烟气循环流化床脱硫塔内气液固混合特性研究
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摘要
大量二氧化硫的排放是我国酸雨产生的主要原因,我国是一个以煤炭为主要能源的国家,火电厂的二氧化硫排放量在全国二氧化硫总排放量中占有相当的比例,因此控制火电厂燃煤导致的二氧化硫的排放,对于改善我国的大气环境有十分重要的意义。与传统的石灰石石膏法脱硫相比,循环流化床脱硫技术具有系统简单,工程投资、维修和运行费用低,占地面积小等特点,适于现有电厂及工业锅炉的改造,但是在实际运行过程中由于循环流化床内烟气、喷水、脱硫剂混合效果差,脱硫效率与设计值相差甚远。本文以循环流化床脱硫技术中遇到的实际问题为出发点,以提高脱硫塔内气液固的混合程度为目标,通过试验和数值模拟来获得提高塔内气、液、固混合程度的方法,以便指导循环流化床脱硫设计和运行。
首先,本文以吉林市松花江热电厂烟气脱硫设备为原型,自行设计和搭建了烟气循环流化床脱硫冷态试验台,通过粒子成像测速仪(PIV)研究了不同给料方式下塔内气固混合情况,发现在导流板前给料工况下,对右侧壁面具有较大冲击,单侧给料工况下,对壁面的冲击最大,是颗粒冲壁最危险的工况,在双侧给料工况下,固体颗粒的冲壁能力最小,有利于防止塔内壁的脱硫灰结垢和给料口堵灰。同时双侧给料具有最大的密相区床层高度,颗粒运动整体速度最大,且呈现明显的“环核流动结构”,加速度也较大,既具有高床层又具有较高的颗粒回落内循环,颗粒运动情况最理想。
其次,本文通过对不同喷嘴角度布置和不同喷嘴层数布置下,脱硫塔内气、液流动情况进行冷态实验研究。研究发现单喷嘴布置时,喷嘴采取逆流布置时雾化水在塔内停留时间长,有利于增加脱硫反应时间。采用喷嘴直管段与径向成-45度布置时轴向速度相对较小,刷壁不明显,同时成-45度布置时湍流强度和涡量大,有利于混合。扩散段单层布置与双层布置相比较,采用双层布置较优,特别是在扩散段与径向成45度直管段与径向成-45度布置时,向下运动的雾化水和向上运动的雾化水相互扰动造成湍动能和涡量较大,有利于混合,但是在直管段-45布置与双层布置比较,直管段-45度布置在湍流强度和轴向速度较大,直管段-45度布置较好。
最后,采用数值模拟的方法并考虑塔内温度的影响,进一步研究了喷嘴布置角度对气液混合情况的影响,并从速度、温度和湍动能三个方面进行了比较,同时建立了脱硫传质模型,研究了喷水量和钙硫比对脱硫效率的影响,研究发现喷嘴在扩散段45度布置时,进入脱硫塔的气体对左侧壁面冲刷较严重,左侧壁面的湍流强度高于右侧壁面,湍流强度变化不规律；喷嘴在直管段-45度布置时,进入脱硫塔的气体有向左侧壁面偏移的趋势,但是对壁面冲刷不是很严重,速度场变化比较平缓,在脱硫塔底湍流强度较高,湍流强度随着塔高的增加有加速上升然后缓慢下降的趋势,这样有助于气液混合；喷嘴为扩散段45度布置时,脱硫塔进出口温差比较大,出口温度比较大；喷嘴在直管段-45度布置时,脱硫塔进出口温差比较理想,出口温度较低且温度分布呈中间高、周围低的趋势,能够很好的保护壁面。利用建立的传质模型计算脱硫塔出口烟气含湿量和钙硫比对脱硫效率的影响,结果表明脱硫系统在典型工况下的的最佳出口烟气含湿量为0.059kg/kg左右,最佳Ca/S为1.3左右,此时的脱硫效率预计能达到85%。该模型可作为电厂脱硫系统的参考。
The main reason of acid precipitation in China is the emission of large quantities of sulfur dioxide. As coal is the main energy resource in our country, sulfur dioxide emission by power plants accounts for a certain proportion in the total emission of sulfur dioxide of the country. To improve the atmospheric environment, it is of great significance to control sulfur dioxide emission caused by burning coal in our country. Comparing to traditional lime-gypsum process for desulphurization, circulating fluidized bed desulfurization technology has such features as simple system, low engineering investment, maintenance and operation cost, and small floor area, which is suitable for retrofit of existing power plants and industrial boilers. But in the process of actual operation, there is a big difference between desulfurization efficiency and the designed value, as the result of the poor mixing effect of flue gas, water spray, and desulfurizer in the circulating fluidized bed. Based on the actual problems in circulating fluidized bed desulfurization technology and targeted to improving the mixture of gas, liquid and solid in desulfurization tower, this paper is designed to find a method to improve mixture of gas, liquid, and solid through experiment and numerical simulation, so as to guide the design of circulating fluidized bed desulfurization.
