基于CCD图像传感器的温度测量技术研究
|
摘要
温度是确定物质状态的最重要参数之一,它的测量与控制在国防、军事、科学实验和工农业生产中都具有十分重要的作用。特别是在航天、材料、能源、冶金等领域中,高温测量占有极重要的地位。基于CCD图像传感器的非接触式测温技术因其具有独特的优点而成为高温检测领域的研究热点之一。
本文系统地研究了基于CCD的非接触式测温法的原理,论述了CCD输出信号与辐射体温度的关系,针对目前该测温方法测量精度不高的问题,分析了单色测温法和比色测温法的主要误差来源,并提出了基于CCD图像传感器的三基色测温法。
在论述了三基色测温法的原理和标定方法之后,设计了一套基于彩色CCD图像传感器的三基色测温系统。介绍了测温系统中各部分的功能,并提出了器件选用的原则,并用VC++.NET和MATLAB分别编写了图像采集软件和图像分析软件。
本文对从某导弹研究所拍摄到的高温燃气舵图像进行了温度场仿真计算,结果表明本文提出的测试方法能有效地测量出高温燃气舵表面温度场,提高了测温精度。
目前,市场上还没有成熟的基于CCD图像传感器的专业测温设备,大多处于实验室探索阶段,而红外热像仪又十分昂贵。本文设计的基于彩色CCD的非接触式测温系统有较高的准确性、可靠性,价格低廉,操作方便,易于推广,因而具有极高的实用价值和广阔的应用前景。
Temperature is one of the most important parameters to identify the substance state. Its measurement and control play an important role in the national defense, military, scientific experiments, industrial and agricultural production. With unique features, the non-contact temperature measurement technique based on CCD has become a research focus in the field of high temperature measurement.
In this paper, the non-contact temperature measurement theory based on CCD is studied systemically. The connection between the output of color CCD and the temperature of radiator is discussed in detail, and aiming at the problem that the temperature measurement is short of the veracity, main sources of the measure errors of monochromatic and the colorimetric are analyzed, and the tricolor temperature measurement method based on CCD image sensor is proposed.
After the tricolor temperature measurement principle and calibration method are studied in detail, the structure of the tricolor temperature measurement system based on color CCD image sensor is built up. All the essential instruments of the system are studied, and the select principle is proposed. The software of data acquisition based on VC++.NET and the software of the image analyze based on MATLAB are developed.
Some gas rudder images taken from a certain guided missile institutes are processed with the tricolor temperature measurement formula in an emulation way. The result shows that the surface temperature field of high temperature smelting metal can be effectively measured and the temperature measurement precision is increased by the temperature measurement method mentioned in this paper.
At present, temperature measurement equipments based on CCD are not mature, most of which are improved in experimental laboratory, and the infrared thermal imaging system is very expensive. The tricolor temperature measurement system researched in this dissertation is of high accuracy, reliability, low price, easy to handle, fine practical value and a prosperous future.
本文系统地研究了基于CCD的非接触式测温法的原理,论述了CCD输出信号与辐射体温度的关系,针对目前该测温方法测量精度不高的问题,分析了单色测温法和比色测温法的主要误差来源,并提出了基于CCD图像传感器的三基色测温法。
在论述了三基色测温法的原理和标定方法之后,设计了一套基于彩色CCD图像传感器的三基色测温系统。介绍了测温系统中各部分的功能,并提出了器件选用的原则,并用VC++.NET和MATLAB分别编写了图像采集软件和图像分析软件。
本文对从某导弹研究所拍摄到的高温燃气舵图像进行了温度场仿真计算,结果表明本文提出的测试方法能有效地测量出高温燃气舵表面温度场,提高了测温精度。
目前,市场上还没有成熟的基于CCD图像传感器的专业测温设备,大多处于实验室探索阶段,而红外热像仪又十分昂贵。本文设计的基于彩色CCD的非接触式测温系统有较高的准确性、可靠性,价格低廉,操作方便,易于推广,因而具有极高的实用价值和广阔的应用前景。
Temperature is one of the most important parameters to identify the substance state. Its measurement and control play an important role in the national defense, military, scientific experiments, industrial and agricultural production. With unique features, the non-contact temperature measurement technique based on CCD has become a research focus in the field of high temperature measurement.
