氧燃烧系统的能源—经济—环境综合分析评价
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摘要
在全球减排CO：的大环境下,中国因为CO：排放量大且速率不断增加而面临着巨大的减排压力。氧燃烧技术在传统燃煤发电系统基础上添加了空分装置和尾气处理装置,用纯氧代替空气进行燃烧,并将70%左右的烟气进行循环,由此可以得到高浓度的CO2,因此被认为是一种有望从燃煤发电系统大规模减排CO2的新型燃烧方式。为了对氧燃烧技术的技术可行性、热力学特性、经济性、环境友好性等进行全面地评估,本文选取中国典型600MW超临界燃煤发电系统作为研究对象,从能源-经济-环境三个方面对其进行了详细的分析和评价。
本文首先在Aspen Plus软件中对氧燃烧系统设计了一个灵活的仿真平台,在不同工况下研究系统关键运行参数(如烟气循环率、氧气浓度、氧气过量系数等)对系统热力性能的影响。结果显示：添加空分装置和尾气处理装置使氧燃烧系统热效率降低10.84%；氧燃烧系统可以高效地捕集到高浓度CO2(99%),且能够实现SOx和NOx的协同脱除；冷循环方式中烟气参考循环率为0.695~0.716,热循环方式中烟气参考循环率为0.613。本文得到的仿真结果可以指导氧燃烧系统设计和运行,并是后续分析和评价的基础。
为了对氧燃烧技术在国内发展的经济可行性进行合理评估,本文选取国内典型的300MW亚临界、600MW超临界以及1000MW超超临界燃煤发电机组所对应的氧燃烧系统进行了技术经济学评价。采用2010年发布的权威国内火电工程限额设计的数据,建立了合理的技术经济评价模型和方法,计算了发电成本、CO2减排成本和CO2捕捉成本等经济性指标,并考虑碳税和CO：出售等对氧燃烧电站经济性的影响。结果表明：氧燃烧系统发电成本是传统燃烧系统的1.39~1.42倍,氧燃烧系统CO2减排成本和CO2捕捉成本的范围分别为160~184￥/t和115～128￥/t；考虑到氧燃烧技术在燃烧效率脱硫脱硝效率等方面的优势,如果对电厂排放的CO2征收碳税和找到高浓度CO2的销售出口,或对电厂建设的融资和原煤价格进行政策倾斜,或提高制氧系统和烟气处理系统的功耗价格比,氧燃烧电站可望达到或接近传统电站的经济性。
在系统仿真结果的基础上,本文对600MW氧燃烧系统(划分为四个部分：锅炉模型、汽水循环模型、空分模型以及尾气处理模型)和传统燃烧系统(包括锅炉模型和汽水循环模型)进行了火用分析,对锅炉模型进行了详细地划分,对系统中物流的化学火用进行了精确计算,并进行了火用损分析、火用效率计算以及能量品位计算。结果显示：氧燃烧技术因为降低了燃烧过程火用损,能达到更高的火用效率,并实现了物理能和化学能的综合、梯级利用；水冷壁和空气预热器是锅炉模型中火用效率最低的部件,存在较大的优化可能；锅炉模型是整个系统火用损的主要来源,汽水循环模型的火用损仅占系统总燃料火用9%左右,空分模型以及尾气处理模型的火用损仅占氧燃烧系统总燃料火用的7.71%;氧燃烧系统火用效率比传统燃烧系统火用效率降低4.08%。
在火用分析结果和成本分析结果的基础上,本文利用热经济学结构理论对600MW氧燃烧系统以及传统燃烧系统建立了热经济学成本模型,并建立了一种新的单位火用成本分解策略,将其分解为燃料、火用损以及负熵三个组成部分,并基于此分解方法对两个系统中各组件进行火用成本分析和热经济学成本分析。在热经济学成本模型的基础上,采用脱除成本、环境损害成本以及税收等三种模型来计量环境因素,引入环境成本,从而对两系统进行了环境热经济学成本分析。分析结果显示：氧燃烧系统中组件产品的单位火用成本约为传统燃烧系统中相应值的1.1倍,而单位热经济学成本是传统燃烧系统中对应值的1.22倍左右,文中也建立了这两数值之间的内在联系；单位火用成本中燃料部分所占比例最大,但是影响同一模型(如锅炉、汽水循环)中不同组件单位火用成本高低的是其火用损部分的大小；当考虑环境因素的影响时,在环境损害模型下求得的组件产品单位环境热经济学成本最大,这表明对污染物质进行脱除是必要且有利的,减排CO2的氧燃烧技术不仅对环境友好,且具有经济竞争力。税收是将环境损害的外部性内部化的有效措施,本文所得到的分析工况下的合理CO2排放税收额为140￥/t左右,而我国目前对SOx和NOx的排放税收额偏低。
综合以上结果,有如下基本结论：氧燃烧技术实现了能量的综合、梯级利用,所以提高了锅炉的热效率、火用效率；但是同时因为在空分装置和尾气处理装置中消耗了大量的电能,所以使系统热效率降低较明显,但是火用效率的降低有所缓和；能量的消耗以及投资成本添加提高了氧燃烧系统的发电成本,结合CO2减排成本和CO2捕捉成本的计算,更加明确地显示了氧燃烧技术的经济障碍,但是当考虑对CO：排放征税和CO：产品出售时,氧燃烧系统有望跨越其经济障碍,达到传统燃烧系统的经济性能并实现CO：的大规模减排；同时,环境热经济学成本分析的结果显示：考虑环境影响时,脱除CO：必要且有利,氧燃烧系统不仅对环境友好,且具有较高的经济竞争力。
Considering the situation that increasing attention has been paid on the CO2 emission control worldwide, China faces tremendous pressure because of the big CO2 emission amount and increasing CO2 emission rate. Oxy-combustion technology has been considered as a feasible choice to reduce the CO2 emission from the coal-fired power plants through adding a cryogenic air separation process (ASU) and a flue gas treatment process (FGU) to a conventional combustion process. High purity oxygen (greater than 95% by volume) from the ASU, instead of air, is used as the oxidizer in the oxy-combustion technology, and about 70～80% of the flue gas is recycled back to the furnace with the oxygen stream, then high purity CO2 could be obtained. In order to have a comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of the oxy-combustion technology, an analysis and evaluation work with consideration of thermodynamics, economics as well as environment was performed to a 600MWe supercritical oxy-combustion pulverized coal-fired power plant.
