科研激励的需要维度研究
|
摘要
科技人员自身需要研究是一个跨学科、应用性的研究领域;是对科技人员进行激励,调动其工作积极性的基础环节。从学科领域来看,科技人员自身需要研究主要涉及科技哲学、管理学、心理学、社会学和系统科学。从研究内容来看,科技人员自身需要研究主要涉及到科技人员物质需求与精神需要两大方面。本文以科技人员自身需求作为研究对象,以管理学的“内容性激励理论”为主线,并结合心理学、社会学和系统科学的方法对其展开研究与分析。全文结构可分为以下四大部分:
第一,序言。该部分主要阐明科技人员自身需要研究的背景、目的、意义、研究方法以及本文的创新点。
第二,“内容性激励理论”及其剖析。该部分在对“内容性激励理论”的国内外研究现状进行阐述和剖析的基础上,对以往的“内容性激励理论”进行了梳理,总结出了新的人类需要:生存需要、生理和爱情需要、安全需要、交往与尊重需要、自我实现需要。
第三,科技工作者需要探析。该部分在需要理论分析的基础之上,结合科技工作者自身特点和工作特征对科技工作者的需要做出了分析。主要可以分为五部分:1.科技工作者的生存需要。2.科技工作者的安全需要。3.科技工作者的交往需要。4.科技工作者的尊重需要。5.科技工作者的自我实现的需要。
第四,对我国科研激励体制的启示。该部分是在对科技工作者的需要进行分析的基础上,结合我国实际,分别从与科技工作者需要紧密相关的经济、政治和文化三个维度出发,分析并提出了对科技工作者展开有效激励的举措。在经济方面,建议我国加大科研投入力度,提高科研经费使用效率;建立起完善的科技研发融资体系和符合科技发展规律的科研薪酬体系。在政治方面则建议我国要加大知识产权保护力度;建立符合科技主题成长规律的科技奖励机制;积极推动非赢利科研组织发展和建立完善的科研成果转化机制。在文化方面,主要围绕科技工作者紧密相关的社会文化和组织文化展开论述,指出了其中存在的缺陷,并提出了相关建议。
Investigation of technological personnel’s needs is an interdisciplinary and applied researching field. Also, it works mainly to stimulate the technological personnel, and to make them have more enthusiasm and work as do their own things. Therefore, the researching field is a basic part.
From the field, technological personnel’s requirements mainly refer to technological philosophy、Management、psychology、sociology and systematic science.
From the research contents, the needs mainly revolve two aspects----spiritual and physical needs.
Based on the needs of technological personnel as an investigation object, this paper will does some research and analysis, which combines scientific psychology, sociology and systematic science, by the“Content Activation Theory”as the core.
The paper can be divided into the following four parts:
Firstly, the preface. This section mainly expounds the background, purpose, significance, method and innovation.
Secondly, the incentive theory and content analysis. Based on the expounding and analysis of the theory at home and abroad, this part will summarize the former content of the theory, and then elicit some new human needs, such as survival needs, physiological and love needs, secure requirements, communication needs, self-fulfillment and respectable demands.
Thirdly, deep analyzing the requirements of technological personnel. This section is based on theoretical analysis, combining the characteristics of technological personnel and their work, to do some research on technological workers for analysis. It can be divided into five sections as follows: 1. the existence needs 2. secure needs 3. communication needs. 4.respecting needs.5. needs for self-fulfillment
Fourthly, revelation of our scientific staff incentive system. This part will be on the basis of technological personnel’s needs, combining the practicality of our China, and advise our country to encourage scientific workers effectively by relating to several aspects of their needs. The main idea includes: 1. economics. 2. society. 3. culture. In the economic aspect, I sugggest that the government should increase the investment of scientific research funds, and improve the efficiency of the scientific expenditure’s using. Then, establish perfect science and technology financing system and suitable compensation system fitting to the rules of science and technology research. In politics, to intensify the protection of intellectual property rights, and found the scientific and technical prizes pattern to fit the growth of scientific theme. To promote the development of the nonprofit scientific research organizations and to establish perfect scientific research achievements transformation mechanism. In the aspects of the culture, I describe mainly around the social culture organization culture which is related to the scientific and technical workers, and point out some defects, then give some relating suggestions.