In this paper, the non-contact temperature measurement theory based on CCD is studied systemically. The connection between the output of color CCD and the temperature of radiator is discussed in detail, and aiming at the problem that the temperature measurement is short of the veracity, main sources of the measure errors of monochromatic and the colorimetric are analyzed, and the tricolor temperature measurement method based on CCD image sensor is proposed.
After the tricolor temperature measurement principle and calibration method are studied in detail, the structure of the tricolor temperature measurement system based on color CCD image sensor is built up. All the essential instruments of the system are studied, and the select principle is proposed. The software of data acquisition based on VC++.NET and the software of the image analyze based on MATLAB are developed.
Some gas rudder images taken from a certain guided missile institutes are processed with the tricolor temperature measurement formula in an emulation way. The result shows that the surface temperature field of high temperature smelting metal can be effectively measured and the temperature measurement precision is increased by the temperature measurement method mentioned in this paper.
At present, temperature measurement equipments based on CCD are not mature, most of which are improved in experimental laboratory, and the infrared thermal imaging system is very expensive. The tricolor temperature measurement system researched in this dissertation is of high accuracy, reliability, low price, easy to handle, fine practical value and a prosperous future.
引文
1万志,任建伟,李宪圣,刘则洵.一种红外光谱发射率测量装置的研制[J],发光学报. 2008,29(1):200~203
2张新萍,王喜梅,张付昌,闫凌云.振动作业者手部冷水试验红外图像测温[J].环境与职业医学. 2008,125(1):44~45
3 Beynon. J. D. E, Lamb. D. B. Charge Coupled Devices and Their Applications. M. C. Graw-Hill[J], London, 1980:81~16
4朱丽娟,周永华.径向基神经网络的图像颜色软测温方法[J].宁夏工程技术.2007,6(4):318~342
5 Chakravorty. S, Al1en.C. R. G, Brown. C. S. In-Line Temperature Measurement During Polymer Melt Flow [J]. Polymer Testing, 1997, 16 (5): 455~460
6 Dewitt. D. P, Nutter. G. D. Theory and Practice of Radiation Thermometry [M]. Jihn Wiley& Sons. Inc, New York, 1989:79~91
7 Mazikowski Adami,Chrzanowski Krzysztof. Non-contact Multiband Method for Emissivity Measurement [J]. Infrared Physics and Technology, 2003, 44(2): 91~99
8 Keyvan Shahla, Rossow Rodney, Romero Carlos, et al. Comparison Between Visible and Near-IR Flame Spectra from Natural Gas-fired Furnace for Blackbody Temperature Measurements[J]. Fuel, 2004, 83(9): 1175~1181
9 Azami Takeshi, Nakamura Shin, Hibiya. Taketoshi. Observation of Periodic Thermocapillary Flow in A Molten Silicon Bridge by Using Non-contact Temperature Measurements [J]. Crystal Growth, 2001, 231(1-2): 82~88
10 Childs. P. R. N, Greenwood. J. R, Long. C. A. Review of Temperature Measurement. Review of Scientific Instruments[J], 2000, 71(8): 2959~2978
