济南市区加油站附近空气中有机污染特性研究及健康风险评估
|
摘要
本研究旨在了解济南市市区某加油站邻近空气中挥发性有机物浓度分布情形，并探讨加油站在加油操作期间挥发性有机物的可能逸散情况，借以了解其对周围环境空气的影响，以及对人的健康所造成的风险加以评估。本研究在加油站周界(布设5个点)及站外邻近地区人口聚集的敏感点(布设2个点)，进行空气中挥发性有机物样品的采集，并用多重床吸附管(Carbontrap 300 multi-bed
thermal desorption tube)吸附空气中挥发性有机物，经由热脱附仪(TDU)脱附后，再以气相色谱仪(GC／FID)进行甲苯等18种有机物的定性与定量分析，并配合气象条件及非甲烷总烃的监测。
研究结果表明，在加油站加油等操作过程中，逸散排放的挥发性有机物主要污染物种为正己烷、苯、正辛烷、甲苯、间，对-二甲苯、异丙苯、苯乙烯、1，3，5-三甲苯、1，2，4-三甲苯、1，2，3-三甲苯、萘及其他碳氢化合物等，与油品的油气特征污染物相近似，主要污染物为甲苯及苯。苯的最大浓度值出现在逸散源附近，浓度值为20.47ppb，而甲苯的最大浓度值出现在周界空气中，浓度为15.32ppb。另外，根据采样期间的风向，上风向处采样点的污染物浓度较下风向处采样点的污染物浓度低，而且分析物种也较少，显示加油站在作业过程中，确实会逸散挥发性有机物。此外，分析监测结果显示，加油站附近空气中的部分有机污染物，来自附近其他的污染源。通过对监测结果的分析及整理，本研究还从风险评估的角度，对加油站附近空气中挥发性有机物的污染现状作出评价。在加油站加油操作的过程中所逸散源附近污染物浓度的慢性危害指数总和超过1，说明对人体健康存在一定的危害，这是加油站有待进一步解决的问题。
This study investigated the characteristic of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) in the atmosphere at the surrounding area of a gas station in Jinan. The influence of operation condition of gas station as well as meteorological factors on the distribution of VOCs was also investigated. In this study , a sampling network including five sites around the gas station and two sites at a nearby community was established for the gas station of VOCs near ground level.
Air samples were collected by a carbontrap 300multi-bed stainless steel sampling tube and were desorbed by a thermal desorption unit (TDU). The desorbed VOCs samples were then analyzed by a gas chromatography with flame ionization detector(GC/FID). In addition, hydrocarbons (both methane and non-methane hydrocarbons) and meteorological condition including wind speed and win direction were detected in order to correlate with concentration of VOCs.
Result from field measurement indicated that up to twelve VOCs were detected in the atmosphere, which quite consisted with the composition stored oil. Major VOCs observed at the surrounding area of the gas station were benzene and toluene. Forthmore, meteorological condition played an important role on the dispersion of fugitive VOCs at the surrounding area. For instance, the concentration of VOCs at the domnwind site were generally higher than that at the upwind sites. In addition, the analysis monitor result demonstrates, in the gas filling station nearby air part organic pollutant, comes from the neighbor other pollution sources.
Through to monitors the result the analysis and the reduction, this research also from the risk appraisal angle, in the air the volatile organic matter pollution present situation makes the appraisal to the gas filling station in the neighborhood of.
