基于（火用）分析的冷热源优化匹配方法及冷凝热回收技术研究
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摘要
传统的冷热源评价方法和指标是建立在能平衡的基础上的。能平衡方法的前提是不同的能量之间只有量的区别，并无质的差别。事实并非如此，各种各样的能量之间有量的差别外，还有质的差别，即能量所具有的做功能力的不同。(火用)平衡方法就是以此观念为基础的。因此传统的冷热源分析评价方法是有缺陷的，它并不能完全和真实地反映建筑耗能和冷热源能量流动的实质。为了克服能平衡方法的以上缺点人们提出以(火用)平衡方法来分析能量系统的思想，因此本文对(火用)平衡方法应用于建筑冷热源评价和优化研究进行了初步的探索，并提出了利用普遍(火用)效率和目的(火用)效率来评价冷热源设备的热力学完善程度的冷热源评价方法。
(火用)方法将各种不同质和量的能量区别开来，反映了能量活动的本质。采用(火用)平衡方法可以真实地反映冷热源系统的能量的量和质的转化和损失情况，为冷热源设备的节能研究指明方向。由于将(火用)平衡方法应用于能量系统的研究已经比较深入和成熟了，因此本文专门将(火用)平衡方法和(火用)经济分析方法引入到冷热源系统的能耗分析和优化研究中，分析了各种建筑冷热源设备在实际使用过程中的(火用)流入和流出的情况，应用(火用)平衡理论和(火用)经济方法建立了各种传统冷热源设备及其在各种组合形式下的(火用)平衡方程和(火用)经济方程，并进行了典型冷热源设备的理论分析。在分析过程中应用了黑箱模型理论，只考虑建筑热力中心边界上的(火用)的流入和流出，而避免讨论热力中心内部各种设备之间具体得连接形式。还以上两个方程作为冷热源组合优化研究的基础，导出了以(火用)成本为目标函数的冷热源优化计算模型和具体算法。并根据此模型和算法对一家办公楼的冷热源方案进行了优化选择。
根据以上分析结论对长沙某宾馆的一台空调冷水机组进行了(火用)平衡分析。分析结果表明，实际运行的空调冷水机组的(火用)效率是很低的，其主要的(火用)损失在于机组本身内部的能量转换过程中，冷凝热的散发造成的(火用)损失也占很大的比重。根据分析结果我们对该冷水机组进行了节能改造，即在压缩机出口加装冷凝余热回收装置回收冷凝热生产卫生热水，以提高机组的(火用)效率，即提高机组可用能的转换效率。改造后的测试结果表明此次改造的节能效果显著，证明(火用)平衡方法是指导建筑冷热源节能研究的有效方法。
Traditional evaluations of buildings' heat and cool source are based on the energy-balance analysis. The energy-balance analysis assumes that various types of energy distinguish from each other only in amount but quality. However, various energy of energy can be differentiated with both amount and quality. The quality of energy means the wording capacity of energy or energetic availability. So traditional evaluation methods indices is not consummate, which can't completely reflect the nature of buildings' energy transaction. Then the exergy-balance analysis was applied the energetic transaction in order to overcome these shortcomings of the energy-balance analysis. The paper applied the exergy-balance to research the evaluation of buildings' heat and cool source and developed the evaluation method that uses the general exergy efficiency and the special exergy efficiency to evaluate the perfect grade of the heat and cool source.
The exergy-balance analysis discriminates various types of energy in quality and amount, which reflects the energetic nature and the energetic transaction or the energy loss, aiming to the energy-saving direction of the cool and heat source. The exergy-balance analysis holds an important balance in the energetic field and has been investigating deeply. The paper applied the exergy-balance method to analyze and optimize of buildings' heat and cool source. Exergy output and input of various buildings' cool and heat equipments and their arrangements in practices are researched to build up their exergy-balance equations and thermoeconomic equations. The typical arrangement of buildings' heat and cool equipment were theoretical investigated with the exergy equation and the thermodynamic equation. In the analysis procession, the exergy output and input through the border of the thermal center is only concerned instead of the inner detail arrangements. The optimum model and algorithm of the objective function aimin
g to the exergy cost are conducted. The optimum models and the algorithms are also set up. The arrangements of the heat and cool equipments of a office building are optimized with the model.
The exergy-balance analysis was applied to an air-conditioning chiller in a hotel, the analysis result show that the exergy efficiency of a chiller in practice is very low. The main loss lies in the inner of the chiller. The exhausting condensation heat also holds an important part. According to the analysis result, the restructure of the chiller is practiced aiming to energy saving. A heat recovery component is added to the chiller at the output of compressors to produce the service hot water and promote the exergy efficiency. The testing result after
retrofit showed that the energy-saving affect of the retrofit is notable, which testified that the exergy-balance analysis is the effective method that instructs the building energy-saving research.