11朱麟章.高温测量原理与应用[M].科学出版社,1991:16~22
12 Santoni Paul Antoine, Marcelli Thierry, Leoni Eric. Measurment of Fluctuating Temperatures in A Continuous Flame Spreading across A Fuel Bed Using A Doudle Thermocouple Probe [J]. Combustion and Flame, 2002, 131(1-2):47~58
13 Yang Wenku, Yang Yujing, et al. Study on The Radiation Temperature Measurement Instrument of The Optical Quartz Fiber Bundle [J]. Scientific instrument, 1999, 20(1):103~105
14涂强,周伟,王魁汉.黑体光纤辐射测温及在线检测过程中准确度评价[J].自动化仪表. 2001, 22(6): 3~5
15周海叶.基于CCD图像传感器的高温熔体表面温度场测试技术研究[D].中南大学硕士学位论文. 2004
16薛文艳,卓华,吴晨.工作用辐射温度计测量结果的不确定度评定[J].计量与测试技术. 2005,32(8):36~37
17陈焕生.温度测试技术及仪表[J].水利电力出版社,1987:3~68
18张锐锋,李恩普,候建平,郑普超,解文军.用于声悬浮物体的光纤比色温度计设计[J].红外技术. 2008,30(3):173~175
19李进军,赵春晖,梁彦,孙常顺.基于面阵CCD比色测温方法的研究改进[J].计算机测量与控制. 2005,13(7):650~652
20辛春锁,戴景民,王英力.光纤式20波长辐射高温计的研制[J].红外技术. 2008,30(1):47~50
21王青伟,萧鹏,孙晓刚.一种测量金属熔点温度和法向光谱发射率的多光谱数据处理方法研究[J].光学技术. 2007,32(3):327~330
22孙晓刚,原桂彬,林科锋,戴景民.基于神经网络的多光谱测温数据处理方法[J].清华大学学报. 2005,24(4):999~1001
23孙晓刚,原桂彬,戴景民.基于遗传神经网络的多光谱辐射测温法[J].光谱学与光谱分析. 2007,27(2):213~216
24 SUN Xiao-gang, ZHAO Wei, YUAN Gui-bin, DAI Jing-min. Methods of Data Processing in Multi-wavelength Thermometry [J]. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology. 2006,13(4):421~426
25刘维. HIACS-3000系统技术的最新进展[J].中国电力. 1986, 6(2):23~27
26 M. Shimoda, et al. Prediction Method of Unburnt Carbon for Coal Fired Utility Boiler Using Image Processing Technology of Combustion Flame[J]. IEEE Trans on Energy Conversion, 1990,15(4):640~645
27 Ichirou Yamaguchi. Holography, Speckle, and Computers [J]. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 2003(39):411~429
28 B. Skarman, J. Becker and K. Wozniak. Simultaneous 3D-PIV and Temperature Measurements Using A New CCD-based Holographic Interferometer [J]. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 2004,33(10):1711~1716
29 F. Chen, G. M. Brown and M. Song. Overview of Three-dimensional Shape Measurement Using Optical Methods[J]. Optical Engineering, 2000,39(1):10~22
30 C. Quan, X. Y. He, C. J. Tay and H. M. Shang, 3D Surface Profile Measurement Using LCD Fringe Projection[C]. Proceedings of The SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, 2001,4317(1):511~516
31 P. S. Huang, Q.Hu, F. Jin and F. P. Chiang, Color-encoded Digital Fringe Projection for High-speed Three-dimensional Surface Contouring [J]. Optical Engineering, 1999,38(6):1065~1071
32 G. Pedrini, S. Schedin and H. J. Tiziani, Pulsed Digital Holography Combined With laser Vibrometry for 3D Measurements of Vibrating Objects [J]. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, ,2002,38(3):117~129
33 C. J. Tay, C. Quan, H. M. Shang, T. Wu and S. H. Wang, New Method For measuring Dynamic Response of Small Components by Fringe Projection[J]. Optical Engineer-ing, 2003,42(6):1715~1720