thermal desorption tube)吸附空气中挥发性有机物，经由热脱附仪(TDU)脱附后，再以气相色谱仪(GC／FID)进行甲苯等18种有机物的定性与定量分析，并配合气象条件及非甲烷总烃的监测。
研究结果表明，在加油站加油等操作过程中，逸散排放的挥发性有机物主要污染物种为正己烷、苯、正辛烷、甲苯、间，对-二甲苯、异丙苯、苯乙烯、1，3，5-三甲苯、1，2，4-三甲苯、1，2，3-三甲苯、萘及其他碳氢化合物等，与油品的油气特征污染物相近似，主要污染物为甲苯及苯。苯的最大浓度值出现在逸散源附近，浓度值为20.47ppb，而甲苯的最大浓度值出现在周界空气中，浓度为15.32ppb。另外，根据采样期间的风向，上风向处采样点的污染物浓度较下风向处采样点的污染物浓度低，而且分析物种也较少，显示加油站在作业过程中，确实会逸散挥发性有机物。此外，分析监测结果显示，加油站附近空气中的部分有机污染物，来自附近其他的污染源。通过对监测结果的分析及整理，本研究还从风险评估的角度，对加油站附近空气中挥发性有机物的污染现状作出评价。在加油站加油操作的过程中所逸散源附近污染物浓度的慢性危害指数总和超过1，说明对人体健康存在一定的危害，这是加油站有待进一步解决的问题。
This study investigated the characteristic of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) in the atmosphere at the surrounding area of a gas station in Jinan. The influence of operation condition of gas station as well as meteorological factors on the distribution of VOCs was also investigated. In this study , a sampling network including five sites around the gas station and two sites at a nearby community was established for the gas station of VOCs near ground level.
Air samples were collected by a carbontrap 300multi-bed stainless steel sampling tube and were desorbed by a thermal desorption unit (TDU). The desorbed VOCs samples were then analyzed by a gas chromatography with flame ionization detector(GC/FID). In addition, hydrocarbons (both methane and non-methane hydrocarbons) and meteorological condition including wind speed and win direction were detected in order to correlate with concentration of VOCs.
Result from field measurement indicated that up to twelve VOCs were detected in the atmosphere, which quite consisted with the composition stored oil. Major VOCs observed at the surrounding area of the gas station were benzene and toluene. Forthmore, meteorological condition played an important role on the dispersion of fugitive VOCs at the surrounding area. For instance, the concentration of VOCs at the domnwind site were generally higher than that at the upwind sites. In addition, the analysis monitor result demonstrates, in the gas filling station nearby air part organic pollutant, comes from the neighbor other pollution sources.
Through to monitors the result the analysis and the reduction, this research also from the risk appraisal angle, in the air the volatile organic matter pollution present situation makes the appraisal to the gas filling station in the neighborhood of.
引文
[1] Daisey J.M., Hodgson A.T., Fisk W.J., J.Ten Brinke,Volaoile Organic Compounds in Twelve California Office Buildings: Classes, Consent Rations and Sources[J]. Air & Waste Management Association, 1994,Vol.50, No. 12 December.
[2] Benitea, J. Process Engineering and Design for Air Pollution Control. OTR Prentice-Hall Inc.,New Jersey, 1993.pp.466.
[3] 兼颖涛等．广东省南海市主干道大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)研究[J]．中国环境监测，2000(特刊)：63-65．
[4] 简颖涛等．广拂公路(盐步段)两侧挥发性有机物(VOC)污染研究[J]．中国环境监测，2001，17(1)：11-14．
[5] 魏复盛等．美国新的清洁空气法和空气有毒物质的控制[J]．环境监测管理与技术，1993，5(3)：8-10．
[6] US EPA, Region 9 preliminary Remediation Goals(PRGs), 1998b.
[7] Yuan, C. S. and C.H. Hsiu, Influence of Outdoor Air Pollutants on Indoor Air Quality in Urban Areas in Taiwan, The Fourth International Conference on Air Pollution, Toulouse, France. 1996
[8] Yuan, C. S., Emission of Volatile Organic Compounds from Incensing in Indoor/Outdoor Environments, International Symposium on Volatile Organic Compounds in Environment, Montreal, Canada. 1994
[9] Howard, Handbook of Environmental Degradation Rates, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI 1989.