A flexible oxy-combustion system simulation platform was firstly designed using the commercial flowsheet software Aspen Plus. And many important operation parameters (such as flue gas recycle ratio, oxygen concentration and oxygen excess factor, et al) in different cases were studied. The results show that the net efficiency of the oxy-combustion system is 10.84%(LHV) lower due to the ASU and FGU processes; however, high purity CO2 product can be obtained from the oxy-combustion system and the SOχand NOχcan be Co-captured. The preferred recycle ratios are 0.695-0.716 for the cold recycle cases, and the preferred recycle ratio for the hot recycle case is 0.613. All of these results will be helpful to the oxy-combustion system design and operation, and they are the basis for the following research works.
To understand the techno-economic feasibility of the oxy-combustion technology in China, a detailed techno-economic evaluation study was performed on three typical power plants (2×300MW subcritical,2×600MW supercritical,2×1000MW ultra super-critical), as conventional air fired and oxy-combustion options in China, by utilizing the authoritative data published in 2010 for the design of coal-fired power plants. Techno-economic evaluation models were set up and costs of electricity generation, CO2 avoidance costs as well as CO2 capture costs, were calculated. Moreover, the effects of CO2 tax and CO2 sale price on the economic characteristics of oxy-combustion power plants were also considered. The results show that the electricity costs of the oxy-combustion plants are 1.39～1.42 times that of the corresponding conventional plants; the CO2 avoidance costs and the CO2 capture costs of the oxy-combustion plants are 160～184(?)/t and 115～128(?)/t, respectively. Because the oxy-combustion technique has advantages in thermal efficiency, desulfurization efficiency and denitration efficiency, oxy-combustion power plants will reach the economic properties of conventional air fired power plants if, (1) the CO2 emission is taxed and the high purity CO2 product can be sold, or (2) there are some policy preferences in financing and coal price for oxy-combustion power plants, or (3) the power consumption and cost of air separation units and flue gas treatment units can be reduced.
Based on the system simulation results, a detailed exergy analysis was conducted to the 600MWe oxy-combustion PC system (divided into four models:boiler, turbines and feed water heaters (FWHs), ASU, and FGU) and the corresponding conventional PC system (includes boiler, turbines & FWHs models). The boiler model was decomposed in detail. The exergy (including physical exergy and chemical exergy for different phases) of each model and the whole system was obtained, showing the oxy-combustion boiler could reach higher exergy efficiency than the conventional combustion boiler because the combustion exergy efficiency in the oxy-combustion furnace is about 4% higher than that in the conventional furnace. In addition, the exergy destruction/loss calculation, the exergy efficiency calculation and the analysis of the energy quality were also carried out. The exergy analysis results of the boiler models reveal that the synthetical and cascade utilization of physical energy and chemical energy could be realized in the oxy-combustion technology; in each boiler model, water wall and air heater have lowest exergy efficiencies; the boiler model contributes most exergy destruction/loss in the oxy-combustion system, the exergy destruction of the turbines & FWHs model is just 9.01% of the total fuel exergy, and the corresponding value of ASU and FGU systems is 7.71%; the exergy efficiency of the oxy-combustion system is 37.13%, which is 4.08% lower than that of the conventional system.
