固体有机废弃物制备活性炭的基础性研究
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摘要
资源与环境是21世纪的两大主题,城市垃圾处理是这两大主题中的重要课题。伴随着我国经济的快速发展,我国城市规模的不断扩大,人口高度集中,城市垃圾总量的不断增加。如果能够将城市垃圾转化为有效的能源物资,既实现处理垃圾的目的,又缓解能源消耗紧张的压力,无论是我国城市生态环境保护,还是国民经济发展和能源结构调整,都具有十分重大的现实意义。利用热解技术将城市固体有机废弃物制备成活性炭,具有二次污染小,无害化彻底和资源化程度高的特点,是垃圾资源利用化的重要技术之一,近年来得到广大科学工作者的极大关注。
活性炭微孔发达、比表面积高、吸附能力强,是一种优良的吸附材料,广泛应用于化工、环保、食品与制药、催化剂载体和电极材料等领域。随着科学技术的飞速发展,市场对活性炭的需求量越来越大。本文采用颗粒粒径为0.59-0.85mm的聚碳酸酯(PC)为原料,NaOH作为化学活化剂,在活化温度为773K和氮气保护条件下制备活性炭。活化时间和NaOH/聚碳酸酯混合比这两个工艺参数通过中心组合设计方法设定。实验通过ASAP 2000分析仪测试不同工艺条件下制备的活性炭在77K下对N_2的吸附等温线、比表面积、D-R微孔容积等。
结果表明,不同活化时间和不同化学药品混合比制备的活性炭的N_2吸附等温线属于Ⅰ型吸附等温线,而水蒸汽吸附等温线则属于Ⅳ型。说明活化时间和化学药品混合比的增加都促进了微孔的形成。但化学药品混合比过高时,会造成微孔孔径扩大至中孔甚至大孔。利用响应面法规划求解得到比表面积,D-R微孔容积和产率的二次响应面近似函数,并通过此函数求出NaOH化学活化聚碳酸酯制备活性炭所得的最大比表面积和D-R微孔容积分别为853.3 m~2/g和0.3678 mL/g。同时也确定了在热解温度773K下,获得最大比表面积和D-R微孔容积对应的活化时间和NaOH/聚碳酸酯混合比的最优水平。另外还得出水蒸汽吸附量Q_((0.35-0.10))和Q_(0.95)的二次响应面近似函数,并求出其最优值分别为0.2373 kg/kg和0.5577 kg/kg。最后用响应表面图检验了活化时间和化学药品混合比对活性炭性能的影响,说明活化时间和化学药品混合比这两个因素对比表面积,D-R微孔容积、产率、水蒸汽吸附量Q_((0.35-0.10))和Q_(0.95)的影响都是非线性的。
Resource and environment are two topics in 21~(st) century,and disposal of municipal refuse is an important task in the two topics.With the rapid development of the economy and enlargement of city scale in China,the city population and municipal refuse are increasing rapidly.Refuse will become an effective energy resource with right disposition and the energy consumption stress will be relieved.It has great practical significance in city environment protection,development of national economic and adjustment of energy structure.Pyrolysis technology is one of important refuse disposal techniques in preparation of activated carbon from solid organic wastes with little secondary pollution,quite innocuity and high reusability,and it has been paid more attention from all over the world.
Activated carbon has been used widely as an adsorption material in chemical industry, environment protection,food industry,pharmaceutics,catalyst carriers and electrode materials,etc.With the development of science and technology,the demand for activated carbon is increasing rapidly.In this paper,the activated carbon was prepared by chemical activation with NaOH under nitrogen atmosphere from polycarbonate(PC) particles in the size range of 0.59-0.85 mm,while the activation temperature is set at 773K.The activation time and NaOH/PC ratio were planned according to Central composite design.The BET surface area and D-R micropore volume of activated carbon were determined through ASAP 2000 with nitrogen at 77K.
The characteristics of activated carbon prepared at different activation time and chemical ratio were studied.As a result,the N_2 adsorption isotherms are typical of TypeⅠwhile the water vapor isotherms are of TypeⅣ,representing micropores are developed with the increase of activation time and chemical ratio,although the micropores were enlarged to mesopores or macropores.Response surface methodology was used to establish the optimum levels of independent processing factors(activation time at 773 K and NaOH/PC ratio) for obtaining maxima of BET surface area and D-R micropore volume with the second degree polynomial model,853.3 m~2/g and 0.3678 mL/g,respectively.The second degree polynomial model of water vapor amount absorbed was also determined for obtaining maxima of Q_((0.35-0.10)) and Q_(0.95,) 0.2373 kg/kg and 0.5577 kg/kg,respectively.The contour plots are used to inspect the effect of activation time and chemical ratio on characteristics of activated carbon,which is nonlinear.
