部分重熔处理及稀土Y对ZL205A合金组织与性能的影响
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摘要
本文系统研究了部分重熔处理、稀Y对ZL205A合金组织、力学性能及热裂抗力的影响规律,通过对部分重熔处理、添加Y的ZL205A合金高温粘度、凝固特性、力学性能和热裂抗力变化规律的分析,揭示了添加不同比例重熔料和Y、重熔料和Y复合添加处理对ZL205A合金组织与性能的影响机理。通过复合添加重熔料及Y处理,在保证ZL205A合金力学性能的基础上显著降低其热裂倾向性。
研究了重熔料对ZL205A合金铸态及热处理状态下组织与性能的影响,结果表明:重熔料的添加细化了合金晶粒,晶粒尺寸随着重熔料含量的增加呈先减小后增大的变化趋势。添加少量及过量重熔料的ZL205A合金热处理后基体内第二相主要沿晶界析出;添加20wt.%重熔料时合金晶粒最为细小,由原始合金的60μm左右降低至33μm左右,热处理后合金基体内弥散、均匀的析出第二相ZL205A合金的力学性能则随着重熔料含量增加呈先增大后减小趋势;添加20wt.%重熔料时,力学性能达到最优,热处理状态下,抗拉强度由原始ZL205A合金的501Mpa提高到525MPa,屈服强度由原始合金的421MPa提高到445MPa,延伸率高达14%。但是由于重熔料的添加增加了ZL205A合金中异质形核质点的数量,从而减小了初生α(Al)的形核过冷度,提高了合金的液相线温度,增大了固液共存区间,增加了合金的热裂倾向性。
研究发现,重熔料的添加没有改变ZL205A合金的主要相组成。根据重熔料所携带细化剂和重熔料本身对ZL205A合金组织与性能的影响研究,结果表明:重熔料本身的组织结构遗传性是造成添加不同比例重熔料后ZL205A合金组织与性能变化的主要原因;重熔料携带的Al-Ti-B细化剂在合金重熔过程中有一定的遗传性,但不是主要影响因素。
应用扭转式高温粘度仪对添加不同比例重熔料的ZL205A合金的粘度进行了研究。原始ZL205A合金熔体在较高的温度范围内粘度随着温度降低呈指数增加,变化关系符合Arrhenius方程;添加不同比例重熔料后,在968K-1088K温度范围内,合金熔体粘度随温度降低的变化符合Arrhenius方程,但是合金熔体粘度随着温度降低而增加的幅度高于原始ZL205A合金;当温度降至923K-953K范围时,合金熔体粘度随温度的降低而增加的幅度则低于原始ZL205A合金,变化规律偏离Arrhenius方程,表明重熔料添加导致ZL205A合金熔体结构发生变化。
综合分析部分重熔处理后ZL205A合金粘度随温度变化、铸态组织、液淬组织及热分析结果,表明:重熔料添加增加了ZL205A合金熔体中能够充当异质形核质点的原子团簇,是细化合金晶粒的主要原因。添加适量重熔料时,熔体中存在一定量的原子团簇,当达到一定过冷度时熔体中瞬时有大量质点被同时激发,进行形核长大,导致短时间内晶粒相互接触并阻碍其生长,晶粒显著细化;而添加过量重熔料时,由于原子团簇间彼此聚合使其尺寸达到及超过临界形核尺寸时直接生长为晶粒,导致晶粒粗大,细化效果降低。
Y可显著细化ZL205A合金的铸态显微组织,并且随着Y含量增加合金晶粒尺寸逐渐减小。TEM分析表明,在晶粒内部三角晶界处存在密排六方结构的灰色块状AlCuY相,DSC分析显示,该相形成温度为592.1℃,高于固相线温度,因此,AlCuY相的形成占用了晶界处Cu原子,减少了共晶组织数量;计算表明,Y与Ti、V之间的电负性差和相互作用强度高于Al与Ti、V之间的电负性差和相互作用强度,使之容易吸附在一起,从而减小了初生α(Al)的形核率,增大了其形核过冷度,降低了液相线温度。
研究了Y对ZL205A合金热裂抗力的影响。Y可明显降低ZL205A合金的热裂倾向性,添加0.05wt.%Y和0.1wt.%Y时,热裂抗力由原始合金的330N分别提高至380N和450N。Y降低ZL205A合金热裂倾向性机理包括以下三个方面:①降低了ZL205A合金的液相线温度,减小了固液共存区间;②细化了合金晶粒组织,增大了晶粒间结合面积从而使得晶间结合力提高;③减少了共晶相数量,使得由于晶间液相存在引起的有效表面能的减小对晶界的弱化作用降低,提高了裂纹扩展的临界应力;另外,合金共晶组织形态由网状结构转变为长条状,增加了凝固后期枝晶间液体的流动性及补缩能力。
研究了复合添加重熔料和Y对ZL205A合金力学性能和热裂抗力的影响规律,通过控制重熔料和Y的复合添加可获得所需的合金性能。复合添加20wt.%重熔料和0.1wt.%Y时对ZL205A合金具有强烈的组织细化效果,获得了平均晶粒尺寸为25μm的ZL205A合金;同时ZL205A合金热裂倾向性显著降低,热裂抗力由原始ZL205A合金的330N提高至670N。
In this paper, effects of partial remelting treatment and Y on microstructure, mechanical properties and hot tearing resistance of ZL205A alloy were studied in detail. The variation of viscosity, solidification characteristic, mechanical properties and hot tearing resistance of ZL205A alloy after adding returns or Y were investigated. The influence mechanisms of returns, Y, as well as their contents, returns and Y on microstructure and mechanical properties of ZL205A alloy were discussed. The hot tearing susceptibility of ZL205A alloy decreased significantly, meanwhile, maintained the basic mechanical properties by adding returns and Y.
Effects of returns on as-cast and heat treatment microstructure and mechanical properties of ZL205A alloy by partial remelting treatment were investigated. The results show that the grain size of ZL205A alloy decreases at different degree. The grain size increases first and then decreases with increasing of returns content. The effect of returns on microstructure of ZL205A alloys under the condition of heat treatment was also studied. Analysis reveals that precipitation of second-phase of ZL205A alloys after adding small and excess amount returns is similar with that of primary ZL205A alloy which precipitates along the grain boundary. The most refinement is achieved when the content of returns increased up to 20 wt.