Combining the exergy analysis and the cost accounting, thermoeconomic cost models of the 600MW oxy-combustion system and the 600MW conventional system were established based on the "structure theory of thermoeconomics". In addition, an exergy cost decomposition methodology was established in this thesis and the unit exergy cost is divided into three parts:fuel, exergy destruction and negentropy. Furthermore, exergoenvironmental cost models for the two systems were also established by introducing the environmental costs to the thermoeconomic cost models. There are three models used to price the environment factor:capture cost, environment damage cost and tax. In this work, the oxy-combustion technology was analyzed with comprehensive consideration of thermodynamics, economics as well as environment. The results show that the unit exergy costs of units in the oxy-combustion system increase about 10% in comparison to those in the conventional system and the corresponding increase rate of unit thermoeconomic costs are about 22%, moreover, the internal relation between these two values are found. For unit exergy costs, the fuel part contributes the most, but the exergy destruction part affects the unit exergy costs of devices in the same model most. However, the capture of pollutants is necessary and beneficial if the environment impact is considered, the oxy-combustion technology is not only environment friendly, but also competitive in economy. Taxation is an effective tool for internalizing the externality of environment damage, and a proper CO2 emission tax 140￥/t was also proposed. In addition, the SOx and NOx emission tax values are much low in China.
All the results obtained indicate that the thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency of the oxy-combustion boiler increase because the synthetical and cascade utilization of physical energy and chemical energy is realized in the oxy-combustion technology. However, because the ASU and FGU systems consume much power, so the thermal efficiency of the oxy-combustion system decreases a lot but the reduction of its exergy efficiency mitigates. The power consumption and investment addition increase the electricity cost of the oxy-combustion system and the calculation of the CO2 avoidance cost as well as CO2 capture cost further clearly indicates the economic barriers of the oxy-combustion technology. But if considering the CO2 emission taxation and the CO2 product sale, the oxy-combustion system is expected to reach the economic properties of the conventional combustion system and realize the large-scale CO2 emission control; at the same time, the results from the exergoenvironmental cost analysis reveal that the CO2 capture and sequestration is not only necessary and also beneficial if the environmental impact is considered, the oxy-combustion technology is not only environment friendly, but also competitive in economy.
本文首先在Aspen Plus软件中对氧燃烧系统设计了一个灵活的仿真平台,在不同工况下研究系统关键运行参数(如烟气循环率、氧气浓度、氧气过量系数等)对系统热力性能的影响。结果显示：添加空分装置和尾气处理装置使氧燃烧系统热效率降低10.84%；氧燃烧系统可以高效地捕集到高浓度CO2(99%),且能够实现SOx和NOx的协同脱除；冷循环方式中烟气参考循环率为0.695~0.716,热循环方式中烟气参考循环率为0.613。本文得到的仿真结果可以指导氧燃烧系统设计和运行,并是后续分析和评价的基础。
