磷石膏改良滨海盐土效果及机理
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摘要
江苏沿海地区有大量的滨海盐土,植物难以生长,经过改良,将是一种重要的农业资源。本研究以江苏如东地区滨海盐土为研究对象,利用磷化工废渣磷石膏制成土壤改良剂,配合复合肥进行滨海盐土改良试验。通过室内盆栽试验和野外田间试验,研究了磷石膏改良剂对滨海盐土的理化性状及配合不同水分处理对小麦生长的影响,试验结果表明：
1.盆栽试验
施用磷石膏后,土壤的全氮、碱解氮、速效磷都有所提高,特别是速效磷。与CK2(30%复合肥900kg/hm2)相比,改良剂5(30%复合肥900kg/hm2+磷石膏改良剂45000kg/hm2)的土壤全氮、碱解氮、速效磷增幅最大,分别为56%、186.6%、411.5%。
随着磷石膏用量的增加,钠离子的含量逐渐降低,改良剂5的钠离子是最低的,比CK2降低76.3%；钾离子和钙离子逐渐增加,改良剂5比CK2增加为300%和1688.5%；镁离子含量有所增加,但变化无明显规律；碳酸根离子和碳酸氢根离子逐渐降低,其中改良剂5的含量最低；硫酸根离子逐渐升高,其中改良剂5最高,比CK1(不施肥,不施磷石膏改良剂)增加214.3%。总体来说,改良剂5的效果是最好的。
磷石膏能有效降低土壤的pH,促进小麦生长,最大降幅是改良剂5,比CK1下降13.7%。
2.田间试验
磷石膏均能不同程度的提高小麦叶片中的养分含量。对于全氮和全磷,改良剂4(30%复合肥1050kg/hm2+磷石膏改良剂11250kg/hm2)处理的效果最好,分别比CK2(30%复合肥1050kg/hm2)增加26.21%和35.97%。对于全钾,改良剂3(30%复合肥1050kg/hm2+磷石膏改良剂2250kg/hm2)处理的效果最好,比CK2增加186.25%。
磷石膏处理能提高小麦的株高、千粒重和产量。对于提高小麦株高是改良剂5(30%复合肥1050kg/hm2+磷石膏改良剂22500kg/hm2)的效果最好,比CK2增加19.04%。对于提高小麦千粒重和产量,是改3的效果最好,比CK2分别增加19.36%和45.26%。
磷石膏能增加土壤有机质,但是方差分析差异不显著,且没有明显的变化规律。磷石膏能有效降低土壤的pH,差异明显,改良剂6(30%复合肥1050kg/hm2+磷石膏改良剂45000kg/hm2)比CK2降低5.04%。
随着磷石膏使用量的增加,土壤中钠离子的含量逐渐降低,其中改良剂6含量最低,比CK1降低89.83%；钾离子和钙离子逐渐增加,改良剂6含量最高,比CK1(不施肥,不施磷石膏改良剂)分别增加384.90%和1977.72%；镁离子含量有增加,但变化无明显规律；碳酸氢根离子逐渐降低,改良剂6是最低的；氯离子含量降低,但变化无明显规律；硫酸根离子逐渐增加,改良剂6最高,比CK1增加1597%。总体来说,改良剂6的效果是最好的。
3.不同土壤含水量处理试验
随着土壤含水量降低,小麦叶片中的三种抗逆性酶(POD、CAT、SOD)活性增加,增加幅度最大的是处理7(30%复合肥900kg/hm2+磷石膏改良剂45000kg/hm2+30%土壤饱和含水量),分别比处理1(30%复合肥900kg/hm2+磷石膏改良剂45000kg/hm2+90%土壤饱和含水量)增加55.10%、171.43%、116.86%,说明小麦幼苗受到水分胁迫；小麦叶片内两种干旱调节物质可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白增加,进一步说明小麦受到水分胁迫；叶片中丙二醛也在增加,处理7比处理1增加98.37%,说明小麦细胞膜受到损伤,在使用磷石膏改良剂时,为了发挥最佳改良土壤和促进作物生长效果,合适的土壤含水量也是很重要的。
本试验表明,磷石膏资源化利用,制作土壤改良剂,可以显著改良滨海盐土理化性状,大大加快滨海盐土脱盐过程,促进作物生长。
There is a lot of coastal saline soil in Jiangsu where plant can not adapt to grow. It could become a perspective farming resource after well-improving. In the current work, greenhouse pot experiments and field experiments were conducted to amend coastal saline soil in Rudong county by phosphogypsum-based conditioner. Besides we have also investigated the interactive influence of different soil water content on wheat growth under phosphogypsum, key results are shown as below:
1. Pot experiments
Total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus have been improved, especially available phosphorus in the soil treat with phosphogypsum. Compared to CK2(30%compound fertilizer900kg/hm2),the biggest increment of total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus in soil was obtained in amendment5(30%compound fertilizer900kg/hm2+phosphogypsum amendment45000kg/hm2),which was56%,186.6%,411.5%respectively.