Taken the gas desulfurization system of Jilin Songhua River Power Plant as the prototype, we designed and built flue gas circulating fluidized bed cold state experiment table. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) was chosen to research gas-solid mixture under different feeding ways in the tower. We find that the condition of feeding before the guide plate has a bigger impact on the right side of the wall; the extent of the impact on the wall of solid particles in the tower under unilateral feeding condition is the biggest, which is the most dangerous condition; the extent of the impact on the wall of solid particles in the tower under bilateral feeding condition is the smallest, which is beneficial to reduce scaling of the desulfurated ash on wall and the ash clogging in feeding entrance.
Then we conducted cold state experiments on the flow of gas and liquid inside the desulfurization tower based on the layout of nozzles in different angles and different layers. It showed that when single nozzle was arranged, the atomized water stayed for a long time in the tower, which was better to increase reaction time of desulfurization. When we decorated the nozzle and radial direction into-45°in the straight section, the axial velocity was relatively small and there was no obvious wall-scouring. And when we decorate them both into-45°, it is good for mixing as the result of big turbulence intensity and vorticity. Comparing single arrangement and double arrangement in the diffuser section, it was better to use double arrangement. Especially when we decorated the nozzle and radial direction into45°in the straight section and-45°in the diffuser section, the mutual interference of the atomized water moving up and down led to the bigger turbulence energy and vorticity, which was helpful for mixing. While comparing the two conditions, the nozzle and radial direction with-45°in the straight section and the double-layer arrangement, the former was better with higher turbulence intensity and bigger axial velocity.
Further study was conducted to research the gas-liquid mixing at different nozzle angles, with numerical simulation method and considering the impact of tower temperature as well. We compared from three aspects, velocity, temperature and turbulent kinetic energy. Desulfurization mass transfer model was built to study the impact of spray quantities and calcium to sulfur ratio on the desulfurization efficiency. The study found that, when nozzle in the diffuser section was arranged45°, the left wall of desulfurization tower was eroded more seriously, and the turbulence intensity of the left wall appeared to be higher than that of the right side wall, and changed irregularly. When nozzle was disposed-45°in straight section, gas flowing into the desulfurization tower tended to offset to the left side of the wall without serious wall-scouring. Velocity field changed moderately. The turbulence intensity is very high in the bottom of the desulfurization tower, and turbulence intensity tended to accelerate following the increase of desulfurization tower height, and then slightly downward which helped the mixing of gas and liquid. When nozzle was fixed radial45°in the diffuser section, there was a big gap between inlet and outlet temperature of the desulfurization tower. The outlet temperature is higher. When the nozzle is fixed radial-45°in the straight section, there was a satisfied temperature difference between the inlet and outlet with lower outlet temperature. The temperature was distributed in the trend of high middle and low around, which can protect the wall very well. The proposed model for mass-transfer was applied to simulate the tower outlet flue gas moisture content and Ca/S molar ratio on the desulfurization efficiency. The results showed that under the conditions of the tower outlet flue gas moisture content range of0.059kg/kg and the Ca/S range of1.3, the desulphurization efficiency is expected to be improved to85%. The model would be helpful for the desulfurization system of the power plant.
首先,本文以吉林市松花江热电厂烟气脱硫设备为原型,自行设计和搭建了烟气循环流化床脱硫冷态试验台,通过粒子成像测速仪(PIV)研究了不同给料方式下塔内气固混合情况,发现在导流板前给料工况下,对右侧壁面具有较大冲击,单侧给料工况下,对壁面的冲击最大,是颗粒冲壁最危险的工况,在双侧给料工况下,固体颗粒的冲壁能力最小,有利于防止塔内壁的脱硫灰结垢和给料口堵灰。同时双侧给料具有最大的密相区床层高度,颗粒运动整体速度最大,且呈现明显的“环核流动结构”,加速度也较大,既具有高床层又具有较高的颗粒回落内循环,颗粒运动情况最理想。
其次,本文通过对不同喷嘴角度布置和不同喷嘴层数布置下,脱硫塔内气、液流动情况进行冷态实验研究。研究发现单喷嘴布置时,喷嘴采取逆流布置时雾化水在塔内停留时间长,有利于增加脱硫反应时间。采用喷嘴直管段与径向成-45度布置时轴向速度相对较小,刷壁不明显,同时成-45度布置时湍流强度和涡量大,有利于混合。扩散段单层布置与双层布置相比较,采用双层布置较优,特别是在扩散段与径向成45度直管段与径向成-45度布置时,向下运动的雾化水和向上运动的雾化水相互扰动造成湍动能和涡量较大,有利于混合,但是在直管段-45布置与双层布置比较,直管段-45度布置在湍流强度和轴向速度较大,直管段-45度布置较好。
最后,采用数值模拟的方法并考虑塔内温度的影响,进一步研究了喷嘴布置角度对气液混合情况的影响,并从速度、温度和湍动能三个方面进行了比较,同时建立了脱硫传质模型,研究了喷水量和钙硫比对脱硫效率的影响,研究发现喷嘴在扩散段45度布置时,进入脱硫塔的气体对左侧壁面冲刷较严重,左侧壁面的湍流强度高于右侧壁面,湍流强度变化不规律；喷嘴在直管段-45度布置时,进入脱硫塔的气体有向左侧壁面偏移的趋势,但是对壁面冲刷不是很严重,速度场变化比较平缓,在脱硫塔底湍流强度较高,湍流强度随着塔高的增加有加速上升然后缓慢下降的趋势,这样有助于气液混合；喷嘴为扩散段45度布置时,脱硫塔进出口温差比较大,出口温度比较大；喷嘴在直管段-45度布置时,脱硫塔进出口温差比较理想,出口温度较低且温度分布呈中间高、周围低的趋势,能够很好的保护壁面。利用建立的传质模型计算脱硫塔出口烟气含湿量和钙硫比对脱硫效率的影响,结果表明脱硫系统在典型工况下的的最佳出口烟气含湿量为0.059kg/kg左右,最佳Ca/S为1.3左右,此时的脱硫效率预计能达到85%。该模型可作为电厂脱硫系统的参考。