34 M. E. Pawlowski, M. Kujawinska and M.G. Wegiel, Shape and Motion Measure-ment of Time-varying Three-dimensional Objects Based on Spatiotemporal Fringe-pattern Analysis[J]. Optical Engineering, 2002,41(2):450~459
35常丹华,尹博然,夏创杰.火焰三维温度场重建的研究[J].电子技术. 2008 (3): 30~34
36徐伟勇,余岳峰,张银桥.采用传像光纤和数字图像处理技术检测燃烧火焰[J].动力工程,1999,19(1):45~48
37 Zhou HuaiChun, Han ShuDong, Sheng Feng, et al. Visualization of Three-Dimensional Temperature Distributions in A Large-scale Furnace Via Regularized Reconstruction from Radioactive Energy Images [J]. Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radioactive Transfer, 2002, 72(4): 361~383
38 Zhou HC, Sheng F, Han SD, et al. A fast Algorithm for Calculation of Radioactive Energy Distributions Received by Pinhole Image Formation Process form 2-D Rectangular Enclosure [M]. Numerical Heat Transform, Part A: Applications, 2000, 38(7):757~773
39 Zhou HC, Sheng F, Han SD, et al. Reconstruction of Temperature Distribution in A 2-D Absorbing Emitting System from Radiant Energy Images[C]. JSME International Journal, series B, 2000, 43(1):104~109
40 Zhou HC, Zhang SS, Huang YL, et al. Monitoring of 2-D Combustion Temperature Images in A 670t/h Utility Boiler and Simulation on Its Application in Combustion Control [J]. Dev. Chem.Eng. Mineral Process, 2000,8(3):311~322
41 Fei Wang, Yong Chi, et al. Section Temperature Field Reconstruction Based on Flame Images Using Algebraic Reconstruction Technique[C], Symposium on Engineering in The 21st Century, Hong Kong, 2000
42卫成业,王飞,马增益,等.运用彩色CCD测量火焰温度场的校正算法[J].中国电机工程学报. 2000,20(1):70~76
43丁经伟,马增益,黄群星,等.炉膛火焰温度场重建非线性优化算法研究.中国电机工程学报[J]. 2003,23(2):136~139
44雷剑波,杨洗陈,陈娟,王云山.激光熔池CCD测温系统的软件设计研究[J].应用激光. 2007,27(1):5~9
45彭小奇,孙元,唐英.中性滤光片扩大CCD测温范围的研究[J].湖南工业大学学报. 2007(3):35~38
46葛绍岩,那鸿悦.热辐射性质及其测量[M].科学出版社,1989:23~56
47刘桃丽,黎道武,梁春林,万雄.一种基于面阵CCD的单波长辐射测温方法[J].光电技术应用. 2008,23(1):26~32
48王庆有. CCD应用技术[J].天津大学出版社,2000:173~183
49李志宏,穆怀萍,姜凡,刘石.多波长可视化测温系统标定的实验研究[J].计量学报. 2007,28(2):130~133
50孙元,彭小奇,李晟,唐璐. CCD辐射测温的动态范围研究[J].传感器与微系统. 2008,27(2):24~26
51罗惠明.电视技术基础[M].广州华南理工大学出版社,1988:146~162
52 K. Chrzanowski. Influence of Measurement Conditions and System Parameters on Accuracy or Remote Temperature Measurement with Dual Spectral IR Systems [J]. IR phy&tech, 1996,37(2):295~306
53由富恩,张存芳,付乐勇,等.辐射测温仪原理及其检定[M].北京中国计量出版社,1990:7~122
54颜卓勇,郭庆华,梁钦锋,于广锁,于遵宏.基于图像处理的CCD测温系统标定方法[J].计算机与应用化学. 2007(11):1452~1455
2张新萍,王喜梅,张付昌,闫凌云.振动作业者手部冷水试验红外图像测温[J].环境与职业医学. 2008,125(1):44~45
3 Beynon. J. D. E, Lamb. D. B. Charge Coupled Devices and Their Applications. M. C. Graw-Hill[J], London, 1980:81~16
4朱丽娟,周永华.径向基神经网络的图像颜色软测温方法[J].宁夏工程技术.2007,6(4):318~342
5 Chakravorty. S, Al1en.C. R. G, Brown. C. S. In-Line Temperature Measurement During Polymer Melt Flow [J]. Polymer Testing, 1997, 16 (5): 455~460
6 Dewitt. D. P, Nutter. G. D. Theory and Practice of Radiation Thermometry [M]. Jihn Wiley& Sons. Inc, New York, 1989:79~91
7 Mazikowski Adami,Chrzanowski Krzysztof. Non-contact Multiband Method for Emissivity Measurement [J]. Infrared Physics and Technology, 2003, 44(2): 91~99