[10] Kelly,T.J. Air pollutant Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment in Allen Country-Lima, Ohio," 85th Annual Meeting and Exhibition of Air and Waste Management Association, Kansas City, Missouri, USA. 1992
[11] Wadden, R.A.Source Discrimention of Short-Term Hydrocarbon Samples Measured Aloft, Environ. Sci & Tech., 1986, Vol.20, No.5,206-208.
[12] 罗宁，刘治中．汽车排放标准与改进燃料品质降低排放污染[J]．四川环境，1997，16(3)：27-32．
[13] Scheff, P.A., Mardi K. Source-Receptor Analysis of Volatile Hydrocarbon Collected in Newjer, Proceeding of Indoor Air '93,1993,Vol.2,464-471.
[14] 易宁，颜文胜．美国EPA车辆排放标准及减少车辆排放物的主要技术措施[J]．云南工业大学学报，1998，14(4)：70-72．
[15] 韦淡平．汽油润滑性研究Ⅱ．汽油化学组成的特点[J]．石油学报(石油加工)，2000，16(3)．
[16] 章虎，陈关喜，冯建跃．93号汽油样品组分的GC-MS分析[J]．分析测试学报，2003，22(9)．
[17] GB／T 17930-1999，车用无铅汽油国家标准[S]．
[18] 蔡目荣，丁福臣，李术元．生产低烯烃汽油的技术对策[J]．石油与天然气化工，2001，30(5)：246-249．
[19] 古进全，林文章，李文智、林素珍，石化区及都会区大气中多环芳香烃化合物特性之研究，第十届空气污染控制技术研讨会论文集，1993， 373-380．
[20] 左台利．石化工厂C_2-C_(10)碳氢化合物之成分分析与分布研究，中油87年度产科学术合作研究计划报告书，87-CPC-M-007-004，清华大学化学系，1998．
[21] 梁宝生，周原．不同类型机动车尾气挥发性有机化合物排放特征特征研究．[J]中国环境监测，2005，21(1)：8-11．
[22] Smith Deborah L.,Gary F.Evans, Thomas A.Lumpkin, Measurements of VOCs from TAMS Network, [J]. Air & Waste Management Association, 1992, Vol.42, No.10, pp.1319-1323.
[23] 应红梅，朱丽波，徐能斌．空气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的监测方法研究．[J]中国环境监测，2003，19(4)：24-28．
[24] 苗欣；孙成；王禹；薛光璞；杭维琦；_南京市交通干道大气环境中挥发性有机物的研究．[J]环境保护科学，2003，5．
[25] Metcalfe, C.D., Toxic graphic Responses to Organic compounds, Fish Disease and Discorders, 1998, 2,133-135.
[26] 李清胜，即时气象资讯应用在空气品质分析的研究与实验，行政院环保署，1990．
[27] 麦贵等．茂名空气中有机污染物背景值研究与评价[J]，茂名学院学报，2005，(01)．
[28] 钱群，张大年．上海市大气中非甲烷挥发性有机物的组成及特点[J]．上海环境科学，1999，18(9)：400-403．
[29] 谭培功等．青岛市大气环境中苯系物的污染状况及变化规律的研究[J]．中国环境监测，2000(特刊)：78-80．
[30] 何建仁，贺克勤．环保署十年以上加油站潜在污染源调查计划介绍，台北，2005．
[31] 太原市悬浮颗粒物上多环芳烃的测量与分布研究．[J]中国环境监测，2002，18(4)：18-20．
[32] 温志友．徐州市区环境空气中TVOC污染现状及变化规律[J]，江苏环境科技．2005(03)．
[33] Lahore Tom, Cancer Risk from Air TOXIC in Urban Areas, 81th Annual Meeting of APCA, 1998, June 19-24.
[34] Kao A.S. Formation and Removal Reactions of Hazardous Air Pollutants[J]. Air & Waste Management Association, 1994,Vol.44: 683-696.
[35] Atkinson R. Gas-Phase Troposphere Chemistry of Organic Compounds: A Review. Atmospheric Environment, 1990, Vol.24A: 1-41.