The main reason of acid precipitation in China is the emission of large quantities of sulfur dioxide. As coal is the main energy resource in our country, sulfur dioxide emission by power plants accounts for a certain proportion in the total emission of sulfur dioxide of the country. To improve the atmospheric environment, it is of great significance to control sulfur dioxide emission caused by burning coal in our country. Comparing to traditional lime-gypsum process for desulphurization, circulating fluidized bed desulfurization technology has such features as simple system, low engineering investment, maintenance and operation cost, and small floor area, which is suitable for retrofit of existing power plants and industrial boilers. But in the process of actual operation, there is a big difference between desulfurization efficiency and the designed value, as the result of the poor mixing effect of flue gas, water spray, and desulfurizer in the circulating fluidized bed. Based on the actual problems in circulating fluidized bed desulfurization technology and targeted to improving the mixture of gas, liquid and solid in desulfurization tower, this paper is designed to find a method to improve mixture of gas, liquid, and solid through experiment and numerical simulation, so as to guide the design of circulating fluidized bed desulfurization.
Taken the gas desulfurization system of Jilin Songhua River Power Plant as the prototype, we designed and built flue gas circulating fluidized bed cold state experiment table. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) was chosen to research gas-solid mixture under different feeding ways in the tower. We find that the condition of feeding before the guide plate has a bigger impact on the right side of the wall; the extent of the impact on the wall of solid particles in the tower under unilateral feeding condition is the biggest, which is the most dangerous condition; the extent of the impact on the wall of solid particles in the tower under bilateral feeding condition is the smallest, which is beneficial to reduce scaling of the desulfurated ash on wall and the ash clogging in feeding entrance.
Then we conducted cold state experiments on the flow of gas and liquid inside the desulfurization tower based on the layout of nozzles in different angles and different layers. It showed that when single nozzle was arranged, the atomized water stayed for a long time in the tower, which was better to increase reaction time of desulfurization. When we decorated the nozzle and radial direction into-45°in the straight section, the axial velocity was relatively small and there was no obvious wall-scouring. And when we decorate them both into-45°, it is good for mixing as the result of big turbulence intensity and vorticity. Comparing single arrangement and double arrangement in the diffuser section, it was better to use double arrangement. Especially when we decorated the nozzle and radial direction into45°in the straight section and-45°in the diffuser section, the mutual interference of the atomized water moving up and down led to the bigger turbulence energy and vorticity, which was helpful for mixing. While comparing the two conditions, the nozzle and radial direction with-45°in the straight section and the double-layer arrangement, the former was better with higher turbulence intensity and bigger axial velocity.
Further study was conducted to research the gas-liquid mixing at different nozzle angles, with numerical simulation method and considering the impact of tower temperature as well. We compared from three aspects, velocity, temperature and turbulent kinetic energy. Desulfurization mass transfer model was built to study the impact of spray quantities and calcium to sulfur ratio on the desulfurization efficiency. The study found that, when nozzle in the diffuser section was arranged45°, the left wall of desulfurization tower was eroded more seriously, and the turbulence intensity of the left wall appeared to be higher than that of the right side wall, and changed irregularly. When nozzle was disposed-45°in straight section, gas flowing into the desulfurization tower tended to offset to the left side of the wall without serious wall-scouring. Velocity field changed moderately. The turbulence intensity is very high in the bottom of the desulfurization tower, and turbulence intensity tended to accelerate following the increase of desulfurization tower height, and then slightly downward which helped the mixing of gas and liquid. When nozzle was fixed radial45°in the diffuser section, there was a big gap between inlet and outlet temperature of the desulfurization tower. The outlet temperature is higher. When the nozzle is fixed radial-45°in the straight section, there was a satisfied temperature difference between the inlet and outlet with lower outlet temperature. The temperature was distributed in the trend of high middle and low around, which can protect the wall very well. The proposed model for mass-transfer was applied to simulate the tower outlet flue gas moisture content and Ca/S molar ratio on the desulfurization efficiency. The results showed that under the conditions of the tower outlet flue gas moisture content range of0.059kg/kg and the Ca/S range of1.3, the desulphurization efficiency is expected to be improved to85%. The model would be helpful for the desulfurization system of the power plant.
引文
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