聚氨酯/多壁碳纳米管定向微纳纤维丝压敏特性研究
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摘要
在生物体中,普遍存在着一种类毛发状机械刺激感知系统,我们称之为微纤毛感受器。不同的纤毛感受器,对环境震动、声音震动、微弱接触、生物生存环境中的空气或者水的流动以及重力等等,具有卓越的感知能力。鉴于自然界纤维毛感受器的广泛功用、灵敏的检测能力以及精巧的尺寸,模拟生物微纤毛感知系统的人工微纤毛感知器的研究,近年来已成为了一个研究热点。本文的研究的目的就是要制备出一种高长径比、柔性的、压阻敏感特性优异的人造纤维毛传感器。
本研究利用热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)和多壁碳纳米管(MWNTs)采用静电纺丝技术制备了TPU/MWNT复合材料定向微纳纤维丝。纤维丝的定向分布是通过一对平行电极板实现的。TPU/MWNT复合材料膜也被制备出来用以与纤维进行对比实验。通过透射电子显微镜和扫描电子显微镜等图像观测手段,分析了MWNTs在聚氨酯基体中的分布形态,证实了MWNTs在纤维丝中主要沿其轴向分布,而在膜内随机杂乱分布。并阐述了不同的分布形态对压阻特性的影响。
同时,针对电导率的测量和压阻敏感特性的检测,设计了相应的实验方案,搭建了相关的实验平台。通过实验和理论结合的方法,确定了TPU/MWNT复合材料的逾渗阈值,并得到了拉伸应变下电阻与应变的关系曲线,解释了压阻效应的形成机理。探明了TPU/MWNT复合材料表现出最佳敏感特性时,碳纳米管和聚氨酯的掺杂优化比例。
最后,对拉伸应变中可能影响TPU/MWNT复合材料纤维丝电阻率变化的各项参数进行了分析,例如：微结构的改变、体积分数的变化、MWNTs分布角度的变化对材料导电性能的影响等等。研究结果显示拉伸应变中纤维丝体积的变化是影响电阻变化的主要原因。在此基础上,结合前人的研究成果,构建了适用于该复合材料纤维丝电阻相对变化量的理论计算模型,能够很好的预测电阻相对变化量随拉伸应变的变化趋势,为理论分析提供了有效的依据。
As a mechano-receptive sensing system, haircell receptors widely exist in organisms. These kind of receptors are able to respond to flow in the air or water, vibration of environment, touch, acoustic vibration and gravitation. As the natural haircell receptors have the properties of wide range of applications, sensitive detection capability, and tiny size, the research of artificial hair sensor to simulate the natural haircell sensing system has attracted much attention. The purpose of this paper is focused to fabricate artificial haircell sensor with high length diameter ratio, flexibility and outstanding piezoresistive properties.
The TPU/MWNT composite oriented micronano fibers have been prepared by electrostatic spinning technology with the use of thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). Pair of parallel plate electrodes have been used to realize the directional distribution of fibers and TPU/MWNT composite membranes have also been fabricated for comparison experiment. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) have been employed to analyze the distribution pattern of MWNTs in TPU. It is clearly showed that MWNTs are along with the axial direction in fibers and randomly distributed in membranes. Different distribution patterns which influences the piezoresistive properties have been discussed.
A test bench has been designed to measure fiber conductivity and piezoresistive properties. Through experimental and theoretical methods, the percolation threshold and the relationship between resistance and tensile strain have been abtained. The mechanism of piezoresistive effect has been explained and the ratio of MWNTs and TPU for the best sensitivity is achieved.
Finnaly, the parameters that may affect the resistance of TPU/MWNT composite consisted by oriented micronano fibers in tensile status have been analyzed, such as the change of microstructures, volume ratio of conductive particles, and distributed angles of MWNTs, which lead us to conclude that volume ratio of conductive particles is the main reason for the variation of resistance. A theoretical calculation model which is able to predict the change of resistance with strain has also been proposed.
本研究利用热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)和多壁碳纳米管(MWNTs)采用静电纺丝技术制备了TPU/MWNT复合材料定向微纳纤维丝。纤维丝的定向分布是通过一对平行电极板实现的。TPU/MWNT复合材料膜也被制备出来用以与纤维进行对比实验。通过透射电子显微镜和扫描电子显微镜等图像观测手段,分析了MWNTs在聚氨酯基体中的分布形态,证实了MWNTs在纤维丝中主要沿其轴向分布,而在膜内随机杂乱分布。并阐述了不同的分布形态对压阻特性的影响。
同时,针对电导率的测量和压阻敏感特性的检测,设计了相应的实验方案,搭建了相关的实验平台。通过实验和理论结合的方法,确定了TPU/MWNT复合材料的逾渗阈值,并得到了拉伸应变下电阻与应变的关系曲线,解释了压阻效应的形成机理。探明了TPU/MWNT复合材料表现出最佳敏感特性时,碳纳米管和聚氨酯的掺杂优化比例。
最后,对拉伸应变中可能影响TPU/MWNT复合材料纤维丝电阻率变化的各项参数进行了分析,例如：微结构的改变、体积分数的变化、MWNTs分布角度的变化对材料导电性能的影响等等。研究结果显示拉伸应变中纤维丝体积的变化是影响电阻变化的主要原因。在此基础上,结合前人的研究成果,构建了适用于该复合材料纤维丝电阻相对变化量的理论计算模型,能够很好的预测电阻相对变化量随拉伸应变的变化趋势,为理论分析提供了有效的依据。
As a mechano-receptive sensing system, haircell receptors widely exist in organisms. These kind of receptors are able to respond to flow in the air or water, vibration of environment, touch, acoustic vibration and gravitation. As the natural haircell receptors have the properties of wide range of applications, sensitive detection capability, and tiny size, the research of artificial hair sensor to simulate the natural haircell sensing system has attracted much attention. The purpose of this paper is focused to fabricate artificial haircell sensor with high length diameter ratio, flexibility and outstanding piezoresistive properties.
The TPU/MWNT composite oriented micronano fibers have been prepared by electrostatic spinning technology with the use of thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). Pair of parallel plate electrodes have been used to realize the directional distribution of fibers and TPU/MWNT composite membranes have also been fabricated for comparison experiment. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) have been employed to analyze the distribution pattern of MWNTs in TPU. It is clearly showed that MWNTs are along with the axial direction in fibers and randomly distributed in membranes. Different distribution patterns which influences the piezoresistive properties have been discussed.
A test bench has been designed to measure fiber conductivity and piezoresistive properties. Through experimental and theoretical methods, the percolation threshold and the relationship between resistance and tensile strain have been abtained. The mechanism of piezoresistive effect has been explained and the ratio of MWNTs and TPU for the best sensitivity is achieved.
Finnaly, the parameters that may affect the resistance of TPU/MWNT composite consisted by oriented micronano fibers in tensile status have been analyzed, such as the change of microstructures, volume ratio of conductive particles, and distributed angles of MWNTs, which lead us to conclude that volume ratio of conductive particles is the main reason for the variation of resistance. A theoretical calculation model which is able to predict the change of resistance with strain has also been proposed.
引文
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