%. The average grain size of the primary ZL205A alloy was measured to be about 60μm, and the good result can be got of the ZL205A alloys with the average particle size ofα(Al) phase being about 33μm after adding 20wt.% returns. The precipitation of second-phase in the matrix of ZL205A alloy with 20 wt.% returns is dispersed and uniform. The mechanical properties of the alloys increase first and then decrease with increasing of returns content. The ZL205A alloy with 20 wt.% returns has a considerably high tensile strength and yield strength of 525MPa and 445 MPa, respectively, which is much higher than 501 MPa and 421 MPa of primary ZL205A alloy, meanwhile the elongation level is up to14%. However, the number of nucleations increased after adding returns which results in the decreases of nucleation undercooling for primaryα(Al) and the increases of liquidus temperature. Therefore, the hot tearing susceptibility of alloy increases after adding returns due to the wider crystallization range.
The main phases of ZL205A alloy do not changed after adding returns. The changes of microstructure and properties of alloys are caused by the heredity of returns to ZL205A alloy through analyzing the effects of returns without or with refiner on microstructure and mechanical properties of ZL205A alloy. In addition, Al-Ti-B refiner has heredity in certain during remelting process of the alloy, but is not a major factor.
The viscosity of ZL205A alloy melt with different returns content was measured by a torsional oscillation viscometer and the effect of returns on the viscosity of ZL205A alloy melt was studied. It suggests that the viscosity of primary ZL205A alloy increases exponentially as temperature decreases, which follows the Arrhenius formula. At temperature range of 968 K-1088 K, the viscosity of ZL205A alloy melt with different returns content follows the Arrhenius formula, however, the increasing extent is higher than that of primary ZL205A alloy. At 923 K-953 K range, the increasing extent of viscosity is smaller than that of primary ZL205A alloy, and the trend deviates from Arrhenius formula. It shows that addition of returns causes the liquid structural change of ZL205A alloy.
Based on the researches of viscosity, as-cast microstructure, thermal analysis results and liquid quenching analysis of ZL205A alloy by partial remelting treatment, the main reason of grain refinement of ZL205A alloy was due to the increase of the number of atom clusters which can act as nucleation after adding different returns contents. Certain amount atom clusters formed in the melt when adding the appropriate amount of returns, a large number of particles are excited for nucleation and growth once the undercooling reaches a certain extent, which results in refinement significantly. However, the atom clusters will segregate to meet or exceed the critical size of nucleation and growth for the grain when adding excessive returns, and resulting in lower refining effect.