With the increasing of phosphogypsum,the sodium content was gradually reduced which the lowest was amendment5. While the content of potassium and calcium were gradually increased with increment magnitude of300%and1688.5%respectively. Little significant rise of magnesium content was observed. The content of carbonate and bicarbonate was gradually decreased and the lowest was obtained in amendment5while the content of sulfate was gradually raised, which was increased by214.3%compared with CKl(no compound fertilizer,no phosphogypsum amendment), indicating that the best was amendment5..
Phosphogypsum can effectively reduce the soil pH and promote the wheat growth, which the biggest decrease extent was amendment5, fall of13.7%in comparison with CK1.
2.Field test
The nutrient content in wheat blade was increased in all treatment with phosphogypsum in field experiment. The highest of total nitrogen and total phosphorus was observed in field treated with phosphogypsum amendment4(30%compound fertilizer1050kg/hm2+phosphogypsum amendment11250kg/hm2),26.21%and35.97%of increment was obtained compared to CK2(30%compound fertilizer1050kg/hm2). Potassium content in amendment3(30%compound fertilizer1050kg/hm2+phosphogypsum amendment2250kg/hm2)was increased by186.25%compared with CK2.
Wheat height, one-thousand-grain weight and wheat yield were increased in fields treated with phosphogypsum. The highest wheat height was in treatment amendment5(30%compound fertilizer1050kg/hm2+phosphogypsum amendment22500kg/hm2),a rise of19.04%as to CK2,while the highest one-thousand-grain weight and wheat yield were in treatment of amendment3,an increase of19.36%and45.26%contrast to CK2respectively.
Little significant increase of soil organic matter was caused by phosphogypsum amendments,while soil pH was significantly reduced by the amendments, where5.04%of pH was decreased in amendment6(30%compound fertilizer1050kg/hm2+phosphogypsum amendment45000kg/hm2)compared to CK2.
The sodium content of soil was gradually reduced with phosphogypsum-dependent manner, the lowest was exhibited in amendment6with a fall of89.8%compared with CKl(no compound fertilizer, no phosphogypsum amendment), while the content of potassium and calcium were gradually increased where the highest content was amendment6,with an increase of384.90%and1977.72%respectively, little rise of magnesium was found. The content of carbonate was gradually decreased and the lowest was in amendment6. Little fall of chlorine was shown while sulfate was gradually raised, the highest content was in amendment6,with an increase of1597%as to CKl,overally indicating the best amendment was amendment6.
3.Soil moisture test
Three kinds of plant protective enzyme(POD、CAT、 SOD)activity were increased with a manner of soil-moisture-reduction-dependent, the biggest increment magnitude was found in treatment7(30%compound fertilizer900kg/hm2+phosphogypsum amendment45000kg/hm2+30%field moisture capacity)with a rise of55.10%,171.43%and116.86%,respectively compared to treatment1(30%compound fertilizer900kg/hm2+phosphogypsum amendment45000kg/hm2+90%field moisture capacity),demonstrating that wheat seedlings was stressed by water. Furthermore, an increase of two sorts of dry adaptive regulator, soluble sugar and soluble protein,showed water stress of wheat seedlings. Finally, the increasing of content of malondialdehyde in wheat leaves indicated substantial damage was found in wheat leaves cell, where98.37%of increment in treatment7was obtained in comparison with treatment1. It demonstrated that suitable soil moisture needed while phosphogypsum was recycled and reused to amend soil to obtain a maximal benefit.