活性炭微孔发达、比表面积高、吸附能力强,是一种优良的吸附材料,广泛应用于化工、环保、食品与制药、催化剂载体和电极材料等领域。随着科学技术的飞速发展,市场对活性炭的需求量越来越大。本文采用颗粒粒径为0.59-0.85mm的聚碳酸酯(PC)为原料,NaOH作为化学活化剂,在活化温度为773K和氮气保护条件下制备活性炭。活化时间和NaOH/聚碳酸酯混合比这两个工艺参数通过中心组合设计方法设定。实验通过ASAP 2000分析仪测试不同工艺条件下制备的活性炭在77K下对N_2的吸附等温线、比表面积、D-R微孔容积等。
结果表明,不同活化时间和不同化学药品混合比制备的活性炭的N_2吸附等温线属于Ⅰ型吸附等温线,而水蒸汽吸附等温线则属于Ⅳ型。说明活化时间和化学药品混合比的增加都促进了微孔的形成。但化学药品混合比过高时,会造成微孔孔径扩大至中孔甚至大孔。利用响应面法规划求解得到比表面积,D-R微孔容积和产率的二次响应面近似函数,并通过此函数求出NaOH化学活化聚碳酸酯制备活性炭所得的最大比表面积和D-R微孔容积分别为853.3 m~2/g和0.3678 mL/g。同时也确定了在热解温度773K下,获得最大比表面积和D-R微孔容积对应的活化时间和NaOH/聚碳酸酯混合比的最优水平。另外还得出水蒸汽吸附量Q_((0.35-0.10))和Q_(0.95)的二次响应面近似函数,并求出其最优值分别为0.2373 kg/kg和0.5577 kg/kg。最后用响应表面图检验了活化时间和化学药品混合比对活性炭性能的影响,说明活化时间和化学药品混合比这两个因素对比表面积,D-R微孔容积、产率、水蒸汽吸附量Q_((0.35-0.10))和Q_(0.95)的影响都是非线性的。
Resource and environment are two topics in 21~(st) century,and disposal of municipal refuse is an important task in the two topics.With the rapid development of the economy and enlargement of city scale in China,the city population and municipal refuse are increasing rapidly.Refuse will become an effective energy resource with right disposition and the energy consumption stress will be relieved.It has great practical significance in city environment protection,development of national economic and adjustment of energy structure.Pyrolysis technology is one of important refuse disposal techniques in preparation of activated carbon from solid organic wastes with little secondary pollution,quite innocuity and high reusability,and it has been paid more attention from all over the world.
Activated carbon has been used widely as an adsorption material in chemical industry, environment protection,food industry,pharmaceutics,catalyst carriers and electrode materials,etc.With the development of science and technology,the demand for activated carbon is increasing rapidly.In this paper,the activated carbon was prepared by chemical activation with NaOH under nitrogen atmosphere from polycarbonate(PC) particles in the size range of 0.59-0.85 mm,while the activation temperature is set at 773K.The activation time and NaOH/PC ratio were planned according to Central composite design.The BET surface area and D-R micropore volume of activated carbon were determined through ASAP 2000 with nitrogen at 77K.
The characteristics of activated carbon prepared at different activation time and chemical ratio were studied.As a result,the N_2 adsorption isotherms are typical of TypeⅠwhile the water vapor isotherms are of TypeⅣ,representing micropores are developed with the increase of activation time and chemical ratio,although the micropores were enlarged to mesopores or macropores.Response surface methodology was used to establish the optimum levels of independent processing factors(activation time at 773 K and NaOH/PC ratio) for obtaining maxima of BET surface area and D-R micropore volume with the second degree polynomial model,853.3 m~2/g and 0.3678 mL/g,respectively.The second degree polynomial model of water vapor amount absorbed was also determined for obtaining maxima of Q_((0.35-0.10)) and Q_(0.95,) 0.2373 kg/kg and 0.5577 kg/kg,respectively.The contour plots are used to inspect the effect of activation time and chemical ratio on characteristics of activated carbon,which is nonlinear.
引文
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