee point with temperature is around 600℃; the influence between the dynamic mechanical behaviors and steel fibers mixture, hybrid fibers (steel fibers + PVA fibers) mixture ratio is also investigated, and hybrid effect is studied. It shows, the hybrid fibers reinforced material has better mechanical properties, a positive effect is found for hybrid fibers reinforced concrete by comparing with the same volume ratio steel fibers reinforced material; an optimum design is discussed. By the view of high temperature and impact resistance properties, and in the experiment capability of this paper, the superior hybrid reinforced ratio is: 2.0% of steel fibers and 0.1% of PVA fibers.
Fourthly, dynamic compression experiments under large strain rate ranging from 75~150s-1 are preformed after exposure in high temperature RPC by using SHPB devices. Based on the experimental results, the stress-strain curves characteristic is discussed for RPC under different temperature burnt; the strain rate effect and temperature effect is analyzed based on a micro-structures and energy properties; based on the dynamic mechanical characterizes of RPC after exposure in high temperature, a temperature modification is discussed on ZWT constitutive model and the corresponding parameters are also deduced. And a best fit is got between modified model and experimental results which indicated the validation of this model for RPC material after exposure in high temperature.
Fifty, by using a combined method of both experiment and simulation, and based on the analysis of physical significance for HJC parameters, the HJC constitutive parameters for RPC within SHPB strain rate range (102s-1) are determined. The validation of this model is confirmed by comparison with SHPB numerical simulation and experimental curves; a discussion of the applicability of this model, the results show, HJC model cannot get an accurate result for material fragmentation and compaction behavior, and this model only validate for initial proportion with little damage.
In conclusion, the result of this paper is a basic technical knowledge for quasi-static and dynamic mechanical behaviors, effect of fibers for powder reactive concrete, and micro, meso-level recognition of its basic mechanism. The result can provide the basic experimental and theoretical ideas to RPC material development, application and fire (high temperature) resistance and has an effective and theoretical guidance values to concrete design.
目前,对于RPC材料高温后抗冲击性能的研究尚比较缺乏。研究RPC材料高温后的力学特性,特别是动力学特性及纤维的影响规律,可以为考虑高温后抗冲击性能的RPC材料抗火(高温)设计提供实验依据和理论指导。
基于以上背景,本文首先针对混凝土材料SHPB实验方法展开研究,以确保SHPB冲击压缩实验的有效性;在此基础上,以RPC材料为研究对象,系统地研究了RPC材料高温后的静、动态力学行为特性,重点分析了温度效应及钢纤维、混杂纤维对RPC材料高温后动力学行为的影响规律;结合高温后微观结构扫描电镜分析,探讨了RPC材料宏观力学性能变化的微观机理;结合细观热力耦合仿真结果,定性地分析了钢纤维抗高温爆裂的机理;依据实验分析结果,对ZWT粘弹性本构模型进行温度项的修正,讨论了修正模型的适用性;最后,利用实验与数值仿真相结合的方法,获得了适用于SHPB冲击压缩应变率范围(102s-1)内的RPC材料HJC本构模型参数。本文的主要研究内容如下:
