ZnO热控涂层光学特性的辐照退化研究
摘要
热控涂层是卫星热控系统中应用最多的一种涂层材料,一般由粘结剂与白色颜料、铝薄片或碳黑等组成,是实现卫星被动热控制的关键。卫星在轨运行时,卫星外表面的热控涂层会受到空间环境诸因素的作用,其中电子、质子等带电粒子以及紫外线辐照将使得涂层吸收量增加,光学性能退化。对于热控涂层来说,光学性能的退化是需要重点考虑和评估的问题,对于长寿命卫星而言,更需要评估热控涂层在轨使用期间的性能退化状况。应用地面模拟试验是开展评估的一个重要手段,在分析辐照作用机理的基础上建立模型,对热控涂层长期的退化状况进行预估也是近年来颇受重视且有待发展完善的一种方法。
本论文的研究目的是针对航天器用典型ZnO白漆热控涂层,探索空间辐照环境作用效应的模拟试验方法,通过试验掌握ZnO白漆的光学特性退化规律,弄清楚辐照损伤的机理,并在此基础上,提出在辐照作用下的光学特性退化模型,进而研究建立ZnO白漆类热控涂层空间辐照环境下光学特性退化的预估方法。
主要研究内容包括以下四个部分：
(1)典型ZnO白漆热控涂层空间辐照环境作用模拟试验方法研究；
(2)典型ZnO白漆热控涂层模拟空间辐照下的光学特性退化试验研究；
(3)ZnO白漆热控涂层辐照下光学特性退化模型研究；
(4)空间环境作用下材料光学特性退化的计算模拟方法研究。
通过试验研究、理论分析和模拟计算,获得了以下主要成果：
(1)提出了地面试验中等效模拟辐照参数的计算方法,并制定了合理的热控涂层模拟辐照试验以及特性测试方案；
(2)获得了ZnO白漆热控涂层在各种辐照作用下的光学特性退化数据和规律；
(3)建立了ZnO白漆热控涂层电子辐照光谱吸收率变化模型。模型的准确性得到了试验的验证,可应用于ZnO白漆类热控涂层空间辐照环境下光学特性退化的预测,具有工程实用性；
(4)所建模型可扩展到空间辐照环境下其它热控涂层材料光学性能退化的理论预测,对不同辐照类型下的不同材料光学特性退化机理研究和建模有重要的参考价值；
(5)制定了空间辐照环境作用下材料光学特性退化分析与预估软件编制方案,为空间环境作用下材料光学特性退化的计算模拟、以及典型热控涂层在空间辐照环境作用下光学特性退化的评估和长期退化状况的预估奠定了基础。
Satellites'thermal control system is one of the most important systems in keeping the satellites'electronic components working under an appropriate temperature. Thermal control coating, which usually consists of binding agent, white paint, aluminum foil, acetylene black, etc. is one of the most common materials using in satellites'thermal control system, playing a key role of passive thermal control. However, the coating on the surface will be affected by many factors in space, when the satellite runs in the orbit. The charged particles radiations, such as electron and proton, and ultraviolet irradiation would increase the white paint's absorption and generate the degradation of its optical characteristics. The optical characteristics'degradation of the thermal control coating are so important problems to consider and evaluate, hence it is necessary to estimate the performance's degradation of the white paints used in long-term satellites within its mission period. One of the important methods is the simulation experiments in the earth. Building the model based on analyzing the mechanisms of radiation effect is the most need to do, which can be used to evaluate the long-term degradation status.
The purpose of the paper is to study the test and evaluate methods for space radiation effect of ZnO white paint which is a typical thermal control coating used in Satellites.To kown its trend of optical characteristics'degradation by tests.To research its mechanisms of radiation effect. And to establish a modle for its optical characteristics' degradation under space radiation on these basis.Continue to study the prediction methods for ZnO white paint's optical characteristics' degradation under space radiation.
The study of the paper consists of four parts, such as:
(1) Studing of simulation test methods for space radiation effect of ZnO white paint which is a typical thermal control coating.
(2) Testing and researching for the optical characteristics' degradation of ZnO white paint under simulated space radiation.
(3) Studing for the modle of the optical characteristics'degradation of ZnO white paint under radiation.