Y addition into as-cast ZL205A alloy leads to the refined microstructures. The grain size decreases with increasing of Y content. TEM results show that the morphology of AlCuY phase exhibits bulk structure, the crystal structure is close-packed hexagonal (HCP) structure, and located in triangular grain boundary. DSC analysis shows that AlCuY phase formed at 592.1℃which is higher than the liquidus temperature. The formation of AlCuY phase took up Cu atoms which results in the reduction of the quantity of eutectic structure. In addition, theory calculation shows that the electronegativity difference and interaction strengths between Y and Ti, V are higher than that of between Al and Ti, V, which makes them segregated easily. Therefore, the precipitation of AlCuY phase decreases the nucleation frequency of primaryα(Al) and increases the nucleation undercooling, finally, reduces the liquidus temperature.
The effect of Y on hot tearing resistance of ZL205A alloy was studied. It is found that the hot tearing resistance of ZL205A alloy with 0.05 wt.%Y and 0.1 wt.%Y achieves up to 380 N and 450 N, respectively, while that of primary ZL205A alloy was 330 N. The reasons of Y reduces the hot tearing susceptibility were investigated. Firstly, Y addition causes a depression of the begin-solidifying temperature ofα(Al) which shortens the crystallization range. Secondly, Y addition refines grain size which increases bonding areas between grains and results in large intergranular bonding. Finally, addition of Y reduces the quantity of eutectic structure and changes the eutectic structure from mesh to strip. The critical stress of fracture propagation is improved due to the decrease of grain boundary weakness which due to the decrease of effective surface energy caused by the existence of liquid in the grain boundary.
The effects of returns and Y additions on the mechanical properties and hot tearing susceptibility of ZL205A alloy were investigated. It indicates that the requirement of ZL205A alloy properties can be achieved by controlling returns and Y addition. The addition of returns and Y has very strong effect on microstructure refinement of ZL205A alloy, and the grain size decreases from 60μm to 25μm when contents of returns and Y are 20 wt.% and 0.1 wt.%, respectively. It shows that the hot tearing susceptibility of ZL205A alloy with 20 wt.% returns and 0.1 wt.%Y decreases significantly, and the hot tearing resistance increases from 330 N to 670 N.
研究了重熔料对ZL205A合金铸态及热处理状态下组织与性能的影响,结果表明:重熔料的添加细化了合金晶粒,晶粒尺寸随着重熔料含量的增加呈先减小后增大的变化趋势。添加少量及过量重熔料的ZL205A合金热处理后基体内第二相主要沿晶界析出;添加20wt.%重熔料时合金晶粒最为细小,由原始合金的60μm左右降低至33μm左右,热处理后合金基体内弥散、均匀的析出第二相ZL205A合金的力学性能则随着重熔料含量增加呈先增大后减小趋势;添加20wt.%重熔料时,力学性能达到最优,热处理状态下,抗拉强度由原始ZL205A合金的501Mpa提高到525MPa,屈服强度由原始合金的421MPa提高到445MPa,延伸率高达14%。但是由于重熔料的添加增加了ZL205A合金中异质形核质点的数量,从而减小了初生α(Al)的形核过冷度,提高了合金的液相线温度,增大了固液共存区间,增加了合金的热裂倾向性。
研究发现,重熔料的添加没有改变ZL205A合金的主要相组成。根据重熔料所携带细化剂和重熔料本身对ZL205A合金组织与性能的影响研究,结果表明:重熔料本身的组织结构遗传性是造成添加不同比例重熔料后ZL205A合金组织与性能变化的主要原因;重熔料携带的Al-Ti-B细化剂在合金重熔过程中有一定的遗传性,但不是主要影响因素。
应用扭转式高温粘度仪对添加不同比例重熔料的ZL205A合金的粘度进行了研究。原始ZL205A合金熔体在较高的温度范围内粘度随着温度降低呈指数增加,变化关系符合Arrhenius方程;添加不同比例重熔料后,在968K-1088K温度范围内,合金熔体粘度随温度降低的变化符合Arrhenius方程,但是合金熔体粘度随着温度降低而增加的幅度高于原始ZL205A合金;当温度降至923K-953K范围时,合金熔体粘度随温度的降低而增加的幅度则低于原始ZL205A合金,变化规律偏离Arrhenius方程,表明重熔料添加导致ZL205A合金熔体结构发生变化。
