基于集总参数法的居住区热环境计算程序开发
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摘要
开发基于集总参数法的居住区热环境计算程序,不仅可以对居住区热环境进行快速分析,辅助城市规划和建筑设计,而且可以优化居住区规划布局,改善居住区热环境,降低居住区室外热岛强度,降低空调的耗能,对改善室外人居环境技术的发展及对推动我国建筑、空调节能产业技术发展有着十分重要的现实意义。
目前我国居住区热环境的评价方式是一种以概念评价、事后评价为主体的主观评价,缺乏科学性、完整性和明确的评价目标,缺少能在规划设计阶段上快速进行热环境质量评价的工具。因此,本文首先研究集总参数法热环境计算模型,提炼相关计算参数,其次对CAD进行二次开发,直接从规划设计图纸识别、统计计算信息,最后编制代码运算获得集总参数法中的关键性计算参数,实现快速得到热环境评价结果的功能。作为一个CAD软件工具,辅助规划设计师在规划设计阶段快速评价热环境质量。
本文的主要研究内容包括:
1、研究居住区热环境基于集总参数法的计算模型,总结当前研究成果,明确了居住区热环境的计算理论、计算方法、计算过程,提炼计算热环境所需的计算参数。
2、调研全国各地规划设计图纸,归纳图纸信息,在此基础上,编写基于CAD平台的建筑信息统计程序,快速从规划图纸中提取影响热环境的设计参数,包括绿地面积、乔木面积、建筑架空率等。
3、对CTTC模型进行研究,利用计算机图形学解决CTTC模型中难以计算的关键性参数,包括天空角系数、迎风面积比、建筑阴影率等,编写出简便实用的居住区热环境评价程序。
4、通过大量图纸的试算,采用人工统计图纸信息的方式验证程序提取功能的准确性。通过计算已有实验场地,对比程序的计算结果和实测数据,验证程序计算结果的准确性。
To study the calculation model and program development not only helps on the quick analyses of the outdoor thermal environment, urban planning and architecture designs, but also on optimizing the layout of residential region, improving the outdoor thermal environment, reducing the outdoor heat island intensity of the residential region and the energy used on air conditioning, which would be very important in reality on improving the technology of outdoor residential environment and promoting the development of techniques of energy saving on constructions and air conditioning.
The evaluated method to residential buildings in China is kind of subjective evaluation mainly based on conceptions and afterwards, which is lack of scientific validity, integrality and specific evaluated target, and tools used in the phase of urban designing to evaluate the quality of thermal environment is needed. Thus, this dissert firstly study the thermal environment calculation model of the lumped parameter method and abstract the relative calculation parameters; then conducted a secondary development in the CAD software, which can identify and analyze the useful information from the urban designing plans directly; and finally compile the program to acquire the key calculation parameters of the lumped parameter method and achieve the purpose of acquiring the results of thermal environment evaluation. As an assistant tool to CAD software, this program could help the urban designers to evaluate the quality of thermal environment at the phase of designing quickly.
The main contents of this dissert includes:
Basing on the lumped parameter method, study the calculation model of residential thermal environment,
Study the urban designing plans all around China and sum up the information, based on which compile the building information statistical program using the CAD platform. The program could distill the designing parameters affecting the thermal environment form the planning blueprints, including the proportion of greenbelt and arbor and stilt ratio of building etc.
Study on the CTTC model and use the computer graphics to settle the processed parameters which are complicated for using CTTC model, including the angular coefficient of sky, upwind proportion ratio and shadow ration of building etc. and thus compile a evaluation program of out door thermal environment.
By trial calculating of abundance plans and analyzing the information of the plans manually, the veracity of distilling function of the program has been validated. By comparing the measurement results of a real area and the calculation results of the program and the experimental data, the veracity of calculation results of the program has been validated.
目前我国居住区热环境的评价方式是一种以概念评价、事后评价为主体的主观评价,缺乏科学性、完整性和明确的评价目标,缺少能在规划设计阶段上快速进行热环境质量评价的工具。因此,本文首先研究集总参数法热环境计算模型,提炼相关计算参数,其次对CAD进行二次开发,直接从规划设计图纸识别、统计计算信息,最后编制代码运算获得集总参数法中的关键性计算参数,实现快速得到热环境评价结果的功能。作为一个CAD软件工具,辅助规划设计师在规划设计阶段快速评价热环境质量。
本文的主要研究内容包括:
1、研究居住区热环境基于集总参数法的计算模型,总结当前研究成果,明确了居住区热环境的计算理论、计算方法、计算过程,提炼计算热环境所需的计算参数。
2、调研全国各地规划设计图纸,归纳图纸信息,在此基础上,编写基于CAD平台的建筑信息统计程序,快速从规划图纸中提取影响热环境的设计参数,包括绿地面积、乔木面积、建筑架空率等。
3、对CTTC模型进行研究,利用计算机图形学解决CTTC模型中难以计算的关键性参数,包括天空角系数、迎风面积比、建筑阴影率等,编写出简便实用的居住区热环境评价程序。
4、通过大量图纸的试算,采用人工统计图纸信息的方式验证程序提取功能的准确性。通过计算已有实验场地,对比程序的计算结果和实测数据,验证程序计算结果的准确性。
To study the calculation model and program development not only helps on the quick analyses of the outdoor thermal environment, urban planning and architecture designs, but also on optimizing the layout of residential region, improving the outdoor thermal environment, reducing the outdoor heat island intensity of the residential region and the energy used on air conditioning, which would be very important in reality on improving the technology of outdoor residential environment and promoting the development of techniques of energy saving on constructions and air conditioning.