8 Keyvan Shahla, Rossow Rodney, Romero Carlos, et al. Comparison Between Visible and Near-IR Flame Spectra from Natural Gas-fired Furnace for Blackbody Temperature Measurements[J]. Fuel, 2004, 83(9): 1175~1181
9 Azami Takeshi, Nakamura Shin, Hibiya. Taketoshi. Observation of Periodic Thermocapillary Flow in A Molten Silicon Bridge by Using Non-contact Temperature Measurements [J]. Crystal Growth, 2001, 231(1-2): 82~88
10 Childs. P. R. N, Greenwood. J. R, Long. C. A. Review of Temperature Measurement. Review of Scientific Instruments[J], 2000, 71(8): 2959~2978
11朱麟章.高温测量原理与应用[M].科学出版社,1991:16~22
12 Santoni Paul Antoine, Marcelli Thierry, Leoni Eric. Measurment of Fluctuating Temperatures in A Continuous Flame Spreading across A Fuel Bed Using A Doudle Thermocouple Probe [J]. Combustion and Flame, 2002, 131(1-2):47~58
13 Yang Wenku, Yang Yujing, et al. Study on The Radiation Temperature Measurement Instrument of The Optical Quartz Fiber Bundle [J]. Scientific instrument, 1999, 20(1):103~105
14涂强,周伟,王魁汉.黑体光纤辐射测温及在线检测过程中准确度评价[J].自动化仪表. 2001, 22(6): 3~5
15周海叶.基于CCD图像传感器的高温熔体表面温度场测试技术研究[D].中南大学硕士学位论文. 2004
16薛文艳,卓华,吴晨.工作用辐射温度计测量结果的不确定度评定[J].计量与测试技术. 2005,32(8):36~37
17陈焕生.温度测试技术及仪表[J].水利电力出版社,1987:3~68
18张锐锋,李恩普,候建平,郑普超,解文军.用于声悬浮物体的光纤比色温度计设计[J].红外技术. 2008,30(3):173~175
19李进军,赵春晖,梁彦,孙常顺.基于面阵CCD比色测温方法的研究改进[J].计算机测量与控制. 2005,13(7):650~652
20辛春锁,戴景民,王英力.光纤式20波长辐射高温计的研制[J].红外技术. 2008,30(1):47~50
21王青伟,萧鹏,孙晓刚.一种测量金属熔点温度和法向光谱发射率的多光谱数据处理方法研究[J].光学技术. 2007,32(3):327~330
22孙晓刚,原桂彬,林科锋,戴景民.基于神经网络的多光谱测温数据处理方法[J].清华大学学报. 2005,24(4):999~1001
23孙晓刚,原桂彬,戴景民.基于遗传神经网络的多光谱辐射测温法[J].光谱学与光谱分析. 2007,27(2):213~216
24 SUN Xiao-gang, ZHAO Wei, YUAN Gui-bin, DAI Jing-min. Methods of Data Processing in Multi-wavelength Thermometry [J]. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology. 2006,13(4):421~426
25刘维. HIACS-3000系统技术的最新进展[J].中国电力. 1986, 6(2):23~27
26 M. Shimoda, et al. Prediction Method of Unburnt Carbon for Coal Fired Utility Boiler Using Image Processing Technology of Combustion Flame[J]. IEEE Trans on Energy Conversion, 1990,15(4):640~645
27 Ichirou Yamaguchi. Holography, Speckle, and Computers [J]. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 2003(39):411~429
28 B. Skarman, J. Becker and K. Wozniak. Simultaneous 3D-PIV and Temperature Measurements Using A New CCD-based Holographic Interferometer [J]. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 2004,33(10):1711~1716
29 F. Chen, G. M. Brown and M. Song. Overview of Three-dimensional Shape Measurement Using Optical Methods[J]. Optical Engineering, 2000,39(1):10~22
30 C. Quan, X. Y. He, C. J. Tay and H. M. Shang, 3D Surface Profile Measurement Using LCD Fringe Projection[C]. Proceedings of The SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, 2001,4317(1):511~516
