钍基熔盐快堆多物理耦合研究
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摘要
熔盐堆是第四代核能系统的六种候选堆型之一，特殊之处在于采用液态熔盐作为燃料，其在固有安全、核燃料循环、小型化、核资源的有效利用和防止核扩散等方面有其突出的优点。鉴于GIF目标和钍基熔盐快堆在燃料增殖、核废料嬗变和安全方面具有良好的性能，自2005年，国际上液态燃料熔盐堆的设计和研发工作集中在快谱钍基熔盐堆技术研发，尤其是罐式堆芯结构熔盐快堆。钍基熔盐快堆特殊的设计和运行方式，使得钍基熔盐快堆堆芯中子、缓发中子先驱核、温度和流场内在强耦合，导致新的重要的物理效应。随着计算机技术发展，核反应堆多物理场耦合技术正成为国内外研究的前沿。因此，构建钍基熔盐堆多物理综合仿真模拟平台，研制钍基熔盐快堆三维多物理耦合程序，作为熔盐快堆多物理多尺度耦合分析的有效平台和工具，对于理解熔盐快堆多物理耦合的重要特性和优化钍基熔盐快堆的设计，无论是在学术研究还是在工程应用上都具有重要的现实意义。
本论文首先回顾了熔盐堆发展历史及现状，介绍了多物理场耦合技术的发展及应用，简述了熔盐堆多物理耦合国内外研究现状。然后，详细推导了考虑流体运动影响的熔盐堆中子输运方程，通过P1近似、分群理论和雷诺平均法，获得熔盐快堆多群中子扩散方程；基于传质组份守恒原理，考虑熔盐快堆对流输运和湍流输运效应，详细推导了熔盐快堆缓发中子先驱核浓度方程；从流体动力学三大基本守恒方程出发，采用雷诺平均法和涡粘模型，获得了熔盐快堆湍流N-S方程、湍流动能k方程、湍流耗散率ε方程和以温度T表示的湍流能量方程。这些中子物理方程、热工水力方程及其边界条件，共同构成了钍基熔盐快堆多物理耦合数学模型。为了选择合适的数值方法求解钍基熔盐快堆多物理耦合模型，分析评估了钍基熔盐快堆多物理耦合模型方程的空间离散方法和时间离散方法，介绍了用于求解离散方程的多种有效算法，以及所采用的多物理耦合方案。
通过构建钍基熔盐堆综合仿真模拟平台，依据推导的钍基熔盐快堆多物理耦合数学模型，有限体积空间离散方法，Euler全隐式时间离散方法，采用Gauss-Seidel迭代法、松弛迭代法、共轭梯度法、双共轭梯度法、预处理共轭梯度法和预处理双共轭梯度法六种代数方程组求解算法，以及串行、隐式、内耦合的耦合方案，编制并验证了钍基熔盐快堆三维多物理耦合程序-TMSR3D。三维多物理耦合程序支持结构化和非结构化网格，使用一套网格，全隐式耦合方法，三维可视化后处理，C++面向对象的编程语言，模块化的程序结构设计等特点。为了进一步说明三维多物理耦合程序的功能和特点，给出一种小型钍基熔盐快堆概念设计，应用三维多物理耦合程序分析了小型钍基熔盐快堆堆芯多物理稳态耦合的燃料入口速度效应、燃料回路衰变时间效应和湍流扩散效应；分析了阶跃引入反应性后，堆芯瞬态耦合特性，尤其分析了湍流扩散效应。结果表明，钍基熔盐快堆三维多物理耦合程序能够充分的、有效的模拟液态燃料钍基熔盐快堆堆芯三维多物理稳态和瞬态耦合物理现象,尤其是钍基熔盐快堆对流项的对流输运效应和湍流扩散项的湍流输运效应。
The Molten Salt Reactor(MSR) with special liquid molten salt fuel is one of the sixadvanced reactor concepts identified by the Generation IV International Forum(GIF) as acandidate for cooperative development, which is characterized by remarkable advantages ininherent safety, fuel cycle, miniaturization, effective utilization of nuclear resources andproliferation resistance. In view of the main GIF goals and the perfect capable of breeding,actinide transmutation and safety in the thoium molten salt fast reactor(TMSFR), since2005,R&D in the countries of the world has focused on the development of fast-spectrum MSRconcepts combining the generic assets of fast neutron reactors with those relating to molten saltfluorides as fluid fuel and coolant, especially, for can-type TMSFR without solid moderator inthe core. The peculiar design and operation in TMSFR make inherent tightly coupling relationsbetween the neutron fux, the delayed neutron precursor, the heat transfer and the turbulent fow,which can result in new and important physical effect. Besides, the multi-physical couplingtechnology in the nuclear reactor is becoming the research frontier of the nuclear engineering athome and abroad. Hence, to bulid the thorium molten salt reactor integrated simulationplatform(TMSRINS) and develop the throrium motlen salt fast reactor three dimentionmulti-physical coupling code as an effective tool for multis-cale and multi-physics analysis inTMSFR have important significance in academic research and engineering application forunderstanding the characteristics of multi-physical coupling and optimizing the design in thethorium molten salt fast reactor.