In the present study, phosphogypsum solid waste could be reused and recycled to amend coastal saline soil significantly to desalt and stimulate plant growth.
1.盆栽试验
施用磷石膏后,土壤的全氮、碱解氮、速效磷都有所提高,特别是速效磷。与CK2(30%复合肥900kg/hm2)相比,改良剂5(30%复合肥900kg/hm2+磷石膏改良剂45000kg/hm2)的土壤全氮、碱解氮、速效磷增幅最大,分别为56%、186.6%、411.5%。
随着磷石膏用量的增加,钠离子的含量逐渐降低,改良剂5的钠离子是最低的,比CK2降低76.3%；钾离子和钙离子逐渐增加,改良剂5比CK2增加为300%和1688.5%；镁离子含量有所增加,但变化无明显规律；碳酸根离子和碳酸氢根离子逐渐降低,其中改良剂5的含量最低；硫酸根离子逐渐升高,其中改良剂5最高,比CK1(不施肥,不施磷石膏改良剂)增加214.3%。总体来说,改良剂5的效果是最好的。
磷石膏能有效降低土壤的pH,促进小麦生长,最大降幅是改良剂5,比CK1下降13.7%。
2.田间试验
磷石膏均能不同程度的提高小麦叶片中的养分含量。对于全氮和全磷,改良剂4(30%复合肥1050kg/hm2+磷石膏改良剂11250kg/hm2)处理的效果最好,分别比CK2(30%复合肥1050kg/hm2)增加26.21%和35.97%。对于全钾,改良剂3(30%复合肥1050kg/hm2+磷石膏改良剂2250kg/hm2)处理的效果最好,比CK2增加186.25%。
磷石膏处理能提高小麦的株高、千粒重和产量。对于提高小麦株高是改良剂5(30%复合肥1050kg/hm2+磷石膏改良剂22500kg/hm2)的效果最好,比CK2增加19.04%。对于提高小麦千粒重和产量,是改3的效果最好,比CK2分别增加19.36%和45.26%。
磷石膏能增加土壤有机质,但是方差分析差异不显著,且没有明显的变化规律。磷石膏能有效降低土壤的pH,差异明显,改良剂6(30%复合肥1050kg/hm2+磷石膏改良剂45000kg/hm2)比CK2降低5.04%。
随着磷石膏使用量的增加,土壤中钠离子的含量逐渐降低,其中改良剂6含量最低,比CK1降低89.83%；钾离子和钙离子逐渐增加,改良剂6含量最高,比CK1(不施肥,不施磷石膏改良剂)分别增加384.90%和1977.72%；镁离子含量有增加,但变化无明显规律；碳酸氢根离子逐渐降低,改良剂6是最低的；氯离子含量降低,但变化无明显规律；硫酸根离子逐渐增加,改良剂6最高,比CK1增加1597%。总体来说,改良剂6的效果是最好的。
3.不同土壤含水量处理试验
随着土壤含水量降低,小麦叶片中的三种抗逆性酶(POD、CAT、SOD)活性增加,增加幅度最大的是处理7(30%复合肥900kg/hm2+磷石膏改良剂45000kg/hm2+30%土壤饱和含水量),分别比处理1(30%复合肥900kg/hm2+磷石膏改良剂45000kg/hm2+90%土壤饱和含水量)增加55.10%、171.43%、116.86%,说明小麦幼苗受到水分胁迫；小麦叶片内两种干旱调节物质可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白增加,进一步说明小麦受到水分胁迫；叶片中丙二醛也在增加,处理7比处理1增加98.37%,说明小麦细胞膜受到损伤,在使用磷石膏改良剂时,为了发挥最佳改良土壤和促进作物生长效果,合适的土壤含水量也是很重要的。
本试验表明,磷石膏资源化利用,制作土壤改良剂,可以显著改良滨海盐土理化性状,大大加快滨海盐土脱盐过程,促进作物生长。
There is a lot of coastal saline soil in Jiangsu where plant can not adapt to grow. It could become a perspective farming resource after well-improving. In the current work, greenhouse pot experiments and field experiments were conducted to amend coastal saline soil in Rudong county by phosphogypsum-based conditioner. Besides we have also investigated the interactive influence of different soil water content on wheat growth under phosphogypsum, key results are shown as below:
1. Pot experiments
Total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus have been improved, especially available phosphorus in the soil treat with phosphogypsum. Compared to CK2(30%compound fertilizer900kg/hm2),the biggest increment of total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus in soil was obtained in amendment5(30%compound fertilizer900kg/hm2+phosphogypsum amendment45000kg/hm2),which was56%,186.6%,411.5%respectively.