(4) Studing of the fitting and prediction methods for the optical characteristics'degradation of thermal control coating under space radiation.
By carring out the testing and researching of this paper, progress was gained as below:
(1) Put forward the calculation methods for the parameters of equivalent simulation irradiation test. And made an applicable project conducted the simulated test of irradiation and characteristics measurement for thermal control coatings.
(2) Have got a mount of datum about optical characteristics' degradation of ZnO white paint thermal control coating under sorts of space irradiation.Researched and understood its rule of optical characteristics'degradation.
(3) Have established two deferent theorical modles for change of spectrum absorption of ZnO white paint under electron irradiation, and achieved creative progress.Some key parameters in these modles can be maken certain by calculation and analysis upon tests.The accuracy of these modles has been validated through test, so they can be used to predict the optical characteristics'degradation of ZnO white paint thermal control coating under space irradiation, and will be applicated in engineering.
(4) The modles studyed in the paper can be extended to theorical prediction for the optical characteristics'degradation of other thermal control coatings under space irradiation. The methods of the paper for researching and building the modles are advanced, and offer an effective way for mechanism research and modle build on optical characteristics' degradation of different materials under different sorts of irradiation.
(5) This paper has maken a project to develop the software which will analyse and predict the optical characteristics'degradation of thermal control materials under space irradiation.It has established a nice foundation for calculation of materials'optical characteristics' degradation under space environment, and for evaluation and long time prediction on optical characteristics'degradation of typical thermal control coatings under electron, proton, and ultraviolet irradiation.
本论文的研究目的是针对航天器用典型ZnO白漆热控涂层,探索空间辐照环境作用效应的模拟试验方法,通过试验掌握ZnO白漆的光学特性退化规律,弄清楚辐照损伤的机理,并在此基础上,提出在辐照作用下的光学特性退化模型,进而研究建立ZnO白漆类热控涂层空间辐照环境下光学特性退化的预估方法。
主要研究内容包括以下四个部分：
(1)典型ZnO白漆热控涂层空间辐照环境作用模拟试验方法研究；
(2)典型ZnO白漆热控涂层模拟空间辐照下的光学特性退化试验研究；
(3)ZnO白漆热控涂层辐照下光学特性退化模型研究；
(4)空间环境作用下材料光学特性退化的计算模拟方法研究。
通过试验研究、理论分析和模拟计算,获得了以下主要成果：
(1)提出了地面试验中等效模拟辐照参数的计算方法,并制定了合理的热控涂层模拟辐照试验以及特性测试方案；
(2)获得了ZnO白漆热控涂层在各种辐照作用下的光学特性退化数据和规律；
(3)建立了ZnO白漆热控涂层电子辐照光谱吸收率变化模型。模型的准确性得到了试验的验证,可应用于ZnO白漆类热控涂层空间辐照环境下光学特性退化的预测,具有工程实用性；
(4)所建模型可扩展到空间辐照环境下其它热控涂层材料光学性能退化的理论预测,对不同辐照类型下的不同材料光学特性退化机理研究和建模有重要的参考价值；
(5)制定了空间辐照环境作用下材料光学特性退化分析与预估软件编制方案,为空间环境作用下材料光学特性退化的计算模拟、以及典型热控涂层在空间辐照环境作用下光学特性退化的评估和长期退化状况的预估奠定了基础。
Satellites'thermal control system is one of the most important systems in keeping the satellites'electronic components working under an appropriate temperature. Thermal control coating, which usually consists of binding agent, white paint, aluminum foil, acetylene black, etc. is one of the most common materials using in satellites'thermal control system, playing a key role of passive thermal control. However, the coating on the surface will be affected by many factors in space, when the satellite runs in the orbit. The charged particles radiations, such as electron and proton, and ultraviolet irradiation would increase the white paint's absorption and generate the degradation of its optical characteristics. The optical characteristics'degradation of the thermal control coating are so important problems to consider and evaluate, hence it is necessary to estimate the performance's degradation of the white paints used in long-term satellites within its mission period. One of the important methods is the simulation experiments in the earth. Building the model based on analyzing the mechanisms of radiation effect is the most need to do, which can be used to evaluate the long-term degradation status.