为了对氧燃烧技术在国内发展的经济可行性进行合理评估,本文选取国内典型的300MW亚临界、600MW超临界以及1000MW超超临界燃煤发电机组所对应的氧燃烧系统进行了技术经济学评价。采用2010年发布的权威国内火电工程限额设计的数据,建立了合理的技术经济评价模型和方法,计算了发电成本、CO2减排成本和CO2捕捉成本等经济性指标,并考虑碳税和CO：出售等对氧燃烧电站经济性的影响。结果表明：氧燃烧系统发电成本是传统燃烧系统的1.39~1.42倍,氧燃烧系统CO2减排成本和CO2捕捉成本的范围分别为160~184￥/t和115～128￥/t；考虑到氧燃烧技术在燃烧效率脱硫脱硝效率等方面的优势,如果对电厂排放的CO2征收碳税和找到高浓度CO2的销售出口,或对电厂建设的融资和原煤价格进行政策倾斜,或提高制氧系统和烟气处理系统的功耗价格比,氧燃烧电站可望达到或接近传统电站的经济性。
在系统仿真结果的基础上,本文对600MW氧燃烧系统(划分为四个部分：锅炉模型、汽水循环模型、空分模型以及尾气处理模型)和传统燃烧系统(包括锅炉模型和汽水循环模型)进行了火用分析,对锅炉模型进行了详细地划分,对系统中物流的化学火用进行了精确计算,并进行了火用损分析、火用效率计算以及能量品位计算。结果显示：氧燃烧技术因为降低了燃烧过程火用损,能达到更高的火用效率,并实现了物理能和化学能的综合、梯级利用；水冷壁和空气预热器是锅炉模型中火用效率最低的部件,存在较大的优化可能；锅炉模型是整个系统火用损的主要来源,汽水循环模型的火用损仅占系统总燃料火用9%左右,空分模型以及尾气处理模型的火用损仅占氧燃烧系统总燃料火用的7.71%;氧燃烧系统火用效率比传统燃烧系统火用效率降低4.08%。
在火用分析结果和成本分析结果的基础上,本文利用热经济学结构理论对600MW氧燃烧系统以及传统燃烧系统建立了热经济学成本模型,并建立了一种新的单位火用成本分解策略,将其分解为燃料、火用损以及负熵三个组成部分,并基于此分解方法对两个系统中各组件进行火用成本分析和热经济学成本分析。在热经济学成本模型的基础上,采用脱除成本、环境损害成本以及税收等三种模型来计量环境因素,引入环境成本,从而对两系统进行了环境热经济学成本分析。分析结果显示：氧燃烧系统中组件产品的单位火用成本约为传统燃烧系统中相应值的1.1倍,而单位热经济学成本是传统燃烧系统中对应值的1.22倍左右,文中也建立了这两数值之间的内在联系；单位火用成本中燃料部分所占比例最大,但是影响同一模型(如锅炉、汽水循环)中不同组件单位火用成本高低的是其火用损部分的大小；当考虑环境因素的影响时,在环境损害模型下求得的组件产品单位环境热经济学成本最大,这表明对污染物质进行脱除是必要且有利的,减排CO2的氧燃烧技术不仅对环境友好,且具有经济竞争力。税收是将环境损害的外部性内部化的有效措施,本文所得到的分析工况下的合理CO2排放税收额为140￥/t左右,而我国目前对SOx和NOx的排放税收额偏低。
综合以上结果,有如下基本结论：氧燃烧技术实现了能量的综合、梯级利用,所以提高了锅炉的热效率、火用效率；但是同时因为在空分装置和尾气处理装置中消耗了大量的电能,所以使系统热效率降低较明显,但是火用效率的降低有所缓和；能量的消耗以及投资成本添加提高了氧燃烧系统的发电成本,结合CO2减排成本和CO2捕捉成本的计算,更加明确地显示了氧燃烧技术的经济障碍,但是当考虑对CO：排放征税和CO：产品出售时,氧燃烧系统有望跨越其经济障碍,达到传统燃烧系统的经济性能并实现CO：的大规模减排；同时,环境热经济学成本分析的结果显示：考虑环境影响时,脱除CO：必要且有利,氧燃烧系统不仅对环境友好,且具有较高的经济竞争力。
Considering the situation that increasing attention has been paid on the CO2 emission control worldwide, China faces tremendous pressure because of the big CO2 emission amount and increasing CO2 emission rate. Oxy-combustion technology has been considered as a feasible choice to reduce the CO2 emission from the coal-fired power plants through adding a cryogenic air separation process (ASU) and a flue gas treatment process (FGU) to a conventional combustion process. High purity oxygen (greater than 95% by volume) from the ASU, instead of air, is used as the oxidizer in the oxy-combustion technology, and about 70～80% of the flue gas is recycled back to the furnace with the oxygen stream, then high purity CO2 could be obtained. In order to have a comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of the oxy-combustion technology, an analysis and evaluation work with consideration of thermodynamics, economics as well as environment was performed to a 600MWe supercritical oxy-combustion pulverized coal-fired power plant.
A flexible oxy-combustion system simulation platform was firstly designed using the commercial flowsheet software Aspen Plus. And many important operation parameters (such as flue gas recycle ratio, oxygen concentration and oxygen excess factor, et al) in different cases were studied. The results show that the net efficiency of the oxy-combustion system is 10.84%(LHV) lower due to the ASU and FGU processes; however, high purity CO2 product can be obtained from the oxy-combustion system and the SOχand NOχcan be Co-captured. The preferred recycle ratios are 0.695-0.716 for the cold recycle cases, and the preferred recycle ratio for the hot recycle case is 0.613. All of these results will be helpful to the oxy-combustion system design and operation, and they are the basis for the following research works.