第一,序言。该部分主要阐明科技人员自身需要研究的背景、目的、意义、研究方法以及本文的创新点。
第二,“内容性激励理论”及其剖析。该部分在对“内容性激励理论”的国内外研究现状进行阐述和剖析的基础上,对以往的“内容性激励理论”进行了梳理,总结出了新的人类需要:生存需要、生理和爱情需要、安全需要、交往与尊重需要、自我实现需要。
第三,科技工作者需要探析。该部分在需要理论分析的基础之上,结合科技工作者自身特点和工作特征对科技工作者的需要做出了分析。主要可以分为五部分:1.科技工作者的生存需要。2.科技工作者的安全需要。3.科技工作者的交往需要。4.科技工作者的尊重需要。5.科技工作者的自我实现的需要。
第四,对我国科研激励体制的启示。该部分是在对科技工作者的需要进行分析的基础上,结合我国实际,分别从与科技工作者需要紧密相关的经济、政治和文化三个维度出发,分析并提出了对科技工作者展开有效激励的举措。在经济方面,建议我国加大科研投入力度,提高科研经费使用效率;建立起完善的科技研发融资体系和符合科技发展规律的科研薪酬体系。在政治方面则建议我国要加大知识产权保护力度;建立符合科技主题成长规律的科技奖励机制;积极推动非赢利科研组织发展和建立完善的科研成果转化机制。在文化方面,主要围绕科技工作者紧密相关的社会文化和组织文化展开论述,指出了其中存在的缺陷,并提出了相关建议。
Investigation of technological personnel’s needs is an interdisciplinary and applied researching field. Also, it works mainly to stimulate the technological personnel, and to make them have more enthusiasm and work as do their own things. Therefore, the researching field is a basic part.
From the field, technological personnel’s requirements mainly refer to technological philosophy、Management、psychology、sociology and systematic science.
From the research contents, the needs mainly revolve two aspects----spiritual and physical needs.
Based on the needs of technological personnel as an investigation object, this paper will does some research and analysis, which combines scientific psychology, sociology and systematic science, by the“Content Activation Theory”as the core.
The paper can be divided into the following four parts:
Firstly, the preface. This section mainly expounds the background, purpose, significance, method and innovation.
Secondly, the incentive theory and content analysis. Based on the expounding and analysis of the theory at home and abroad, this part will summarize the former content of the theory, and then elicit some new human needs, such as survival needs, physiological and love needs, secure requirements, communication needs, self-fulfillment and respectable demands.
Thirdly, deep analyzing the requirements of technological personnel. This section is based on theoretical analysis, combining the characteristics of technological personnel and their work, to do some research on technological workers for analysis. It can be divided into five sections as follows: 1. the existence needs 2. secure needs 3. communication needs. 4.respecting needs.5. needs for self-fulfillment
Fourthly, revelation of our scientific staff incentive system. This part will be on the basis of technological personnel’s needs, combining the practicality of our China, and advise our country to encourage scientific workers effectively by relating to several aspects of their needs. The main idea includes: 1. economics. 2. society. 3. culture. In the economic aspect, I sugggest that the government should increase the investment of scientific research funds, and improve the efficiency of the scientific expenditure’s using. Then, establish perfect science and technology financing system and suitable compensation system fitting to the rules of science and technology research. In politics, to intensify the protection of intellectual property rights, and found the scientific and technical prizes pattern to fit the growth of scientific theme. To promote the development of the nonprofit scientific research organizations and to establish perfect scientific research achievements transformation mechanism. In the aspects of the culture, I describe mainly around the social culture organization culture which is related to the scientific and technical workers, and point out some defects, then give some relating suggestions.
引文
[1] Abraham.H.Maslow,A Theory of Human motivation[M]. Psychological Review,1943.
[2] F.Hzberger.One More Time:How Do You Motivate Employees?[J]. Harvard Business review,1968.