The evaluated method to residential buildings in China is kind of subjective evaluation mainly based on conceptions and afterwards, which is lack of scientific validity, integrality and specific evaluated target, and tools used in the phase of urban designing to evaluate the quality of thermal environment is needed. Thus, this dissert firstly study the thermal environment calculation model of the lumped parameter method and abstract the relative calculation parameters; then conducted a secondary development in the CAD software, which can identify and analyze the useful information from the urban designing plans directly; and finally compile the program to acquire the key calculation parameters of the lumped parameter method and achieve the purpose of acquiring the results of thermal environment evaluation. As an assistant tool to CAD software, this program could help the urban designers to evaluate the quality of thermal environment at the phase of designing quickly.
The main contents of this dissert includes:
Basing on the lumped parameter method, study the calculation model of residential thermal environment,
Study the urban designing plans all around China and sum up the information, based on which compile the building information statistical program using the CAD platform. The program could distill the designing parameters affecting the thermal environment form the planning blueprints, including the proportion of greenbelt and arbor and stilt ratio of building etc.
Study on the CTTC model and use the computer graphics to settle the processed parameters which are complicated for using CTTC model, including the angular coefficient of sky, upwind proportion ratio and shadow ration of building etc. and thus compile a evaluation program of out door thermal environment.
By trial calculating of abundance plans and analyzing the information of the plans manually, the veracity of distilling function of the program has been validated. By comparing the measurement results of a real area and the calculation results of the program and the experimental data, the veracity of calculation results of the program has been validated.
引文
[1]孟庆林,江亿.人居环境的科学评价[J].南方建筑. 2001(3): 60-62.
[2]孟庆林.亚热带城市广场热环境分析[J].西安建筑科技大学学报(自然科学版). 2001, 33(3): 225-228.
[3]窦建奇.关于城市热岛效应的思考[J].武汉城市建设学院学报. 2001.
[4]申绍杰.城市热岛问题与城市设计[J].中外建筑. 2003(05).
[5]杨士弘.城市生态环境研究[M].广州:中山大学出版社, 1991: 64.
[6]彭少麟,周凯,叶有华,等.城市热岛效应研究进展[J].生态环境. 2005(04).
[7]舒力帆.基于热时间常数的室外热环境评价方法研究[D].广州:华南理工大学, 2009.
[8]广州拟设新建筑标准降低热岛效应[Z]. 2010: 2010.
[9]张磊.湿热地区城市热环境评价方法研究[D].广州:华南理工大学, 2007.
[10]任俊,孟庆林.住宅建筑的环境评估[J].西安建筑科技大学学报(自然科学版). 2001, 33(4): 337-339, 343.
[11]孟庆林,张磊.广州西塔超高层玻璃幕墙选型的节能评价[J].暖通空调. 2006, 36(11): 99-102.
[12]郑师中译.都市气候学[M].台北:徐氏基金会, 1989: 261.
[13]刘少瑜,吴小玲.广州高层高密度居住区热岛效应分析[C].广州: 2008.
[14]刘淑丽.山地城镇室外热环境的测试与评价[D].重庆大学, 2004.
[15]窦懋羽.重庆市住宅小区热环境分析和设计策略研究[D].重庆大学, 2007.
[16]赵炎.住宅小区室外热环境的实测与模拟[D].重庆大学, 2008.
[17]陈佳明,孟庆林.广州某居住区热环境数字模拟仿真[C]. 2010. 246-251.
[18]赵福云.城市住宅小区热环境数值模拟[D].湖南大学, 2003.
[19]林波荣,李莹,赵彬,等.居住区室外热环境的预测、评价与城市环境建设[J].城市环境与城市生态. 2002(01).
[20]陈志,胡汪洋,俞炳丰,等.城市冠层内流场和热力结构的数值模拟[J].安全与环境学报. 2004(04).