In the dissertation, firstly, the development and status of the molten salt reactor, themulti-physical coupling technology and the mutli-physical coupling research in molten saltreactor are reviewed and summaried. And then the neutron transport equation with the effect ofthe fluid flow is derived in detail, and the multi-group neutron diffusion equation of the moltensalt reactor is established by P1approximation,grouping theory and Reynolds-averaged method.The six-group delayed neutron precursor conservation equations with the effect of the turbulenttransport are derived detailly based on the principle of conservation of components. On the basisof baisc principles of conservation of mass, momentum and energy, adopting Reynolds-averagedmethod and Boussinesq eddy viscosity assumption, the turbulent Navier-Stokes equation, thegoverning euqation for turbulent kinetic energy k, the governing equation for the rate of viscous dissipation ε and the energy equation expressed as the temperature T in the TMSFR are buildcompletely. Ultimately, these equations with relevant boundary conditions constitute themulti-physical coupling model in TMSFR. In order to shoose suitable numerical method to solvethe PDEs of the multi-physical model for the thorium molten salt fast reactor, in the dissertation,the spatial discretisation methods, the temporal discretisation methods and the multi-physicalcoupling chemes are analyzed and compared, at the same time, the numerical algorithms forthese discretised linear equations are also introduced.
After bluiding the TMSRINS platform, in the light of multi-physical coupling model forTMSFR, finite volume method for saptical discretisation, Euler fully implicit method fortemporal discretisation, Gauss-Seidel method, relaxation method, conjugate gradient method,bi-conjugate gradient, preconditioned conjugate gradient method and preconditionedbi-conjugate gradient method for discretised linear equations, and serial, implicit, direct couplingscheme, the three dimension multi-physical coupling code-TMSR3D for TMSFR is develpedand validated. The TMSR3D code support structured and unstructured mesh, uses the same meshin different modules, fully implicit coupling scheme in coupling solvers, three dimensionvisualization in post-processing, C++object-oriented programming language, modular-basedcode design and so on. With the purpose of demonstrating the the functions and features of theTMSR3D code, a concept design of the small thoium molten salt fast reactor is present, then theTMSR3D code is applied to analyze the effect of the fuel inlet velocity, the effect of the fuelresident time out of the core and the effect of the turbulent diffusion at the steady state. Inaddition, the transient characteristics in the core, particularly, the effect of the turbulent diffusion,are simulated and analyzed after a step reactivity addition. The results indicate that the TMSR3Dcode can adequately and effectively simulates the multi-physical coupling phenomena at steadystate and transient in the core of TMSFR，and can especially well refect the transport effect ofthe convective term and the turbulent diffusion term, which is peculiar to TMSFR.
本论文首先回顾了熔盐堆发展历史及现状，介绍了多物理场耦合技术的发展及应用，简述了熔盐堆多物理耦合国内外研究现状。然后，详细推导了考虑流体运动影响的熔盐堆中子输运方程，通过P1近似、分群理论和雷诺平均法，获得熔盐快堆多群中子扩散方程；基于传质组份守恒原理，考虑熔盐快堆对流输运和湍流输运效应，详细推导了熔盐快堆缓发中子先驱核浓度方程；从流体动力学三大基本守恒方程出发，采用雷诺平均法和涡粘模型，获得了熔盐快堆湍流N-S方程、湍流动能k方程、湍流耗散率ε方程和以温度T表示的湍流能量方程。这些中子物理方程、热工水力方程及其边界条件，共同构成了钍基熔盐快堆多物理耦合数学模型。为了选择合适的数值方法求解钍基熔盐快堆多物理耦合模型，分析评估了钍基熔盐快堆多物理耦合模型方程的空间离散方法和时间离散方法，介绍了用于求解离散方程的多种有效算法，以及所采用的多物理耦合方案。
通过构建钍基熔盐堆综合仿真模拟平台，依据推导的钍基熔盐快堆多物理耦合数学模型，有限体积空间离散方法，Euler全隐式时间离散方法，采用Gauss-Seidel迭代法、松弛迭代法、共轭梯度法、双共轭梯度法、预处理共轭梯度法和预处理双共轭梯度法六种代数方程组求解算法，以及串行、隐式、内耦合的耦合方案，编制并验证了钍基熔盐快堆三维多物理耦合程序-TMSR3D。三维多物理耦合程序支持结构化和非结构化网格，使用一套网格，全隐式耦合方法，三维可视化后处理，C++面向对象的编程语言，模块化的程序结构设计等特点。为了进一步说明三维多物理耦合程序的功能和特点，给出一种小型钍基熔盐快堆概念设计，应用三维多物理耦合程序分析了小型钍基熔盐快堆堆芯多物理稳态耦合的燃料入口速度效应、燃料回路衰变时间效应和湍流扩散效应；分析了阶跃引入反应性后，堆芯瞬态耦合特性，尤其分析了湍流扩散效应。结果表明，钍基熔盐快堆三维多物理耦合程序能够充分的、有效的模拟液态燃料钍基熔盐快堆堆芯三维多物理稳态和瞬态耦合物理现象,尤其是钍基熔盐快堆对流项的对流输运效应和湍流扩散项的湍流输运效应。
