同塔多回输电线路瞬时性故障的故障分析与故障测距
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摘要
同塔多回输电线路可以提高线路单位走廊的输电容量和土地利用率，降低电力建设成本，是我国未来超/特高压骨干网架建设的必然发展方向。输电线路故障分析与故障测距技术是电网安全可靠经济运行的重要基础。由于同塔多回输电线路存在复杂的线间耦合，同塔多回输电线路故障分析与故障测距的难度大增。高压输电线路经常发生故障，其中80%以上都是瞬时性电弧故障，这类故障发生以后，由于故障点损伤不明显，给故障点的寻找和故障隐患的排除带来了极大的困难。针对目前同塔多回输电线路瞬时性故障的故障分析与故障测距存在的问题，本文对同塔多回输电线路的解耦方法、前置低通滤波器、瞬时性故障的故障分析和故障测距原理和方法进行深入的探讨，提出了一些新的理论和方法。
为了解决多回线之间的复杂耦合，本文对同塔多回输电线路的解耦理论进行了系统的分析论证，给出了多回线适用于频域和时域的相模变换矩阵及其逆矩阵，为同塔多回输电线路的故障分析故障测距奠定理论基础。
为消除采样过程的高频混叠现象，提高采样精度，设计并联型混合有源前置低通滤波器，采用预测模型预测下一时刻负荷电流的高频分量，并采用滚动式的有限时域优化目标函数，使实际补偿信号始终跟踪参考信号，从而提出一种利用基于灰色预测理论的并联补偿型有源前置低通滤波器，能有效抑制故障暂态电压和电流量中的高频分量。利用EMTDC仿真软件对滤波器的各环节进行建模和仿真。
为消除同塔四回输电线路线线路参数不确定性对其故障测距的影响，在同塔四回输电线路的相模变换的基础上，建立基于故障前同向量的线路参数自适应的线性化方程，及基于故障环流量的故障测距方程，实现一种同塔四回输电线路参数自适应的双端故障测距频域快速算法。该方法所建立的方程均为线性方程，无需借助优化算法进行求解，具有原理简单、易于实现、计算速度快、精度高等优点。利用ATP/EMTP建立500kV同塔四回输电系统进行全面的仿真验证。
为挖掘输电线路发生瞬时性故障时的故障特征，本文对现有的几种电弧模型进行分析比较，并基于Mayr电弧模型构建输电线路电弧故障仿真模型，对故障电弧的暂态特性进行分析，指出故障电弧电压的时域电压特征，提出瞬时性故障与永久性故障的判别方法，为输电线路瞬时性故障的故障测距奠定基础。
为解决输电线路尤其是同塔多回输电线路当发生瞬时性故障时，仅利用单端电气量的故障测距难题，本文基于Mayr电弧模型构建输电线路电弧故障仿真模型，对故障电弧的暂态特性进行分析，指出故障电弧电压的时域电压特征，提出了故障电弧电压方波相似度评价指标，提出了基于故障点电弧电压方波相似度的故障位置判据。在此基础上，基于Bergeron输电线路时域方程，利用测量端的瞬时电气量，推算输电线路沿线各观测点的故障相计算电压波形，并对各观测点计算电压进行方波曲线相似度评价，选取评价值最小的观测点为故障点，从而提出基于方波曲线相似度评价指标的输电线路单端故障测距时域算法。最后，基于ATP/EMTP建立输电线路故障仿真模型，通过大量的仿真分析说明该方法的正确性。
Multi-parallel transmission lines on the same tower can enhance the capability, raise theutilization rate of land and reduce the cost of power construction. Hence it must be thedevelopment trend of the high voltage bulk transmission grid construction in China. Faultanalyses and fault location technique is the basic of the safe, reliable and economic operationof net work. For the complicate coupling of multi-transmission lines, it is more difficult forthe fault analyses and fault location. Because transmission lines are subject to fault, most ofthem are temporary faults. It is more difficult to search for the fault point. In order to solve theproblems of fault analyses and fault location particularly temporary faults ofmulti-transmission lines on the same tower, the decoupling methods, preposing low bandfilter, fault analyses and fault location method for temporary faults are deeply investigated,and a series of noval theories are presented.