[36] 柯冰，涂亚庭．挥发性有机化合物对皮肤作用的研究进展[J]，国外医学．皮肤病学分册，2005(04)．
[37] Edgerton S.A., Holden M. W., Smith D. L., Shah J[J]. Inter-Urban Comparison of Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds Concentration in U.S. Cities, [J]. Air & Waste Management Association, 1989, Vol.39, No.5, pp.729-732.
[38] J. Van Potsdam et al, Human health implications of environmental contaminants in Arctic Canada: a review, The Science of the Total Environment 230,1-82,1999.
[39] T.S. Clarkson, R. J. Martin, J. Rudolphan and B. W. L. Graham, Benzene and Toluene in New Zealand Air[J],Atmospheric Environment. 1996,30(4): 569.
[40] USEPA, Dermal Exposure Assessment: Principles and Applications, ORD, EPA/600/8-91/011B.
[41] 杨三明等．重庆空气重点控制有毒物质筛选．[J]中国环境监测，2004，20(3)：18-20．
[42] GB16297，大气污染物综合排放标准[S]．
[43] GB14554-93，恶臭污染物排放标准[S]．
[44] GBZ2-2002，工业场所有害因素接触限值[S]．
[45] 国家环境保护总局．空气和废气监测分析方法的(第四版)[M]．北京：中国环境科学出版社，2003．
[46] Perkin Elmer GCBU, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE DOCUMENT FOR US EPA METHOD TO-17[R], 1996, 1-74.
[47] David Stator and Hew Jones, Environmental risk assessment and the environment agency, Journal of Hazardous Materials 65, 77-91, 1999.
[48] Bailey, R.V.; Phillips, J.B., (1996) "Treatment of Halogenated Organic Veto Streams for the Reduction of Air Emissions," J. Air &Waste Manage.Assoc.,Vol.46,pp.458.
[49] USEPA,(1984)," Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air," TO-3 Revision 1.0,No.4.
[50] USEPA,(1984)," Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air," TO-1 EPA-600/4-84/041.
[51] USEPA,(1984)," Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air," TO-2 EPA"-624/4-84/041.
[52] SUPELCO, (1989), "Carbotrap-an Excellent Adsorbent for Sampling Many Airborne Contaminants," GC Bulletin, 849C SUPELCO.
[53] SUPELCO, (1989), "Efficiently Monitor Toxic Air Bone Compounds by Thermal Desorption," GC Bulletin, 849C SUPELCO.
[54] 大气环境分析方法标准工作手册[M]．北京：中国环境科学出版社，2000．
[55] Bianchi AP, Varney MS: Sampling and analysis of VOCS in estuarine air by GS-MS J. of Chrome [J], 1993, 643: 11-23.
[56] 齐文启等．最新国外环境监测技术发展综述[M]．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1992．56．
[57] 杨秀培．室内空气中总挥发性有机物的热解吸气相色谱测定方法[J]，中华劳动卫生职业病杂志，2004(04)．
[58] 史黎薇．低浓度挥发性有机物混合标准气体的配制．中国卫生工程学．2005(06)．
[59] Wallace,L.;Pellizzari,E.;Hartwell,T.;Sparacino,C.;Sheldon,L.;Zelon,H.;Per rit,K.,(1987), "The Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) Study," U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC,EPA/600/6-87/002a.
[60] The National Academy of Science/National Research Council, Risk Air sessment in the Federal Government: Managing th Process. Washington DC: NAS Press, 1983.
[61] Lawrence B Graph. Toxic Risk Assessment and Management. Van No strand Reinhold, 1996: 223～227.