With the increasing of phosphogypsum,the sodium content was gradually reduced which the lowest was amendment5. While the content of potassium and calcium were gradually increased with increment magnitude of300%and1688.5%respectively. Little significant rise of magnesium content was observed. The content of carbonate and bicarbonate was gradually decreased and the lowest was obtained in amendment5while the content of sulfate was gradually raised, which was increased by214.3%compared with CKl(no compound fertilizer,no phosphogypsum amendment), indicating that the best was amendment5..
Phosphogypsum can effectively reduce the soil pH and promote the wheat growth, which the biggest decrease extent was amendment5, fall of13.7%in comparison with CK1.
2.Field test
The nutrient content in wheat blade was increased in all treatment with phosphogypsum in field experiment. The highest of total nitrogen and total phosphorus was observed in field treated with phosphogypsum amendment4(30%compound fertilizer1050kg/hm2+phosphogypsum amendment11250kg/hm2),26.21%and35.97%of increment was obtained compared to CK2(30%compound fertilizer1050kg/hm2). Potassium content in amendment3(30%compound fertilizer1050kg/hm2+phosphogypsum amendment2250kg/hm2)was increased by186.25%compared with CK2.
Wheat height, one-thousand-grain weight and wheat yield were increased in fields treated with phosphogypsum. The highest wheat height was in treatment amendment5(30%compound fertilizer1050kg/hm2+phosphogypsum amendment22500kg/hm2),a rise of19.04%as to CK2,while the highest one-thousand-grain weight and wheat yield were in treatment of amendment3,an increase of19.36%and45.26%contrast to CK2respectively.
Little significant increase of soil organic matter was caused by phosphogypsum amendments,while soil pH was significantly reduced by the amendments, where5.04%of pH was decreased in amendment6(30%compound fertilizer1050kg/hm2+phosphogypsum amendment45000kg/hm2)compared to CK2.
The sodium content of soil was gradually reduced with phosphogypsum-dependent manner, the lowest was exhibited in amendment6with a fall of89.8%compared with CKl(no compound fertilizer, no phosphogypsum amendment), while the content of potassium and calcium were gradually increased where the highest content was amendment6,with an increase of384.90%and1977.72%respectively, little rise of magnesium was found. The content of carbonate was gradually decreased and the lowest was in amendment6. Little fall of chlorine was shown while sulfate was gradually raised, the highest content was in amendment6,with an increase of1597%as to CKl,overally indicating the best amendment was amendment6.
3.Soil moisture test
Three kinds of plant protective enzyme(POD、CAT、 SOD)activity were increased with a manner of soil-moisture-reduction-dependent, the biggest increment magnitude was found in treatment7(30%compound fertilizer900kg/hm2+phosphogypsum amendment45000kg/hm2+30%field moisture capacity)with a rise of55.10%,171.43%and116.86%,respectively compared to treatment1(30%compound fertilizer900kg/hm2+phosphogypsum amendment45000kg/hm2+90%field moisture capacity),demonstrating that wheat seedlings was stressed by water. Furthermore, an increase of two sorts of dry adaptive regulator, soluble sugar and soluble protein,showed water stress of wheat seedlings. Finally, the increasing of content of malondialdehyde in wheat leaves indicated substantial damage was found in wheat leaves cell, where98.37%of increment in treatment7was obtained in comparison with treatment1. It demonstrated that suitable soil moisture needed while phosphogypsum was recycled and reused to amend soil to obtain a maximal benefit.
In the present study, phosphogypsum solid waste could be reused and recycled to amend coastal saline soil significantly to desalt and stimulate plant growth.
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