The purpose of the paper is to study the test and evaluate methods for space radiation effect of ZnO white paint which is a typical thermal control coating used in Satellites.To kown its trend of optical characteristics'degradation by tests.To research its mechanisms of radiation effect. And to establish a modle for its optical characteristics' degradation under space radiation on these basis.Continue to study the prediction methods for ZnO white paint's optical characteristics' degradation under space radiation.
The study of the paper consists of four parts, such as:
(1) Studing of simulation test methods for space radiation effect of ZnO white paint which is a typical thermal control coating.
(2) Testing and researching for the optical characteristics' degradation of ZnO white paint under simulated space radiation.
(3) Studing for the modle of the optical characteristics'degradation of ZnO white paint under radiation.
(4) Studing of the fitting and prediction methods for the optical characteristics'degradation of thermal control coating under space radiation.
By carring out the testing and researching of this paper, progress was gained as below:
(1) Put forward the calculation methods for the parameters of equivalent simulation irradiation test. And made an applicable project conducted the simulated test of irradiation and characteristics measurement for thermal control coatings.
(2) Have got a mount of datum about optical characteristics' degradation of ZnO white paint thermal control coating under sorts of space irradiation.Researched and understood its rule of optical characteristics'degradation.
(3) Have established two deferent theorical modles for change of spectrum absorption of ZnO white paint under electron irradiation, and achieved creative progress.Some key parameters in these modles can be maken certain by calculation and analysis upon tests.The accuracy of these modles has been validated through test, so they can be used to predict the optical characteristics'degradation of ZnO white paint thermal control coating under space irradiation, and will be applicated in engineering.
(4) The modles studyed in the paper can be extended to theorical prediction for the optical characteristics'degradation of other thermal control coatings under space irradiation. The methods of the paper for researching and building the modles are advanced, and offer an effective way for mechanism research and modle build on optical characteristics' degradation of different materials under different sorts of irradiation.
(5) This paper has maken a project to develop the software which will analyse and predict the optical characteristics'degradation of thermal control materials under space irradiation.It has established a nice foundation for calculation of materials'optical characteristics' degradation under space environment, and for evaluation and long time prediction on optical characteristics'degradation of typical thermal control coatings under electron, proton, and ultraviolet irradiation.
引文
1 ESA PSS-01-701.Data for selection of space materials. Issue 1 Revision 3 January 1994,265:35
2李丹明.真空紫外环境下材料光特性退化模型.真空科学与技术学报,1999,Vol.19：134-138
3 Chalmers DR. Solar absorptance degradation of OSR radiators on European communication satellites[J]. AIAA Paper, AIAA-84-1700:1-7