To solve the complicated coupling, this dissertation analysed the decoupling method ofmulti-transmission lines on the same tower. The translation matrix for frequency domain andtime domain is proposed for the theoretical bases of fault analysis of multi-transmission lineson the same tower.
In order to eliminate the aliased distortion of high-frequency component, to enhance theprecision of the sampling, the hybrid parallel active filter is considered as an effective methodfor the dynamic suppression of power system harmonic. However, the hybrid active filtersystem is sensitivity to the delay control and difficult to compensate completely the harmoniccurrent of nonlinear load. In this paper, a hybrid active filter with grey prediction controller isproposed for the harmonic compensation. The grey prediction control strategies as well as theharmonic detection are analyzed, and current hysteresis comparison control method isdeveloped. A simulation model of hybrid active filter based on EMTDC is presented. Thesimulation results show that the PHAPF with grey prediction controller gives a satisfactoryperformance in harmonic and reactive power compensation.
In order to eliminate the effects of transmission line coupling and parameter uncertaintyfor fault location, this paper proposed a decoupling method of four-parallel transmission lineson the same tower, then constructed the parameters self-adaptive uniformity componentequation and fault location circulation component equation. As the established equations arelinear, the proposed method has advantages of high computing speed and high precision.Using ATP-EMTP, the four-parallel transmission lines model is constructed for simulation.And the analysis results demonstrated that the proposed fault location scheme is high efficient and accurate.
To find out the fault characteristics of temporary faults at the transmission lines, theexisting arc models are analysed in the dissertation. And the Mayr arc model is used toconstruct the arc fault simulation model of transmission lines. Based on the arc fault model,the transient fault characteristics are analysed. Then, the assessment method is proposed todifferentiate the temporary fault and permanent fault, laying foundation for the fault locationof temporary fault of transmission lines.
To resolve the fault location problems of temporary faults at the transmission lines. Thetransient voltage characteristics of temporary faults provide a new way to deal with the singleterminal fault location method. Based on the Mayr arc model, this paper analyzes the transientcharacteristics of arc grounding fault and proposes the similarity of square wave for arcgrounding fault. Then, based on the Bergeron transmission line time domain equations, thispaper constructs the time domain equations of voltage along a transmission line based onsingle terminal data. Combined with the proposed similarity of square wave method, thesingle terminal time domain fault location method for arc grounding fault is proposed. Finally,based on the ATP/EMTP, the transmission line fault simulation model is constructed. And alarge amount of simulation is used to verify the proposed fault location method.
为了解决多回线之间的复杂耦合，本文对同塔多回输电线路的解耦理论进行了系统的分析论证，给出了多回线适用于频域和时域的相模变换矩阵及其逆矩阵，为同塔多回输电线路的故障分析故障测距奠定理论基础。
为消除采样过程的高频混叠现象，提高采样精度，设计并联型混合有源前置低通滤波器，采用预测模型预测下一时刻负荷电流的高频分量，并采用滚动式的有限时域优化目标函数，使实际补偿信号始终跟踪参考信号，从而提出一种利用基于灰色预测理论的并联补偿型有源前置低通滤波器，能有效抑制故障暂态电压和电流量中的高频分量。利用EMTDC仿真软件对滤波器的各环节进行建模和仿真。
为消除同塔四回输电线路线线路参数不确定性对其故障测距的影响，在同塔四回输电线路的相模变换的基础上，建立基于故障前同向量的线路参数自适应的线性化方程，及基于故障环流量的故障测距方程，实现一种同塔四回输电线路参数自适应的双端故障测距频域快速算法。该方法所建立的方程均为线性方程，无需借助优化算法进行求解，具有原理简单、易于实现、计算速度快、精度高等优点。利用ATP/EMTP建立500kV同塔四回输电系统进行全面的仿真验证。
为挖掘输电线路发生瞬时性故障时的故障特征，本文对现有的几种电弧模型进行分析比较，并基于Mayr电弧模型构建输电线路电弧故障仿真模型，对故障电弧的暂态特性进行分析，指出故障电弧电压的时域电压特征，提出瞬时性故障与永久性故障的判别方法，为输电线路瞬时性故障的故障测距奠定基础。
为解决输电线路尤其是同塔多回输电线路当发生瞬时性故障时，仅利用单端电气量的故障测距难题，本文基于Mayr电弧模型构建输电线路电弧故障仿真模型，对故障电弧的暂态特性进行分析，指出故障电弧电压的时域电压特征，提出了故障电弧电压方波相似度评价指标，提出了基于故障点电弧电压方波相似度的故障位置判据。在此基础上，基于Bergeron输电线路时域方程，利用测量端的瞬时电气量，推算输电线路沿线各观测点的故障相计算电压波形，并对各观测点计算电压进行方波曲线相似度评价，选取评价值最小的观测点为故障点，从而提出基于方波曲线相似度评价指标的输电线路单端故障测距时域算法。最后，基于ATP/EMTP建立输电线路故障仿真模型，通过大量的仿真分析说明该方法的正确性。