第一,利用SHPB实验过程数值模拟手段,对混凝土材料SHPB实验方法进行研究。探讨了入射加载脉冲形式的选取原则,从波形弥散、应力均匀性、应变率等指标上评价了三种典型的入射加载脉冲形式(矩形波、半正弦波、三角形波)的优劣,发现半正弦波符合SHPB实验精度要求;分析了试样端面平行度加工精度对SHPB实验结果的影响规律,获得了应变直测法修正的有效范围;明确了波头起始位置的选取方法;最后,利用自制PVDF应力计监测RPC试样端面的应力状态,验证了SHPB冲击压缩实验的有效性。
第二,利用压折试验机和压力试验机对RPC材料高温后静态压缩和弯折性能进行测试。根据实验结果,获得了RPC材料高温后抗压、抗折强度随过火温度的变化规律,并提出了相应的经验公式;分析了钢纤维掺量对RPC材料高温后静态压缩和弯折性能的影响规律;利用SEM扫描电镜对高温后RPC材料微观结构进行观察分析,建立了宏观力学性能与微观结构变化之间的关系;最后,通过细观热力耦合仿真定性分析了钢纤维的抗高温爆裂机理,发现钢纤维减轻了过火时试样的温度梯度,降低了试样棱角处的拉应力值,有利于RPC材料抗高温爆裂性能的提高。
第三,利用SHPB设备对RPC材料进行高温后相近应变率(75~85s-1)下的冲击压缩实验。根据实验结果,分析了RPC材料动态力学性能的温度效应,发现RPC材料动态力学性能的转折温度值约为600℃;研究了钢纤维及混杂纤维(钢纤维+PVA纤维)对RPC材料高温后动力学行为的影响规律,讨论了纤维的混杂效应,发现混杂纤维RPC材料高温后抗冲击性能和材料完整性普遍优于单掺同体积钢纤维的情况,表现出正混杂效应;讨论了纤维掺量的优化设计,从抗高温爆裂及抗冲击性能角度考虑,在本文研究范围内,混杂纤维最优体积掺量为:钢纤维2.0%,PVA纤维0.1%。
第四,利用SHPB设备对RPC材料进行高温后大应变率范围(75~150s-1)内的冲击压缩实验。根据实验结果,分析了高温后RPC材料冲击压缩应力应变曲线的特征;从材料微结构特征和能量的角度分析了应变率效应和温度效应;基于高温后RPC材料动态力学性能的特性,构造了一个包含临界转折温度的修正函数,修正了ZWT粘弹性本构模型并获得相关参数,通过模型预测结果和实验结果对比验证,发现该修正模型适用于描述RPC高温过火后率型本构关系。
第五,利用SHPB实验与数值模拟相结合的方法,在分析HJC本构模型部分参数物理意义的基础上,获得了适用于SHPB冲击压缩应变率范围(102s-1)内的RPC材料HJC本构模型参数,通过仿真重构应力应变曲线与实验曲线对比分析,验证了模型参数的准确性;讨论了模型的适用性,发现HJC本构模型无法准确模拟混凝土材料破碎压实过程的力学行为,该模型只适用于损伤演化不太剧烈的初始阶段。
综上,通过本文的研究系统地得到了RPC材料高温后静、动态力学特性及纤维的影响规律,并从细观的角度分析了钢纤维抗高温爆裂的机理。所取得的研究成果为RPC材料的开发应用、特别是考虑高温后抗冲击性能的抗火(高温)设计提供必要的实验与理论基础,具有一定的工程应用价值和理论指导意义。
With the rapid development of modern large-span, high-rise, over-load and special environment (e.g. nuclear constructions, space facilities) engineering construction industry, just normal strength grade of concrete would not accommodate for the nowadays engineering requirements. However, reactive powder concrete, RPC for short, emerges as the times required. Its basic physical properties are greatly different from the traditional concretes. By mixing fine sands as aggregate and large amount of silica fume, high efficiency water reducing agent and minuteness steel fibers, its weak interface is substantially strengthened and fracture energy is improved to double orders of magnitude. Recently, RPC has become a kind of high strength, high toughness, low porosity super-performance concrete. Though, the RPC material has great promotional value and potential capability in bridge constructions, high-rise buildings, military shield structures and nuclear power engineering. Nevertheless, with the increases of engineering applications for RPC, this material always involves in more complex load conditions, like dynamic impact, fire burn and even load after burnt (e.g. diversion trench of rocket launching pad, experimental platform of engine ignitions). All of these require higher design rules, especially for impact resistance performances after high temperature burnt.
Up to now, studies on impact resistance performances of RPC after exposure in fire or high temperature are less in open literatures. To investigate the mechanism properties after exposure in high temperature especially for the dynamic mechanical behaviors and influence of fiber mixture have effective and theoretical references on material development, application and design.