[21]孙越霞,卢建津,董文志,等.基于CTTC和STTC模型的城市热岛分析[J].煤气与热力. 2005(05).
[22]陶文铨编著.数值传热学[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社, : 721.
[23] Atwater M A. The radiation budget for polluted layers of the urban environment[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology. , vol. 10(Issue 2): 205-214.
[24]冉茂宇,杨若菡,孟庆林.太阳辐射下户外空间界面温度的预测模型和方法[J].太阳能学报. 2006(no.7): 719-724.
[25]张磊,孟庆林.考虑垂直湍流和水平流动热交换的空气温度计算模型[J].华南理工大学学报(自然科学版). 2008, 36(12): 47-51.
[26]李莹.建筑群及单栋建筑周围空气温度的理论和实验研究[D].北京:清华大学, 2000.
[27] Swaid H, Hoffman M E. Prediction of urban air temperature variations using the analytical CTTC model[J]. Energy and Buildings. 1990, 14(4): 313-324.
[28] Elnahas M M, Williamson T J. An improvement of the CTTC model for predicting urban air temperatures[J]. Energy and Buildings. 1997, 25(1): 41-49.
[29] Shashua-Bar L, Hoffman M E. The Green CTTC model for predicting the air temperature in small urban wooded sites[J]. Building and Environment. 2002, 37(12): 1279-1288.
[30]黄勇波,巩婉峰.缓解夏季城市热岛效应的数值模拟研究[J].钢铁技术. 2005(no.6): 30-33, 42, F7.
[31] Shashua-Bar L, Swaid H, Hoffman M E. On the correct specification of the analytical CTTC model for predicting the urban canopy layer temperature[J]. Energy and Buildings. 2004, 36(9): 975-978.
[32]华南理工大学建筑节能研究中心.《城市居住区热环境设计标准》--征求意见稿[S]. 2010.
[33]刘文燕,黄鼎业,华毅杰.混凝土表面对流换流系数测试研究[J].建筑材料学报. 2004, 7(2): 232-235.
[34]吉沃尼.气候.建筑(陈士译,王建瑚校)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 1982.
[35]王斌.城市规划CAD系统的研究与实现[D].江西理工大学, 2009.
[36]湘源规划软件[Z]. 2010: 2010.
[37]中国城市规划设计研究院,居住区规划设计研究中心.《城市居住区规划设计规范》[S]. 2002.
[38]图片页_百度百科[Z]. 2010: 2010.
[39]高云飞,孟庆林.一种生态建筑技术--自然通风[J].生态科学. 2003, 22(1): 86-89.
[40]王珍吾,高云飞,孟庆林,等.建筑群布局与自然通风关系的研究[J].建筑科学. 2007, 23(6): 24-27, 75.
[41]陈晓宁,王怀.日照阴影三维可视化[J].长安大学学报(自然科学版). 2003, 23(1): 108-110.
[42]李百战,罗庆,姚润明.城市地面对天空热辐射角系数问题的求解[J].重庆大学学报(自然科学版). 2006, 29(2): 86-89.
[43]张磊,孟庆林.华南理工大学人文馆屋顶空间遮阳设计[J].建筑学报. 2004(8): 70-71.
[44]建设部,国家质量监督检验检疫总局.《绿色建筑评价标准》[S]. 2006.
[45]绿色奥运建筑研究课题组著.绿色奥运建筑评估体系[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2003.
[46]张磊,孟庆林,赵立华,等.室外热环境评价指标湿球黑球温度简化计算方法[J].重庆建筑大学学报. 2008, 30(5): 108-111, 117.
[47]中国气象局令(第7号)气象探测环境和设施保护办法[Z]. 2010: 2010.
[2]孟庆林.亚热带城市广场热环境分析[J].西安建筑科技大学学报(自然科学版). 2001, 33(3): 225-228.
[3]窦建奇.关于城市热岛效应的思考[J].武汉城市建设学院学报. 2001.
[4]申绍杰.城市热岛问题与城市设计[J].中外建筑. 2003(05).
[5]杨士弘.城市生态环境研究[M].广州:中山大学出版社, 1991: 64.
[6]彭少麟,周凯,叶有华,等.城市热岛效应研究进展[J].生态环境. 2005(04).
[7]舒力帆.基于热时间常数的室外热环境评价方法研究[D].广州:华南理工大学, 2009.
[8]广州拟设新建筑标准降低热岛效应[Z]. 2010: 2010.
[9]张磊.湿热地区城市热环境评价方法研究[D].广州:华南理工大学, 2007.
[10]任俊,孟庆林.住宅建筑的环境评估[J].西安建筑科技大学学报(自然科学版). 2001, 33(4): 337-339, 343.