[3] D.C.McClelland,D.H.Burnham.Power Is the Great Motivator[J].Harvard Business Review,1976.
[4] McClelland.An Advocate of Power [J].International Management,1975 .
[5] Clayton.Alderfer.Existence、Relatedness and Growth[M].New York:Free Press,1972.
[6] R.Coase ,The Nature of the Firm[J ]. Economist , 1937.
[7] Tampoe.M,Motivating knowledge workers-The challenge for the 1990s[M].Long Range Planning,1993.
[8] V.H.Vroom,work and motvation[M].New York John Wiley ,1964:212-225.
[9] AnnM.Steffen,ChristineMcKibbin,AntonetteM.Zeiss,Doloresallagher-Thomp.TheRevised Scale for care giving Self Efficacy:Reliability andvalidity studie [J].The Journals of Gerontology,2002.
[1]斯蒂芬.P.罗宾斯,玛丽.库尔特.管理学[M].孙健敏,杨军等译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004.
[2]马克思,恩格斯.马恩选集:第1卷[M].人民出版社,1995:32.
[3]管仲.管子[M].李山译注.北京:中华书局,2009.
[4]贝尔纳.科学的社会功能[M].陈体芳译.广西:广西师范大学出版社,2003:15.
[5]恩格斯.自然辩证法[M].北京:人民出版社,1975.
[6]马丁.J.凯勒.爱因斯坦全集:第5卷[M].范岱年译.湖南:湖南科学技术出版社,2005.
[7]贝尔纳.历史上的科学[M].伍况甫译.北京:科学出版社, 1981.
[8]巴伯.科学与社会秩序[M].顾晰等译.北京:三联书店,1991.
[9]琼斯,乔治.管理学[M].郑风田等译.北京:人民邮电出版社,2005.
[10]洛克.政府论(下篇)[M].叶启芳,翟菊农译.北京:商务印书馆,1964.
[11]马克斯.韦伯.社会学的基本概念[M].顾忠华译.广西:广西师范大学出版社,2005.
[12]F.W.里格斯.行政生态学[M].台湾:台湾商务印书馆,1978.
[13]W.C.丹皮尔.科学史及其与哲学和宗教的关系[M].李珩译.北京:商务印书馆,1995.
[14]斯蒂芬.F.梅森.自然科学史[M].周熙良等译.上海:上海译文出版社,1980.
[15]P.F.德鲁克.知识管理[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,1999.
[16]维纳.控制论——关于在动物和机器中控制和通讯的科学[M].郝季仁译.北京大学出版社,2007.
[17]爱德华.泰勒.原始文化[M].连树声译.广西:广西师范大学出版社,2005.
[18]亨利.约尔.工业管理与一般管理[M].迟力耕,张璇译.北京:机械工业出版社,2007.
[19]保罗.S.迈耶斯.知识管理与组织设计[M].蒋惠工等译.珠海出版社, 1998.
[20]拉兹洛.决定命运的选择[M].李吟波等译,三联书店,1997.
[1]冬青.论“C型激励理论”[J].行为科学,1991.
[2]孙耀军.西方管理学名著提要[M].江西:江西人民出版社,2005.
[3]吴国盛.科学的历程[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2002.
[4]樊春良.战后美国科学政策的形成[J].北京:科学文化评论,2006.
[5]赵红洲.科学能力引论[M].北京:人民出版社,1988.
[6]毛建儒.论科学技术发展的社会因素[M].山西:山西人民出版社,2004.
[7]王浦劬.政治学原理[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2006.
[8]阎惠红,甘玉梅,陈利涛.2000年《Science》载文、作者和引文的统计分析[J].情报科学,2002.
[9]杨伯峻.孟子译注[M].北京:中华书局,2005.
[10]秦志敏,武杰等.自然辩证法[M].北京:兵器工业出版社,2002.
[11]丁煌.西方行政学说史[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2005.
[12]张俊生.人才学[M].北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社,2006.
[13]冯天策.信仰导论[M].广西:广西人民出版社,1992.
[14]李仲来.中国现代数学家寿命分析[J].数学的实践与认识,2005.