[62] 间慧贞，阮国栋．我国毒性物质风险评估之现状及展望[J]．工业污染防治，1993，46：145-170．
[63] 间慧贞，阮国栋．毒性化学物质风险评估资料及其应用[J]．工业污染防治，1993，47：115-151．
[64] 间慧贞，阮国栋．健康风险曝露评估准则之建立[J]．工业污染防治，1993，50：1-17．
[65] Chen C.C., Lin S.H., Her G.R. Student Exposures to Volatile Organic Compounds While Commuting by Motorcycle and Bus in Taipei City [J]. Air & Waste Management Association, 1993, Vol. 43: 1231-1238.
[66] 郭新彪．环境健康危险评定[J]．环境毒理学杂志，2000，14(3)：16-18．
[67] 谌宏伟，污染场地健康风险评价的实例研究[J]，地学前缘，2006(01)．
[68] 李丁赞，陈美英，蔡俊鸿，有害空气污染物风险评估应用程序之输入参数特性分析，第十二届空气污染控制技术研讨会论文集，1995，PP．12-18．
[69] Tomb Aden Des, Velma Save K., (1992), "Sampling and Analysis of Light Hydrocarbons(C_1-C_4)-a Review, " American IND. HYG ASSOCJ.Vol.52, No.3.3
[70] Ott, W. R. "Total human exposure" Environ. Sci. Techno., Vol. 19, No.10.p880-886, 1985.
[71] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action Applied at Petroleum Release Site, ASTM Designation E 1739-95, 1995.
[72] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Risk-Based Decision Masking Performance Assessment Study Bulletin #1, 1999.
[73] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Risk-Based Decision Masking Performance Assessment Study Bulletin #2, 2000.
[74] American Society for Testing and Materials(ASTM), PS-104 Standard Provisional Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action, 1998
[75] Paul, J. L. "Assessing total human exposure to contaminants" Environ. Sci. Techno., Vol.24, No.7.p938-945,1990.
[76] US EPA, Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, EPA/9285/6-03, 1991.
[77] US EPA, Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Sites, EPA/540/1-89/002, 1989.
[78] US EPA, Dermal Exposure Assessment: Principles and Applications, EPA/600/8-91/011B, 1992.
[79] Exposure Factor Handbook U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1999.
[80] Frank B. Cross, Facts and values in risk assessment, Reliability Engineering and System Safety 59, pp.27-40, 1998.
[81] Illinois EPA, Title 35, Subtitle G, Chap. I, Subchapter. F: Risk Based Cleanup Objective, Part 742: Tiered Approach Correction Objectives (TACO), 1997.
[82] NC DEHNR, North Carolina Risk Analysis Framework, 1999.
[83] US EPA, Value take from the chemical database in Multi-Pathway Risk Assessment Model developed in Research Triangle Institute, 1997.
[84] OEHHA, 1999a, "Air Toxics "Hot Spots" Risk Assessments Guidelines Part I: Technical Support Document for the Determination of Acute Reference Exposure Levels for Airborne Toxicants." Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Cal/EPA.
[85] OEHHA, 1999b, "Air Toxics "Hot Spots" Risk Assessments Guidelines Part II: Technical Support Document for Describing Available Cancer Potency Factors. " Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Cal/EPA.
[86] OEHHA, 2000, "Air Toxics "Hot Spots" Risk Assessments Guidelines Part III: Technical Support Document for the Determination of No cancer Chronic Reference Exposure Levels for Airborne Toxicant.", Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Cal/EPA.
[2] Benitea, J. Process Engineering and Design for Air Pollution Control. OTR Prentice-Hall Inc.,New Jersey, 1993.pp.466.
[3] 兼颖涛等．广东省南海市主干道大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)研究[J]．中国环境监测，2000(特刊)：63-65．
[4] 简颖涛等．广拂公路(盐步段)两侧挥发性有机物(VOC)污染研究[J]．中国环境监测，2001，17(1)：11-14．
[5] 魏复盛等．美国新的清洁空气法和空气有毒物质的控制[J]．环境监测管理与技术，1993，5(3)：8-10．
[6] US EPA, Region 9 preliminary Remediation Goals(PRGs), 1998b.