The Molten Salt Reactor(MSR) with special liquid molten salt fuel is one of the sixadvanced reactor concepts identified by the Generation IV International Forum(GIF) as acandidate for cooperative development, which is characterized by remarkable advantages ininherent safety, fuel cycle, miniaturization, effective utilization of nuclear resources andproliferation resistance. In view of the main GIF goals and the perfect capable of breeding,actinide transmutation and safety in the thoium molten salt fast reactor(TMSFR), since2005,R&D in the countries of the world has focused on the development of fast-spectrum MSRconcepts combining the generic assets of fast neutron reactors with those relating to molten saltfluorides as fluid fuel and coolant, especially, for can-type TMSFR without solid moderator inthe core. The peculiar design and operation in TMSFR make inherent tightly coupling relationsbetween the neutron fux, the delayed neutron precursor, the heat transfer and the turbulent fow,which can result in new and important physical effect. Besides, the multi-physical couplingtechnology in the nuclear reactor is becoming the research frontier of the nuclear engineering athome and abroad. Hence, to bulid the thorium molten salt reactor integrated simulationplatform(TMSRINS) and develop the throrium motlen salt fast reactor three dimentionmulti-physical coupling code as an effective tool for multis-cale and multi-physics analysis inTMSFR have important significance in academic research and engineering application forunderstanding the characteristics of multi-physical coupling and optimizing the design in thethorium molten salt fast reactor.
In the dissertation, firstly, the development and status of the molten salt reactor, themulti-physical coupling technology and the mutli-physical coupling research in molten saltreactor are reviewed and summaried. And then the neutron transport equation with the effect ofthe fluid flow is derived in detail, and the multi-group neutron diffusion equation of the moltensalt reactor is established by P1approximation,grouping theory and Reynolds-averaged method.The six-group delayed neutron precursor conservation equations with the effect of the turbulenttransport are derived detailly based on the principle of conservation of components. On the basisof baisc principles of conservation of mass, momentum and energy, adopting Reynolds-averagedmethod and Boussinesq eddy viscosity assumption, the turbulent Navier-Stokes equation, thegoverning euqation for turbulent kinetic energy k, the governing equation for the rate of viscous dissipation ε and the energy equation expressed as the temperature T in the TMSFR are buildcompletely. Ultimately, these equations with relevant boundary conditions constitute themulti-physical coupling model in TMSFR. In order to shoose suitable numerical method to solvethe PDEs of the multi-physical model for the thorium molten salt fast reactor, in the dissertation,the spatial discretisation methods, the temporal discretisation methods and the multi-physicalcoupling chemes are analyzed and compared, at the same time, the numerical algorithms forthese discretised linear equations are also introduced.
After bluiding the TMSRINS platform, in the light of multi-physical coupling model forTMSFR, finite volume method for saptical discretisation, Euler fully implicit method fortemporal discretisation, Gauss-Seidel method, relaxation method, conjugate gradient method,bi-conjugate gradient, preconditioned conjugate gradient method and preconditionedbi-conjugate gradient method for discretised linear equations, and serial, implicit, direct couplingscheme, the three dimension multi-physical coupling code-TMSR3D for TMSFR is develpedand validated. The TMSR3D code support structured and unstructured mesh, uses the same meshin different modules, fully implicit coupling scheme in coupling solvers, three dimensionvisualization in post-processing, C++object-oriented programming language, modular-basedcode design and so on. With the purpose of demonstrating the the functions and features of theTMSR3D code, a concept design of the small thoium molten salt fast reactor is present, then theTMSR3D code is applied to analyze the effect of the fuel inlet velocity, the effect of the fuelresident time out of the core and the effect of the turbulent diffusion at the steady state. Inaddition, the transient characteristics in the core, particularly, the effect of the turbulent diffusion,are simulated and analyzed after a step reactivity addition. The results indicate that the TMSR3Dcode can adequately and effectively simulates the multi-physical coupling phenomena at steadystate and transient in the core of TMSFR，and can especially well refect the transport effect ofthe convective term and the turbulent diffusion term, which is peculiar to TMSFR.
引文
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