[15]文珠.关于人类需求模型的新解[J].管理现代化,1982.
[1]中科协.中国科技人力资源发展研究报[EB/OL].http://www.sta.gd.cn/n2269c7.aspx,2008-05-04.
[2]佚名.硕士质量下降成国家创新瓶颈人才“荒废”[EB/OL]. http://www.cnr.cn/jy/jryw/200805/t20080516_504790455.html,2008-05-16.
[3]科技部.中国科技统计数据(2005) [EB/OL].http :// www. sts. org. cn/ sjkl/ kjtjdt/index.htm,2006-02-08.
[4]中科协宣传部.县域科技工作者收入差距过大,价值取向多元[EB/OL]. http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n35668/n35728/n36419/11096981.html,2009-02-19.
[5]袁望东,唐曙光.我国科技成果转化中的体制创新对策[EB/OL].http://www.gzkj.gov.cn/rkx/newsDetail.jsp?infoId=73458,2007-01-30.
○1中科协.中国科技人力资源发展研究报告[EB/OL]. http://www.sta.gd.cn/n2269c7.aspx,2008-05-04.
○2佚名.硕士质量下降成国家创新瓶颈人才“荒废”[EB/OL]. http://www.cnr.cn/jy/jryw/200805/t20080516_504790455.html,2008-05-16.
○1斯蒂芬.P.罗宾斯,玛丽.库尔特.管理学[M].孙健敏,杨军等译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004:452.
○2 Abraham.H.Maslow,A Theory of Human motivation[M]. Psychological Review,1943:50.
○1 F.Hzberger.One More Time:How Do You Motivate Employees?[J]. Harvard Business review,1968 (1 -2):53-62.
○2 D.C.McClelland, D.H.Burnham.Power Is the Great Motivator[J],Harvard Business Review,1976(03-04)100-110;McClelland.An Advocate of Power [J].International Management,1975 (07):27-29.
○3 Clayton .lderfer.Existence、Relatedness and Growth[M]..New York:Free Press,1972.
○1冬青.论“C型激励理论”[J].行为科学,1991(06):4-7.
○2文珠.关于人类需求模型的新解[J].管理现代化,1982(03):25.
○1马克思,恩格斯.马恩选集:第1卷[M].北京:人民出版社,1995:32.
○1转引自孙耀军.西方管理学名著提要[M].江西:江西人民出版社,2005:129.
○1管仲.管子[M].李山译注.北京:中华书局,2005:268.
○2贝尔纳.科学的社会功能[M].陈体芳译.广西:广西师范大学出版社,2003:15.
○1贝尔纳.历史上的科学[M].伍况甫译.北京:科学出版社,1981:685-686.
○1吴国盛.科学的历程[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2002:271.
○2 R.coase ,The Nature of the Firm[J ]. Economist , 1937:载于http://jjren.sdut.edu.cn/article.php?itemid=1352.
○1巴伯.科学与社会秩序[M].顾晰等译.北京:三联书店,1991:80-100.
○2李仲来,中国现代数学家寿命分析[J],数学的实践与认识,2005(03):101.
○1转引自赵红洲.科学能力引论[M].北京:人民出版社.1988:140.
○1毛建儒.论科学技术发展的社会因素[M].山西:山西人民出版社,2004:4-11.
○1 Abraham.H. Maslow .A Theory of Human motivation[J].Psychological Review, 1943(50):370-396.
○2 McClelland.An Advocate of Power[M].International Management,1975:15.
○3转引自卢冬梅.论爱因斯坦的科学精神[J].长春师范学院学报, 1995(01):56-58.
○1转引自李怀祖,席酉民,郭菊鹅,发挥大学学术自由探索的优势[J],西安交通大学学报, 2005(74):8-12.
○2 Tampoe.M,Motivating knowledge workers-The challenge for the 1990s[M].Long Range Planning,1993:49-55.
○3黄素梅,高洪才.从论文合作看辽宁创新体系中的知识流动[EB/OL].http://www.sts.org.cn/fxyj/dqyjbg/documents/200706121.htm,2007-06-12.