[7] Yuan, C. S. and C.H. Hsiu, Influence of Outdoor Air Pollutants on Indoor Air Quality in Urban Areas in Taiwan, The Fourth International Conference on Air Pollution, Toulouse, France. 1996
[8] Yuan, C. S., Emission of Volatile Organic Compounds from Incensing in Indoor/Outdoor Environments, International Symposium on Volatile Organic Compounds in Environment, Montreal, Canada. 1994
[9] Howard, Handbook of Environmental Degradation Rates, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI 1989.
[10] Kelly,T.J. Air pollutant Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment in Allen Country-Lima, Ohio," 85th Annual Meeting and Exhibition of Air and Waste Management Association, Kansas City, Missouri, USA. 1992
[11] Wadden, R.A.Source Discrimention of Short-Term Hydrocarbon Samples Measured Aloft, Environ. Sci & Tech., 1986, Vol.20, No.5,206-208.
[12] 罗宁，刘治中．汽车排放标准与改进燃料品质降低排放污染[J]．四川环境，1997，16(3)：27-32．
[13] Scheff, P.A., Mardi K. Source-Receptor Analysis of Volatile Hydrocarbon Collected in Newjer, Proceeding of Indoor Air '93,1993,Vol.2,464-471.
[14] 易宁，颜文胜．美国EPA车辆排放标准及减少车辆排放物的主要技术措施[J]．云南工业大学学报，1998，14(4)：70-72．
[15] 韦淡平．汽油润滑性研究Ⅱ．汽油化学组成的特点[J]．石油学报(石油加工)，2000，16(3)．
[16] 章虎，陈关喜，冯建跃．93号汽油样品组分的GC-MS分析[J]．分析测试学报，2003，22(9)．
[17] GB／T 17930-1999，车用无铅汽油国家标准[S]．
[18] 蔡目荣，丁福臣，李术元．生产低烯烃汽油的技术对策[J]．石油与天然气化工，2001，30(5)：246-249．
[19] 古进全，林文章，李文智、林素珍，石化区及都会区大气中多环芳香烃化合物特性之研究，第十届空气污染控制技术研讨会论文集，1993， 373-380．
[20] 左台利．石化工厂C_2-C_(10)碳氢化合物之成分分析与分布研究，中油87年度产科学术合作研究计划报告书，87-CPC-M-007-004，清华大学化学系，1998．
[21] 梁宝生，周原．不同类型机动车尾气挥发性有机化合物排放特征特征研究．[J]中国环境监测，2005，21(1)：8-11．
[22] Smith Deborah L.,Gary F.Evans, Thomas A.Lumpkin, Measurements of VOCs from TAMS Network, [J]. Air & Waste Management Association, 1992, Vol.42, No.10, pp.1319-1323.
[23] 应红梅，朱丽波，徐能斌．空气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的监测方法研究．[J]中国环境监测，2003，19(4)：24-28．
[24] 苗欣；孙成；王禹；薛光璞；杭维琦；_南京市交通干道大气环境中挥发性有机物的研究．[J]环境保护科学，2003，5．
[25] Metcalfe, C.D., Toxic graphic Responses to Organic compounds, Fish Disease and Discorders, 1998, 2,133-135.
[26] 李清胜，即时气象资讯应用在空气品质分析的研究与实验，行政院环保署，1990．
[27] 麦贵等．茂名空气中有机污染物背景值研究与评价[J]，茂名学院学报，2005，(01)．
[28] 钱群，张大年．上海市大气中非甲烷挥发性有机物的组成及特点[J]．上海环境科学，1999，18(9)：400-403．
[29] 谭培功等．青岛市大气环境中苯系物的污染状况及变化规律的研究[J]．中国环境监测，2000(特刊)：78-80．
[30] 何建仁，贺克勤．环保署十年以上加油站潜在污染源调查计划介绍，台北，2005．
[31] 太原市悬浮颗粒物上多环芳烃的测量与分布研究．[J]中国环境监测，2002，18(4)：18-20．
[32] 温志友．徐州市区环境空气中TVOC污染现状及变化规律[J]，江苏环境科技．2005(03)．
[33] Lahore Tom, Cancer Risk from Air TOXIC in Urban Areas, 81th Annual Meeting of APCA, 1998, June 19-24.