4曾一兵,张廉正,于翘等.空间环境下有机硅热控涂层[J].宇航材料工艺,1997,(3)：18-20
5张蕾,严川伟,屈庆等.有机硅热控涂层的空间环境行为[J].宇航材料工艺,2003,15(1)：21-23
6张蕾,严川伟,屈庆等.低αs有机硅热控涂层及其空间防护作用研究[J].中国空间科学技术,2003,4(2)：1 5-22
7 Donald A. JaworskeV. Correlation of predicted and observed optical properties of multilayer thermal control coatings[J]. Thin Solid Films,1998,332:30-33
8 C. Siva Kumar, A.K.Sharma, K.N. Mahendra, etal. Studies on anodic oxide coating with low absorptance and high emittance on aluminum alloy 2024[J]. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells,2000; 60:51-57
9 Donald A. JaworskeV.Optical and calorimetric evaluation of Z-93-P and other thermal control coatings[J]. Thin Solid Films.1996,290-291:278-282
10曾一兵,张廉正,胡连成等.俄罗斯空间有机热控涂层发展的现状及动向.宇航材料工艺,1999,(6)：57-59
11王旭东,何世禹,杨德庄等.美国用于空间站辐射器中的热控涂层.宇航材料工艺,2002,(1)：12-18
12闵桂荣,郭舜.《航天器热控制》,第二版.科学出版社,1998：68-95
13何知朱,江经善,闵桂荣.《新型热控材料器件及应用》.宇航出版社,1988：3-6
14 ASTM Designation:E 490-73a. Solar Constant and Air Mass Zero Solar Spectral Irradiance Tables.1992:3
15 ASTM Designation:E 512-94.Standard Practice for Combined, Simulated Space Environment Testing of Thermal Control Materials with Electromagnetic and Particulate Radiation.1994:3
16 R.R.Brown. Electron-Ultraviolet Radiation Effects on Thermal Control Coatings. AIAA Paper,1968, No779:1-20
17 QJ1954-90.太阳电磁辐射,航天工业部部标准
18 W.R. Hardgrove, TRW Space and Defense Sector. Space simulation test for thermal control materials.16th space simulation conference,1990:267-285
19 Joseph F.Janni.Proton Range-Energy Tables, 1keV-10GeV. Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables 27,1982:147-339
20 M.M.Mikhailov. Possibilities of replacing electromagnetic radiation of the sun by accelerated electrons in testing space technology materials. Journal of Advanced Materails.1996,3(6):465-470
21 D.C. Look,J.W. Hemsky,J.R. Sizelove. Residual native shallow donor in ZnO. Physics Review Letters.1999,82(12):2552-2555
22 G.J. Dienes, G.H. Vineyard. Interscience monographs in physics and astronomy.Volume Ⅱ:Radiation effects in solids, Interscience Publishers,1957:10
23 M. McCargo, S.A. Greenberg, N.J. Douglas. A Study of Environmental Effects upon Particulate Radiation-Induced Absorption Bands in Spacecraft Thermal Control Coating Pigments. AIAA Paper,1969, No.69-642:1-11
24 D.R. Wilkes, J.M. Zwiener, P.S. LeMaster, R.J. Mell, and E.R.Miller.Trend analysis of in-situ spectral reflectance data from the thermal control surfaces experiment(TCSE).
25 John H. Henninger 1984 NASA-RP-1121 4 1-10
26 M.M.Mikhailov, M.I.Dvoretskii. Journal of Advanced Materials 2,1995 41-49
27宋佑诰.环摸技术,1994,211-22
28 Kabler M N,Williams R T 1978 Phys.Rev.B 18 1948
29 Michael H.Huang, Yiying Wu, Henning Feik, Ngan Tran.Catalytic growth of zinc oxide nanowires by vapor transport.Advanced Materials,2001,13(2):113-116
30 Herman Levin,Vincent R.Honnold,et al.1969 NASA CR-73337 6 47-50.
31吴艳茹.晶体电注入装置研制和电注入着色晶体色心光谱特性.天津大学出版社,2003,第5-14
32 Kroger F. A. The Chemistry film perfect Crystals.Amsterdam:North-Holand Publishing Company,1964, p691-71
33贺永宁,武明堂,朱长存.人工晶体学报,2007, (36) 1416-1421
34王旭东,何世禹,杨德庄.电子辐照ZnO/K2SiO3型热控涂层光学性能的影响.强激光与粒子束,2001,13(4)：431-435
35王旭东,何世禹,杨德庄.强激光与粒子束,2002, (14)476-479
36赵飞明,张廉正,曾一兵,王慧,石苏星.低太阳吸收率αs、高发射率ε有机硅热控涂层进展.宇航材料工艺,1998, (3)：11-14
37林理彬.辐射固体物理学导论.四川科学技术出版社,126
2李丹明.真空紫外环境下材料光特性退化模型.真空科学与技术学报,1999,Vol.19：134-138