To understand the techno-economic feasibility of the oxy-combustion technology in China, a detailed techno-economic evaluation study was performed on three typical power plants (2×300MW subcritical,2×600MW supercritical,2×1000MW ultra super-critical), as conventional air fired and oxy-combustion options in China, by utilizing the authoritative data published in 2010 for the design of coal-fired power plants. Techno-economic evaluation models were set up and costs of electricity generation, CO2 avoidance costs as well as CO2 capture costs, were calculated. Moreover, the effects of CO2 tax and CO2 sale price on the economic characteristics of oxy-combustion power plants were also considered. The results show that the electricity costs of the oxy-combustion plants are 1.39～1.42 times that of the corresponding conventional plants; the CO2 avoidance costs and the CO2 capture costs of the oxy-combustion plants are 160～184(?)/t and 115～128(?)/t, respectively. Because the oxy-combustion technique has advantages in thermal efficiency, desulfurization efficiency and denitration efficiency, oxy-combustion power plants will reach the economic properties of conventional air fired power plants if, (1) the CO2 emission is taxed and the high purity CO2 product can be sold, or (2) there are some policy preferences in financing and coal price for oxy-combustion power plants, or (3) the power consumption and cost of air separation units and flue gas treatment units can be reduced.
Based on the system simulation results, a detailed exergy analysis was conducted to the 600MWe oxy-combustion PC system (divided into four models:boiler, turbines and feed water heaters (FWHs), ASU, and FGU) and the corresponding conventional PC system (includes boiler, turbines & FWHs models). The boiler model was decomposed in detail. The exergy (including physical exergy and chemical exergy for different phases) of each model and the whole system was obtained, showing the oxy-combustion boiler could reach higher exergy efficiency than the conventional combustion boiler because the combustion exergy efficiency in the oxy-combustion furnace is about 4% higher than that in the conventional furnace. In addition, the exergy destruction/loss calculation, the exergy efficiency calculation and the analysis of the energy quality were also carried out. The exergy analysis results of the boiler models reveal that the synthetical and cascade utilization of physical energy and chemical energy could be realized in the oxy-combustion technology; in each boiler model, water wall and air heater have lowest exergy efficiencies; the boiler model contributes most exergy destruction/loss in the oxy-combustion system, the exergy destruction of the turbines & FWHs model is just 9.01% of the total fuel exergy, and the corresponding value of ASU and FGU systems is 7.71%; the exergy efficiency of the oxy-combustion system is 37.13%, which is 4.08% lower than that of the conventional system.
Combining the exergy analysis and the cost accounting, thermoeconomic cost models of the 600MW oxy-combustion system and the 600MW conventional system were established based on the "structure theory of thermoeconomics". In addition, an exergy cost decomposition methodology was established in this thesis and the unit exergy cost is divided into three parts:fuel, exergy destruction and negentropy. Furthermore, exergoenvironmental cost models for the two systems were also established by introducing the environmental costs to the thermoeconomic cost models. There are three models used to price the environment factor:capture cost, environment damage cost and tax. In this work, the oxy-combustion technology was analyzed with comprehensive consideration of thermodynamics, economics as well as environment. The results show that the unit exergy costs of units in the oxy-combustion system increase about 10% in comparison to those in the conventional system and the corresponding increase rate of unit thermoeconomic costs are about 22%, moreover, the internal relation between these two values are found. For unit exergy costs, the fuel part contributes the most, but the exergy destruction part affects the unit exergy costs of devices in the same model most. However, the capture of pollutants is necessary and beneficial if the environment impact is considered, the oxy-combustion technology is not only environment friendly, but also competitive in economy. Taxation is an effective tool for internalizing the externality of environment damage, and a proper CO2 emission tax 140￥/t was also proposed. In addition, the SOx and NOx emission tax values are much low in China.
All the results obtained indicate that the thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency of the oxy-combustion boiler increase because the synthetical and cascade utilization of physical energy and chemical energy is realized in the oxy-combustion technology. However, because the ASU and FGU systems consume much power, so the thermal efficiency of the oxy-combustion system decreases a lot but the reduction of its exergy efficiency mitigates. The power consumption and investment addition increase the electricity cost of the oxy-combustion system and the calculation of the CO2 avoidance cost as well as CO2 capture cost further clearly indicates the economic barriers of the oxy-combustion technology. But if considering the CO2 emission taxation and the CO2 product sale, the oxy-combustion system is expected to reach the economic properties of the conventional combustion system and realize the large-scale CO2 emission control; at the same time, the results from the exergoenvironmental cost analysis reveal that the CO2 capture and sequestration is not only necessary and also beneficial if the environmental impact is considered, the oxy-combustion technology is not only environment friendly, but also competitive in economy.
引文
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