[34] Kao A.S. Formation and Removal Reactions of Hazardous Air Pollutants[J]. Air & Waste Management Association, 1994,Vol.44: 683-696.
[35] Atkinson R. Gas-Phase Troposphere Chemistry of Organic Compounds: A Review. Atmospheric Environment, 1990, Vol.24A: 1-41.
[36] 柯冰，涂亚庭．挥发性有机化合物对皮肤作用的研究进展[J]，国外医学．皮肤病学分册，2005(04)．
[37] Edgerton S.A., Holden M. W., Smith D. L., Shah J[J]. Inter-Urban Comparison of Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds Concentration in U.S. Cities, [J]. Air & Waste Management Association, 1989, Vol.39, No.5, pp.729-732.
[38] J. Van Potsdam et al, Human health implications of environmental contaminants in Arctic Canada: a review, The Science of the Total Environment 230,1-82,1999.
[39] T.S. Clarkson, R. J. Martin, J. Rudolphan and B. W. L. Graham, Benzene and Toluene in New Zealand Air[J],Atmospheric Environment. 1996,30(4): 569.
[40] USEPA, Dermal Exposure Assessment: Principles and Applications, ORD, EPA/600/8-91/011B.
[41] 杨三明等．重庆空气重点控制有毒物质筛选．[J]中国环境监测，2004，20(3)：18-20．
[42] GB16297，大气污染物综合排放标准[S]．
[43] GB14554-93，恶臭污染物排放标准[S]．
[44] GBZ2-2002，工业场所有害因素接触限值[S]．
[45] 国家环境保护总局．空气和废气监测分析方法的(第四版)[M]．北京：中国环境科学出版社，2003．
[46] Perkin Elmer GCBU, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE DOCUMENT FOR US EPA METHOD TO-17[R], 1996, 1-74.
[47] David Stator and Hew Jones, Environmental risk assessment and the environment agency, Journal of Hazardous Materials 65, 77-91, 1999.
[48] Bailey, R.V.; Phillips, J.B., (1996) "Treatment of Halogenated Organic Veto Streams for the Reduction of Air Emissions," J. Air &Waste Manage.Assoc.,Vol.46,pp.458.
[49] USEPA,(1984)," Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air," TO-3 Revision 1.0,No.4.
[50] USEPA,(1984)," Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air," TO-1 EPA-600/4-84/041.
[51] USEPA,(1984)," Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air," TO-2 EPA"-624/4-84/041.
[52] SUPELCO, (1989), "Carbotrap-an Excellent Adsorbent for Sampling Many Airborne Contaminants," GC Bulletin, 849C SUPELCO.
[53] SUPELCO, (1989), "Efficiently Monitor Toxic Air Bone Compounds by Thermal Desorption," GC Bulletin, 849C SUPELCO.
[54] 大气环境分析方法标准工作手册[M]．北京：中国环境科学出版社，2000．
[55] Bianchi AP, Varney MS: Sampling and analysis of VOCS in estuarine air by GS-MS J. of Chrome [J], 1993, 643: 11-23.
[56] 齐文启等．最新国外环境监测技术发展综述[M]．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1992．56．
[57] 杨秀培．室内空气中总挥发性有机物的热解吸气相色谱测定方法[J]，中华劳动卫生职业病杂志，2004(04)．
[58] 史黎薇．低浓度挥发性有机物混合标准气体的配制．中国卫生工程学．2005(06)．
[59] Wallace,L.;Pellizzari,E.;Hartwell,T.;Sparacino,C.;Sheldon,L.;Zelon,H.;Per rit,K.,(1987), "The Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) Study," U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC,EPA/600/6-87/002a.