Based on the background mentioned above, this paper firstly investigates the SHPB experimental techniques for concrete-like materials, to insure the reliability of experiments data; based on the experimental results, the quasi-static and dynamic properties of RPC after exposure in high temperature are investigated. And emphasis investigates the thermal effect, steel fibers and hybrid fibers reinforced effect on mechanical behaviors and temperature resistance detonation for RPC; combine with analysis of material micro-structures with scanning electron microscope, the macroscopical properties on micro-mechanism is discussed; combine with micron thermo-mechanical coupling simulation results, the steel fibers high temperature and detonation resistance mechanism is studied; a temperature modified ZWT constitutive model is published based on stress-strain curves; finally, based on the experiment data and by using a combine method of both experiment and simulation, the parameters of HJC constitutive model with strain rate (102s-1) is deduced. The investigation contents of this paper show below:
Firstly, by using a SHPB experimental process simulation method, the methods for SHPB experimental techniques is investigated. Selection principle methods of input load pulses are discussed. Dispersion effect, stress uniformity, strain rate index are evaluated for three typical input waveforms (rectangular wave, semi-sine wave and triangular wave), the results show the semi-sine is an ideal input waveform which has less dispersion effect and also can fit the requirements of stress uniformity; The influence between parallelism on the double sides of specimens and experimental precision is investigated. An evident error is found with unparallel of two sides. The strain direct measurement method validity is discussed by numerical simulation; the selection method for wave head initialization is studied; finally, a self made PVDF is used to monitor the stress profiles on both sides of specimens in order to verify the experimental results.
Secondly, quasi-static compression and bending experiments are preformed after exposure in high temperature RPC specimens by using compression and compress-bend testing devices. Based on the experimental results, the variety pattern between compression, bending strength and temperature is published, and corresponding empirical formulas are deduced; the influence among steel fiber ratio, compression and bending mechanical properties is discussed; the variety between inner micro-structures of RPC and temperature is discussed by a SEM micro-analysis, and connection between macro-mechanism and micro-structure is established; finally based on the micron thermo-mechanical coupling simulation results, the mechanism of steel fibers effect on detonation is investigated. The results show, the temperature gradient decreases with steel fibers, the tensile grade also decreases which could improve the RPC detonation properties after high temperature burnt.
Thirdly, dynamic compression experiments under strain rate ranging from 75~85s-1 are preformed after exposure in high temperature RPC by using SHPB devices. Based on the experimental results, the influence between dynamic mechanical behaviors and temperature effect for RPC is discussed, the results show: material properties knee point with temperature is around 600℃; the influence between the dynamic mechanical behaviors and steel fibers mixture, hybrid fibers (steel fibers + PVA fibers) mixture ratio is also investigated, and hybrid effect is studied. It shows, the hybrid fibers reinforced material has better mechanical properties, a positive effect is found for hybrid fibers reinforced concrete by comparing with the same volume ratio steel fibers reinforced material; an optimum design is discussed. By the view of high temperature and impact resistance properties, and in the experiment capability of this paper, the superior hybrid reinforced ratio is: 2.0% of steel fibers and 0.1% of PVA fibers.
Fourthly, dynamic compression experiments under large strain rate ranging from 75~150s-1 are preformed after exposure in high temperature RPC by using SHPB devices. Based on the experimental results, the stress-strain curves characteristic is discussed for RPC under different temperature burnt; the strain rate effect and temperature effect is analyzed based on a micro-structures and energy properties; based on the dynamic mechanical characterizes of RPC after exposure in high temperature, a temperature modification is discussed on ZWT constitutive model and the corresponding parameters are also deduced. And a best fit is got between modified model and experimental results which indicated the validation of this model for RPC material after exposure in high temperature.
Fifty, by using a combined method of both experiment and simulation, and based on the analysis of physical significance for HJC parameters, the HJC constitutive parameters for RPC within SHPB strain rate range (102s-1) are determined. The validation of this model is confirmed by comparison with SHPB numerical simulation and experimental curves; a discussion of the applicability of this model, the results show, HJC model cannot get an accurate result for material fragmentation and compaction behavior, and this model only validate for initial proportion with little damage.
In conclusion, the result of this paper is a basic technical knowledge for quasi-static and dynamic mechanical behaviors, effect of fibers for powder reactive concrete, and micro, meso-level recognition of its basic mechanism. The result can provide the basic experimental and theoretical ideas to RPC material development, application and fire (high temperature) resistance and has an effective and theoretical guidance values to concrete design.
引文
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