3 Chalmers DR. Solar absorptance degradation of OSR radiators on European communication satellites[J]. AIAA Paper, AIAA-84-1700:1-7
4曾一兵,张廉正,于翘等.空间环境下有机硅热控涂层[J].宇航材料工艺,1997,(3)：18-20
5张蕾,严川伟,屈庆等.有机硅热控涂层的空间环境行为[J].宇航材料工艺,2003,15(1)：21-23
6张蕾,严川伟,屈庆等.低αs有机硅热控涂层及其空间防护作用研究[J].中国空间科学技术,2003,4(2)：1 5-22
7 Donald A. JaworskeV. Correlation of predicted and observed optical properties of multilayer thermal control coatings[J]. Thin Solid Films,1998,332:30-33
8 C. Siva Kumar, A.K.Sharma, K.N. Mahendra, etal. Studies on anodic oxide coating with low absorptance and high emittance on aluminum alloy 2024[J]. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells,2000; 60:51-57
9 Donald A. JaworskeV.Optical and calorimetric evaluation of Z-93-P and other thermal control coatings[J]. Thin Solid Films.1996,290-291:278-282
10曾一兵,张廉正,胡连成等.俄罗斯空间有机热控涂层发展的现状及动向.宇航材料工艺,1999,(6)：57-59
11王旭东,何世禹,杨德庄等.美国用于空间站辐射器中的热控涂层.宇航材料工艺,2002,(1)：12-18
12闵桂荣,郭舜.《航天器热控制》,第二版.科学出版社,1998：68-95
13何知朱,江经善,闵桂荣.《新型热控材料器件及应用》.宇航出版社,1988：3-6
14 ASTM Designation:E 490-73a. Solar Constant and Air Mass Zero Solar Spectral Irradiance Tables.1992:3
15 ASTM Designation:E 512-94.Standard Practice for Combined, Simulated Space Environment Testing of Thermal Control Materials with Electromagnetic and Particulate Radiation.1994:3
16 R.R.Brown. Electron-Ultraviolet Radiation Effects on Thermal Control Coatings. AIAA Paper,1968, No779:1-20
17 QJ1954-90.太阳电磁辐射,航天工业部部标准
18 W.R. Hardgrove, TRW Space and Defense Sector. Space simulation test for thermal control materials.16th space simulation conference,1990:267-285
19 Joseph F.Janni.Proton Range-Energy Tables, 1keV-10GeV. Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables 27,1982:147-339
20 M.M.Mikhailov. Possibilities of replacing electromagnetic radiation of the sun by accelerated electrons in testing space technology materials. Journal of Advanced Materails.1996,3(6):465-470
21 D.C. Look,J.W. Hemsky,J.R. Sizelove. Residual native shallow donor in ZnO. Physics Review Letters.1999,82(12):2552-2555
22 G.J. Dienes, G.H. Vineyard. Interscience monographs in physics and astronomy.Volume Ⅱ:Radiation effects in solids, Interscience Publishers,1957:10
23 M. McCargo, S.A. Greenberg, N.J. Douglas. A Study of Environmental Effects upon Particulate Radiation-Induced Absorption Bands in Spacecraft Thermal Control Coating Pigments. AIAA Paper,1969, No.69-642:1-11
24 D.R. Wilkes, J.M. Zwiener, P.S. LeMaster, R.J. Mell, and E.R.Miller.Trend analysis of in-situ spectral reflectance data from the thermal control surfaces experiment(TCSE).
25 John H. Henninger 1984 NASA-RP-1121 4 1-10
26 M.M.Mikhailov, M.I.Dvoretskii. Journal of Advanced Materials 2,1995 41-49
27宋佑诰.环摸技术,1994,211-22
28 Kabler M N,Williams R T 1978 Phys.Rev.B 18 1948
29 Michael H.Huang, Yiying Wu, Henning Feik, Ngan Tran.Catalytic growth of zinc oxide nanowires by vapor transport.Advanced Materials,2001,13(2):113-116
30 Herman Levin,Vincent R.Honnold,et al.1969 NASA CR-73337 6 47-50.
31吴艳茹.晶体电注入装置研制和电注入着色晶体色心光谱特性.天津大学出版社,2003,第5-14
32 Kroger F. A. The Chemistry film perfect Crystals.Amsterdam:North-Holand Publishing Company,1964, p691-71
33贺永宁,武明堂,朱长存.人工晶体学报,2007, (36) 1416-1421
34王旭东,何世禹,杨德庄.电子辐照ZnO/K2SiO3型热控涂层光学性能的影响.强激光与粒子束,2001,13(4)：431-435
35王旭东,何世禹,杨德庄.强激光与粒子束,2002, (14)476-479
36赵飞明,张廉正,曾一兵,王慧,石苏星.低太阳吸收率αs、高发射率ε有机硅热控涂层进展.宇航材料工艺,1998, (3)：11-14
37林理彬.辐射固体物理学导论.四川科学技术出版社,126