[60] The National Academy of Science/National Research Council, Risk Air sessment in the Federal Government: Managing th Process. Washington DC: NAS Press, 1983.
[61] Lawrence B Graph. Toxic Risk Assessment and Management. Van No strand Reinhold, 1996: 223～227.
[62] 间慧贞，阮国栋．我国毒性物质风险评估之现状及展望[J]．工业污染防治，1993，46：145-170．
[63] 间慧贞，阮国栋．毒性化学物质风险评估资料及其应用[J]．工业污染防治，1993，47：115-151．
[64] 间慧贞，阮国栋．健康风险曝露评估准则之建立[J]．工业污染防治，1993，50：1-17．
[65] Chen C.C., Lin S.H., Her G.R. Student Exposures to Volatile Organic Compounds While Commuting by Motorcycle and Bus in Taipei City [J]. Air & Waste Management Association, 1993, Vol. 43: 1231-1238.
[66] 郭新彪．环境健康危险评定[J]．环境毒理学杂志，2000，14(3)：16-18．
[67] 谌宏伟，污染场地健康风险评价的实例研究[J]，地学前缘，2006(01)．
[68] 李丁赞，陈美英，蔡俊鸿，有害空气污染物风险评估应用程序之输入参数特性分析，第十二届空气污染控制技术研讨会论文集，1995，PP．12-18．
[69] Tomb Aden Des, Velma Save K., (1992), "Sampling and Analysis of Light Hydrocarbons(C_1-C_4)-a Review, " American IND. HYG ASSOCJ.Vol.52, No.3.3
[70] Ott, W. R. "Total human exposure" Environ. Sci. Techno., Vol. 19, No.10.p880-886, 1985.
[71] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action Applied at Petroleum Release Site, ASTM Designation E 1739-95, 1995.
[72] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Risk-Based Decision Masking Performance Assessment Study Bulletin #1, 1999.
[73] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Risk-Based Decision Masking Performance Assessment Study Bulletin #2, 2000.
[74] American Society for Testing and Materials(ASTM), PS-104 Standard Provisional Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action, 1998
[75] Paul, J. L. "Assessing total human exposure to contaminants" Environ. Sci. Techno., Vol.24, No.7.p938-945,1990.
[76] US EPA, Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, EPA/9285/6-03, 1991.
[77] US EPA, Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Sites, EPA/540/1-89/002, 1989.
[78] US EPA, Dermal Exposure Assessment: Principles and Applications, EPA/600/8-91/011B, 1992.
[79] Exposure Factor Handbook U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1999.
[80] Frank B. Cross, Facts and values in risk assessment, Reliability Engineering and System Safety 59, pp.27-40, 1998.
[81] Illinois EPA, Title 35, Subtitle G, Chap. I, Subchapter. F: Risk Based Cleanup Objective, Part 742: Tiered Approach Correction Objectives (TACO), 1997.
[82] NC DEHNR, North Carolina Risk Analysis Framework, 1999.
[83] US EPA, Value take from the chemical database in Multi-Pathway Risk Assessment Model developed in Research Triangle Institute, 1997.
[84] OEHHA, 1999a, "Air Toxics "Hot Spots" Risk Assessments Guidelines Part I: Technical Support Document for the Determination of Acute Reference Exposure Levels for Airborne Toxicants." Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Cal/EPA.
[85] OEHHA, 1999b, "Air Toxics "Hot Spots" Risk Assessments Guidelines Part II: Technical Support Document for Describing Available Cancer Potency Factors. " Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Cal/EPA.
[86] OEHHA, 2000, "Air Toxics "Hot Spots" Risk Assessments Guidelines Part III: Technical Support Document for the Determination of No cancer Chronic Reference Exposure Levels for Airborne Toxicant.", Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Cal/EPA.