综合分析部分重熔处理后ZL205A合金粘度随温度变化、铸态组织、液淬组织及热分析结果,表明:重熔料添加增加了ZL205A合金熔体中能够充当异质形核质点的原子团簇,是细化合金晶粒的主要原因。添加适量重熔料时,熔体中存在一定量的原子团簇,当达到一定过冷度时熔体中瞬时有大量质点被同时激发,进行形核长大,导致短时间内晶粒相互接触并阻碍其生长,晶粒显著细化;而添加过量重熔料时,由于原子团簇间彼此聚合使其尺寸达到及超过临界形核尺寸时直接生长为晶粒,导致晶粒粗大,细化效果降低。
Y可显著细化ZL205A合金的铸态显微组织,并且随着Y含量增加合金晶粒尺寸逐渐减小。TEM分析表明,在晶粒内部三角晶界处存在密排六方结构的灰色块状AlCuY相,DSC分析显示,该相形成温度为592.1℃,高于固相线温度,因此,AlCuY相的形成占用了晶界处Cu原子,减少了共晶组织数量;计算表明,Y与Ti、V之间的电负性差和相互作用强度高于Al与Ti、V之间的电负性差和相互作用强度,使之容易吸附在一起,从而减小了初生α(Al)的形核率,增大了其形核过冷度,降低了液相线温度。
研究了Y对ZL205A合金热裂抗力的影响。Y可明显降低ZL205A合金的热裂倾向性,添加0.05wt.%Y和0.1wt.%Y时,热裂抗力由原始合金的330N分别提高至380N和450N。Y降低ZL205A合金热裂倾向性机理包括以下三个方面:①降低了ZL205A合金的液相线温度,减小了固液共存区间;②细化了合金晶粒组织,增大了晶粒间结合面积从而使得晶间结合力提高;③减少了共晶相数量,使得由于晶间液相存在引起的有效表面能的减小对晶界的弱化作用降低,提高了裂纹扩展的临界应力;另外,合金共晶组织形态由网状结构转变为长条状,增加了凝固后期枝晶间液体的流动性及补缩能力。
研究了复合添加重熔料和Y对ZL205A合金力学性能和热裂抗力的影响规律,通过控制重熔料和Y的复合添加可获得所需的合金性能。复合添加20wt.%重熔料和0.1wt.%Y时对ZL205A合金具有强烈的组织细化效果,获得了平均晶粒尺寸为25μm的ZL205A合金;同时ZL205A合金热裂倾向性显著降低,热裂抗力由原始ZL205A合金的330N提高至670N。
In this paper, effects of partial remelting treatment and Y on microstructure, mechanical properties and hot tearing resistance of ZL205A alloy were studied in detail. The variation of viscosity, solidification characteristic, mechanical properties and hot tearing resistance of ZL205A alloy after adding returns or Y were investigated. The influence mechanisms of returns, Y, as well as their contents, returns and Y on microstructure and mechanical properties of ZL205A alloy were discussed. The hot tearing susceptibility of ZL205A alloy decreased significantly, meanwhile, maintained the basic mechanical properties by adding returns and Y.
Effects of returns on as-cast and heat treatment microstructure and mechanical properties of ZL205A alloy by partial remelting treatment were investigated. The results show that the grain size of ZL205A alloy decreases at different degree. The grain size increases first and then decreases with increasing of returns content. The effect of returns on microstructure of ZL205A alloys under the condition of heat treatment was also studied. Analysis reveals that precipitation of second-phase of ZL205A alloys after adding small and excess amount returns is similar with that of primary ZL205A alloy which precipitates along the grain boundary. The most refinement is achieved when the content of returns increased up to 20 wt.%. The average grain size of the primary ZL205A alloy was measured to be about 60μm, and the good result can be got of the ZL205A alloys with the average particle size ofα(Al) phase being about 33μm after adding 20wt.% returns. The precipitation of second-phase in the matrix of ZL205A alloy with 20 wt.% returns is dispersed and uniform. The mechanical properties of the alloys increase first and then decrease with increasing of returns content. The ZL205A alloy with 20 wt.% returns has a considerably high tensile strength and yield strength of 525MPa and 445 MPa, respectively, which is much higher than 501 MPa and 421 MPa of primary ZL205A alloy, meanwhile the elongation level is up to14%. However, the number of nucleations increased after adding returns which results in the decreases of nucleation undercooling for primaryα(Al) and the increases of liquidus temperature. Therefore, the hot tearing susceptibility of alloy increases after adding returns due to the wider crystallization range.