Multi-parallel transmission lines on the same tower can enhance the capability, raise theutilization rate of land and reduce the cost of power construction. Hence it must be thedevelopment trend of the high voltage bulk transmission grid construction in China. Faultanalyses and fault location technique is the basic of the safe, reliable and economic operationof net work. For the complicate coupling of multi-transmission lines, it is more difficult forthe fault analyses and fault location. Because transmission lines are subject to fault, most ofthem are temporary faults. It is more difficult to search for the fault point. In order to solve theproblems of fault analyses and fault location particularly temporary faults ofmulti-transmission lines on the same tower, the decoupling methods, preposing low bandfilter, fault analyses and fault location method for temporary faults are deeply investigated,and a series of noval theories are presented.
To solve the complicated coupling, this dissertation analysed the decoupling method ofmulti-transmission lines on the same tower. The translation matrix for frequency domain andtime domain is proposed for the theoretical bases of fault analysis of multi-transmission lineson the same tower.
In order to eliminate the aliased distortion of high-frequency component, to enhance theprecision of the sampling, the hybrid parallel active filter is considered as an effective methodfor the dynamic suppression of power system harmonic. However, the hybrid active filtersystem is sensitivity to the delay control and difficult to compensate completely the harmoniccurrent of nonlinear load. In this paper, a hybrid active filter with grey prediction controller isproposed for the harmonic compensation. The grey prediction control strategies as well as theharmonic detection are analyzed, and current hysteresis comparison control method isdeveloped. A simulation model of hybrid active filter based on EMTDC is presented. Thesimulation results show that the PHAPF with grey prediction controller gives a satisfactoryperformance in harmonic and reactive power compensation.
In order to eliminate the effects of transmission line coupling and parameter uncertaintyfor fault location, this paper proposed a decoupling method of four-parallel transmission lineson the same tower, then constructed the parameters self-adaptive uniformity componentequation and fault location circulation component equation. As the established equations arelinear, the proposed method has advantages of high computing speed and high precision.Using ATP-EMTP, the four-parallel transmission lines model is constructed for simulation.And the analysis results demonstrated that the proposed fault location scheme is high efficient and accurate.
To find out the fault characteristics of temporary faults at the transmission lines, theexisting arc models are analysed in the dissertation. And the Mayr arc model is used toconstruct the arc fault simulation model of transmission lines. Based on the arc fault model,the transient fault characteristics are analysed. Then, the assessment method is proposed todifferentiate the temporary fault and permanent fault, laying foundation for the fault locationof temporary fault of transmission lines.
To resolve the fault location problems of temporary faults at the transmission lines. Thetransient voltage characteristics of temporary faults provide a new way to deal with the singleterminal fault location method. Based on the Mayr arc model, this paper analyzes the transientcharacteristics of arc grounding fault and proposes the similarity of square wave for arcgrounding fault. Then, based on the Bergeron transmission line time domain equations, thispaper constructs the time domain equations of voltage along a transmission line based onsingle terminal data. Combined with the proposed similarity of square wave method, thesingle terminal time domain fault location method for arc grounding fault is proposed. Finally,based on the ATP/EMTP, the transmission line fault simulation model is constructed. And alarge amount of simulation is used to verify the proposed fault location method.
引文
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