(火用)方法将各种不同质和量的能量区别开来，反映了能量活动的本质。采用(火用)平衡方法可以真实地反映冷热源系统的能量的量和质的转化和损失情况，为冷热源设备的节能研究指明方向。由于将(火用)平衡方法应用于能量系统的研究已经比较深入和成熟了，因此本文专门将(火用)平衡方法和(火用)经济分析方法引入到冷热源系统的能耗分析和优化研究中，分析了各种建筑冷热源设备在实际使用过程中的(火用)流入和流出的情况，应用(火用)平衡理论和(火用)经济方法建立了各种传统冷热源设备及其在各种组合形式下的(火用)平衡方程和(火用)经济方程，并进行了典型冷热源设备的理论分析。在分析过程中应用了黑箱模型理论，只考虑建筑热力中心边界上的(火用)的流入和流出，而避免讨论热力中心内部各种设备之间具体得连接形式。还以上两个方程作为冷热源组合优化研究的基础，导出了以(火用)成本为目标函数的冷热源优化计算模型和具体算法。并根据此模型和算法对一家办公楼的冷热源方案进行了优化选择。
根据以上分析结论对长沙某宾馆的一台空调冷水机组进行了(火用)平衡分析。分析结果表明，实际运行的空调冷水机组的(火用)效率是很低的，其主要的(火用)损失在于机组本身内部的能量转换过程中，冷凝热的散发造成的(火用)损失也占很大的比重。根据分析结果我们对该冷水机组进行了节能改造，即在压缩机出口加装冷凝余热回收装置回收冷凝热生产卫生热水，以提高机组的(火用)效率，即提高机组可用能的转换效率。改造后的测试结果表明此次改造的节能效果显著，证明(火用)平衡方法是指导建筑冷热源节能研究的有效方法。
Traditional evaluations of buildings' heat and cool source are based on the energy-balance analysis. The energy-balance analysis assumes that various types of energy distinguish from each other only in amount but quality. However, various energy of energy can be differentiated with both amount and quality. The quality of energy means the wording capacity of energy or energetic availability. So traditional evaluation methods indices is not consummate, which can't completely reflect the nature of buildings' energy transaction. Then the exergy-balance analysis was applied the energetic transaction in order to overcome these shortcomings of the energy-balance analysis. The paper applied the exergy-balance to research the evaluation of buildings' heat and cool source and developed the evaluation method that uses the general exergy efficiency and the special exergy efficiency to evaluate the perfect grade of the heat and cool source.
The exergy-balance analysis discriminates various types of energy in quality and amount, which reflects the energetic nature and the energetic transaction or the energy loss, aiming to the energy-saving direction of the cool and heat source. The exergy-balance analysis holds an important balance in the energetic field and has been investigating deeply. The paper applied the exergy-balance method to analyze and optimize of buildings' heat and cool source. Exergy output and input of various buildings' cool and heat equipments and their arrangements in practices are researched to build up their exergy-balance equations and thermoeconomic equations. The typical arrangement of buildings' heat and cool equipment were theoretical investigated with the exergy equation and the thermodynamic equation. In the analysis procession, the exergy output and input through the border of the thermal center is only concerned instead of the inner detail arrangements. The optimum model and algorithm of the objective function aimin
g to the exergy cost are conducted. The optimum models and the algorithms are also set up. The arrangements of the heat and cool equipments of a office building are optimized with the model.
The exergy-balance analysis was applied to an air-conditioning chiller in a hotel, the analysis result show that the exergy efficiency of a chiller in practice is very low. The main loss lies in the inner of the chiller. The exhausting condensation heat also holds an important part. According to the analysis result, the restructure of the chiller is practiced aiming to energy saving. A heat recovery component is added to the chiller at the output of compressors to produce the service hot water and promote the exergy efficiency. The testing result after
retrofit showed that the energy-saving affect of the retrofit is notable, which testified that the exergy-balance analysis is the effective method that instructs the building energy-saving research.
引文
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[4] 龙惟定，试论建筑节能的新观念，暖通空调，1999，29(1)：31-35
[5] Johu. E. Ahern. The exergy method of energy system analysis. N.Y.: Wiley, 1980: 140-156
[6] Shun-Fu Lee, S. A. Sherif. Thermoeconomic analysis of absorption heat transformers. ASHRAE Transaction. 1996, 102(1): 652-663
[7] 胡甫才．船舶高低温冷库的炯分析应用与实验研究．能源技术，2002，(23)1：5-7
[8] 文立军，莫瑞华．电制冷中央空调的废热利用．制冷．2002，21(2)：54-65
[9] 张华俊，董晓俊等．制冷系统余热回收的研究．低温工程．1997，(5)：37-43
[10] 朱培根．热泵空调器节能炯分析及优化．低温工程。2000，(5)：54-59
[11] 李环，龚德鸿．利用烟方法对小型热电站热电联产进行节能分析．贵州工业大学学报(自然科学版)．2001，30(6)：52-56
[12] 杨开益．低温工业余热回收的热泵技术．宝钢技术．1995，(2)：59-64
[13] W. M. Ying. Performance of room air conditioner used for cooling and hot heaters. ASHRAE Transaction, 1989, 95(2): 441-444
[14] K. C. Toh, S. K Chan, Ph. D.. Thermosiphon heat recovery from an air-conditioner for a domeatic hot water system. ASHRAE Transaction, 1993.99(1): 4259-4264
[15] R. S. Mason, H.S.Bierenbaum. Energy conservation through heat recovery water heating. ASHRAE Journal, 1975,19(8): 36-40
[16] 荣国华．夏季制冷机冷凝热的回收利用．暖通空调，1998，28(2)：27-29
[17] 余颖俊，王梦云．空调冷凝热的回收利用．工程设计CAD与智能建筑，2000，(8)：1-4
[18] 吴献忠，夏波，吕林泉等．冷凝热热回收机组的开发和利用．制冷与空调，2001，1(6)：29-32
[19] 杨小林．中高档旅馆夏机制冷机冷凝热的热利用分析．四川工业学院学报，2002，21(2)：57-59
[20] 董明．星级酒店中央空调冷凝热回收利用项目分析．能源工程．2003，(3)：63-64
[21] 蓝燕，覃建平．利用空调散热制被生活热水．广西土木建筑，2002，27(4)：336-339
[22] Shun-Fu Lee, S. A. Sherif. Thermoeconomic analysis of absorption systems for cooling. ASHRAE Transaction, 2001, 107(1): 629-637
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