31 P. S. Huang, Q.Hu, F. Jin and F. P. Chiang, Color-encoded Digital Fringe Projection for High-speed Three-dimensional Surface Contouring [J]. Optical Engineering, 1999,38(6):1065~1071
32 G. Pedrini, S. Schedin and H. J. Tiziani, Pulsed Digital Holography Combined With laser Vibrometry for 3D Measurements of Vibrating Objects [J]. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, ,2002,38(3):117~129
33 C. J. Tay, C. Quan, H. M. Shang, T. Wu and S. H. Wang, New Method For measuring Dynamic Response of Small Components by Fringe Projection[J]. Optical Engineer-ing, 2003,42(6):1715~1720
34 M. E. Pawlowski, M. Kujawinska and M.G. Wegiel, Shape and Motion Measure-ment of Time-varying Three-dimensional Objects Based on Spatiotemporal Fringe-pattern Analysis[J]. Optical Engineering, 2002,41(2):450~459
35常丹华,尹博然,夏创杰.火焰三维温度场重建的研究[J].电子技术. 2008 (3): 30~34
36徐伟勇,余岳峰,张银桥.采用传像光纤和数字图像处理技术检测燃烧火焰[J].动力工程,1999,19(1):45~48
37 Zhou HuaiChun, Han ShuDong, Sheng Feng, et al. Visualization of Three-Dimensional Temperature Distributions in A Large-scale Furnace Via Regularized Reconstruction from Radioactive Energy Images [J]. Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radioactive Transfer, 2002, 72(4): 361~383
38 Zhou HC, Sheng F, Han SD, et al. A fast Algorithm for Calculation of Radioactive Energy Distributions Received by Pinhole Image Formation Process form 2-D Rectangular Enclosure [M]. Numerical Heat Transform, Part A: Applications, 2000, 38(7):757~773
39 Zhou HC, Sheng F, Han SD, et al. Reconstruction of Temperature Distribution in A 2-D Absorbing Emitting System from Radiant Energy Images[C]. JSME International Journal, series B, 2000, 43(1):104~109
40 Zhou HC, Zhang SS, Huang YL, et al. Monitoring of 2-D Combustion Temperature Images in A 670t/h Utility Boiler and Simulation on Its Application in Combustion Control [J]. Dev. Chem.Eng. Mineral Process, 2000,8(3):311~322
41 Fei Wang, Yong Chi, et al. Section Temperature Field Reconstruction Based on Flame Images Using Algebraic Reconstruction Technique[C], Symposium on Engineering in The 21st Century, Hong Kong, 2000
42卫成业,王飞,马增益,等.运用彩色CCD测量火焰温度场的校正算法[J].中国电机工程学报. 2000,20(1):70~76
43丁经伟,马增益,黄群星,等.炉膛火焰温度场重建非线性优化算法研究.中国电机工程学报[J]. 2003,23(2):136~139
44雷剑波,杨洗陈,陈娟,王云山.激光熔池CCD测温系统的软件设计研究[J].应用激光. 2007,27(1):5~9
45彭小奇,孙元,唐英.中性滤光片扩大CCD测温范围的研究[J].湖南工业大学学报. 2007(3):35~38
46葛绍岩,那鸿悦.热辐射性质及其测量[M].科学出版社,1989:23~56
47刘桃丽,黎道武,梁春林,万雄.一种基于面阵CCD的单波长辐射测温方法[J].光电技术应用. 2008,23(1):26~32
48王庆有. CCD应用技术[J].天津大学出版社,2000:173~183
49李志宏,穆怀萍,姜凡,刘石.多波长可视化测温系统标定的实验研究[J].计量学报. 2007,28(2):130~133
50孙元,彭小奇,李晟,唐璐. CCD辐射测温的动态范围研究[J].传感器与微系统. 2008,27(2):24~26
51罗惠明.电视技术基础[M].广州华南理工大学出版社,1988:146~162
52 K. Chrzanowski. Influence of Measurement Conditions and System Parameters on Accuracy or Remote Temperature Measurement with Dual Spectral IR Systems [J]. IR phy&tech, 1996,37(2):295~306
53由富恩,张存芳,付乐勇,等.辐射测温仪原理及其检定[M].北京中国计量出版社,1990:7~122
54颜卓勇,郭庆华,梁钦锋,于广锁,于遵宏.基于图像处理的CCD测温系统标定方法[J].计算机与应用化学. 2007(11):1452~1455