[11]孟庆林,张磊.广州西塔超高层玻璃幕墙选型的节能评价[J].暖通空调. 2006, 36(11): 99-102.
[12]郑师中译.都市气候学[M].台北:徐氏基金会, 1989: 261.
[13]刘少瑜,吴小玲.广州高层高密度居住区热岛效应分析[C].广州: 2008.
[14]刘淑丽.山地城镇室外热环境的测试与评价[D].重庆大学, 2004.
[15]窦懋羽.重庆市住宅小区热环境分析和设计策略研究[D].重庆大学, 2007.
[16]赵炎.住宅小区室外热环境的实测与模拟[D].重庆大学, 2008.
[17]陈佳明,孟庆林.广州某居住区热环境数字模拟仿真[C]. 2010. 246-251.
[18]赵福云.城市住宅小区热环境数值模拟[D].湖南大学, 2003.
[19]林波荣,李莹,赵彬,等.居住区室外热环境的预测、评价与城市环境建设[J].城市环境与城市生态. 2002(01).
[20]陈志,胡汪洋,俞炳丰,等.城市冠层内流场和热力结构的数值模拟[J].安全与环境学报. 2004(04).
[21]孙越霞,卢建津,董文志,等.基于CTTC和STTC模型的城市热岛分析[J].煤气与热力. 2005(05).
[22]陶文铨编著.数值传热学[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社, : 721.
[23] Atwater M A. The radiation budget for polluted layers of the urban environment[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology. , vol. 10(Issue 2): 205-214.
[24]冉茂宇,杨若菡,孟庆林.太阳辐射下户外空间界面温度的预测模型和方法[J].太阳能学报. 2006(no.7): 719-724.
[25]张磊,孟庆林.考虑垂直湍流和水平流动热交换的空气温度计算模型[J].华南理工大学学报(自然科学版). 2008, 36(12): 47-51.
[26]李莹.建筑群及单栋建筑周围空气温度的理论和实验研究[D].北京:清华大学, 2000.
[27] Swaid H, Hoffman M E. Prediction of urban air temperature variations using the analytical CTTC model[J]. Energy and Buildings. 1990, 14(4): 313-324.
[28] Elnahas M M, Williamson T J. An improvement of the CTTC model for predicting urban air temperatures[J]. Energy and Buildings. 1997, 25(1): 41-49.
[29] Shashua-Bar L, Hoffman M E. The Green CTTC model for predicting the air temperature in small urban wooded sites[J]. Building and Environment. 2002, 37(12): 1279-1288.
[30]黄勇波,巩婉峰.缓解夏季城市热岛效应的数值模拟研究[J].钢铁技术. 2005(no.6): 30-33, 42, F7.
[31] Shashua-Bar L, Swaid H, Hoffman M E. On the correct specification of the analytical CTTC model for predicting the urban canopy layer temperature[J]. Energy and Buildings. 2004, 36(9): 975-978.
[32]华南理工大学建筑节能研究中心.《城市居住区热环境设计标准》--征求意见稿[S]. 2010.
[33]刘文燕,黄鼎业,华毅杰.混凝土表面对流换流系数测试研究[J].建筑材料学报. 2004, 7(2): 232-235.
[34]吉沃尼.气候.建筑(陈士译,王建瑚校)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 1982.
[35]王斌.城市规划CAD系统的研究与实现[D].江西理工大学, 2009.
[36]湘源规划软件[Z]. 2010: 2010.
[37]中国城市规划设计研究院,居住区规划设计研究中心.《城市居住区规划设计规范》[S]. 2002.
[38]图片页_百度百科[Z]. 2010: 2010.
[39]高云飞,孟庆林.一种生态建筑技术--自然通风[J].生态科学. 2003, 22(1): 86-89.
[40]王珍吾,高云飞,孟庆林,等.建筑群布局与自然通风关系的研究[J].建筑科学. 2007, 23(6): 24-27, 75.
[41]陈晓宁,王怀.日照阴影三维可视化[J].长安大学学报(自然科学版). 2003, 23(1): 108-110.
[42]李百战,罗庆,姚润明.城市地面对天空热辐射角系数问题的求解[J].重庆大学学报(自然科学版). 2006, 29(2): 86-89.
[43]张磊,孟庆林.华南理工大学人文馆屋顶空间遮阳设计[J].建筑学报. 2004(8): 70-71.
[44]建设部,国家质量监督检验检疫总局.《绿色建筑评价标准》[S]. 2006.
[45]绿色奥运建筑研究课题组著.绿色奥运建筑评估体系[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2003.
[46]张磊,孟庆林,赵立华,等.室外热环境评价指标湿球黑球温度简化计算方法[J].重庆建筑大学学报. 2008, 30(5): 108-111, 117.
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