The main phases of ZL205A alloy do not changed after adding returns. The changes of microstructure and properties of alloys are caused by the heredity of returns to ZL205A alloy through analyzing the effects of returns without or with refiner on microstructure and mechanical properties of ZL205A alloy. In addition, Al-Ti-B refiner has heredity in certain during remelting process of the alloy, but is not a major factor.
The viscosity of ZL205A alloy melt with different returns content was measured by a torsional oscillation viscometer and the effect of returns on the viscosity of ZL205A alloy melt was studied. It suggests that the viscosity of primary ZL205A alloy increases exponentially as temperature decreases, which follows the Arrhenius formula. At temperature range of 968 K-1088 K, the viscosity of ZL205A alloy melt with different returns content follows the Arrhenius formula, however, the increasing extent is higher than that of primary ZL205A alloy. At 923 K-953 K range, the increasing extent of viscosity is smaller than that of primary ZL205A alloy, and the trend deviates from Arrhenius formula. It shows that addition of returns causes the liquid structural change of ZL205A alloy.
Based on the researches of viscosity, as-cast microstructure, thermal analysis results and liquid quenching analysis of ZL205A alloy by partial remelting treatment, the main reason of grain refinement of ZL205A alloy was due to the increase of the number of atom clusters which can act as nucleation after adding different returns contents. Certain amount atom clusters formed in the melt when adding the appropriate amount of returns, a large number of particles are excited for nucleation and growth once the undercooling reaches a certain extent, which results in refinement significantly. However, the atom clusters will segregate to meet or exceed the critical size of nucleation and growth for the grain when adding excessive returns, and resulting in lower refining effect.
Y addition into as-cast ZL205A alloy leads to the refined microstructures. The grain size decreases with increasing of Y content. TEM results show that the morphology of AlCuY phase exhibits bulk structure, the crystal structure is close-packed hexagonal (HCP) structure, and located in triangular grain boundary. DSC analysis shows that AlCuY phase formed at 592.1℃which is higher than the liquidus temperature. The formation of AlCuY phase took up Cu atoms which results in the reduction of the quantity of eutectic structure. In addition, theory calculation shows that the electronegativity difference and interaction strengths between Y and Ti, V are higher than that of between Al and Ti, V, which makes them segregated easily. Therefore, the precipitation of AlCuY phase decreases the nucleation frequency of primaryα(Al) and increases the nucleation undercooling, finally, reduces the liquidus temperature.
The effect of Y on hot tearing resistance of ZL205A alloy was studied. It is found that the hot tearing resistance of ZL205A alloy with 0.05 wt.%Y and 0.1 wt.%Y achieves up to 380 N and 450 N, respectively, while that of primary ZL205A alloy was 330 N. The reasons of Y reduces the hot tearing susceptibility were investigated. Firstly, Y addition causes a depression of the begin-solidifying temperature ofα(Al) which shortens the crystallization range. Secondly, Y addition refines grain size which increases bonding areas between grains and results in large intergranular bonding. Finally, addition of Y reduces the quantity of eutectic structure and changes the eutectic structure from mesh to strip. The critical stress of fracture propagation is improved due to the decrease of grain boundary weakness which due to the decrease of effective surface energy caused by the existence of liquid in the grain boundary.
The effects of returns and Y additions on the mechanical properties and hot tearing susceptibility of ZL205A alloy were investigated. It indicates that the requirement of ZL205A alloy properties can be achieved by controlling returns and Y addition. The addition of returns and Y has very strong effect on microstructure refinement of ZL205A alloy, and the grain size decreases from 60μm to 25μm when contents of returns and Y are 20 wt.% and 0.1 wt.%, respectively. It shows that the hot tearing susceptibility of ZL205A alloy with 20 wt.% returns and 0.1 wt.%Y decreases significantly, and the hot tearing resistance increases from 330 N to 670 N.
引文
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