○1洛克.政府论(下篇)[M].叶启芳,翟菊农译.北京:商务印书馆.1964:21-74.
○2杨伯峻.孟子译注[M].北京:中华书局,2006:117.
○1 V.Vroom,work and motvation[M].New York John Wiley ,1964:212-225.
○2马克斯.韦伯.社会学的基本概念[M].顾忠华译.广西:广西师范大学出版社,2005:31-35.
○1秦志敏,武杰等.自然辩证法[M].北京:兵器工业出版社,2002:321.
○2丁煌.西方行政学说史[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2005:71.
○1 Tampoe.M.Motivating knowledge workers-The challenge for the 1990s[M].Long Range Planning,1993: 70-150.
○2张俊生.人才学[M].北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社,2006:180-210.
○1冯天策.信仰导论[M].广西:广西人民出版社,1992:87-90.
○2 W.C.丹皮尔.科学史及其与哲学和宗教的关系[M].李珩译.北京:商务印书馆, 1995:219.
○3斯蒂芬.F.梅森.自然科学史[M].周熙良等译.上海:上海译文出版社,1980:190.
○1科技部.中国科技统计数据(2005)[EB/OL].http :// www. sts. org. cn/ sjkl/ kjtjdt/index.htm,2006-02-08.
○1亨利.法约尔.工业管理与一般管理[M].张璇译.北京:机械工业出版社, 2007:21.
○1赵雷,李广涛.《科研设备使用浪费严重》[N].中国黄金报,2008-03-11(003).
○1 Graphic Detail the real value of a scientist’s wage: http://www.nature.com/news.
○1中科协宣传部.县域科技工作者收入差距过大,价值取向多元[EB/OL]. http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n35668/n35728/n36419/11096981.html,2009-02-19.
○2同○1 .
○1巴纳德.巴伯.科学与社会秩序[M].顾晰等译.北京:三联书店,1991:86.
○1袁望东,唐曙光.我国科技成果转化中的体制创新对策[EB/OL].http://www.gzkj.gov.cn/rkx/newsDetail.jsp?infoId=73458,2007-01-30.
○1爱德华.泰勒.原始文化[M].连树声译.北京:广西师范大学出版社,2005:12.
○1转引自保罗.S.迈耶斯.知识管理与组织设计[M].蒋惠工等译.珠海:珠海出版社,1998:43.
○1 P.F.德鲁克.知识管理[M].杨开峰译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1999:6.
○2拉兹洛.决定命运的选择[M].李吟波等译.北京:三联书店,1997:221.
[2] F.Hzberger.One More Time:How Do You Motivate Employees?[J]. Harvard Business review,1968.
[3] D.C.McClelland,D.H.Burnham.Power Is the Great Motivator[J].Harvard Business Review,1976.
[4] McClelland.An Advocate of Power [J].International Management,1975 .
[5] Clayton.Alderfer.Existence、Relatedness and Growth[M].New York:Free Press,1972.
[6] R.Coase ,The Nature of the Firm[J ]. Economist , 1937.
[7] Tampoe.M,Motivating knowledge workers-The challenge for the 1990s[M].Long Range Planning,1993.
[8] V.H.Vroom,work and motvation[M].New York John Wiley ,1964:212-225.
[9] AnnM.Steffen,ChristineMcKibbin,AntonetteM.Zeiss,Doloresallagher-Thomp.TheRevised Scale for care giving Self Efficacy:Reliability andvalidity studie [J].The Journals of Gerontology,2002.
[1]斯蒂芬.P.罗宾斯,玛丽.库尔特.管理学[M].孙健敏,杨军等译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004.
[2]马克思,恩格斯.马恩选集:第1卷[M].人民出版社,1995:32.
[3]管仲.管子[M].李山译注.北京:中华书局,2009.
[4]贝尔纳.科学的社会功能[M].陈体芳译.广西:广西师范大学出版社,2003:15.
[5]恩格斯.自然辩证法[M].北京:人民出版社,1975.
[6]马丁.J.凯勒.爱因斯坦全集:第5卷[M].范岱年译.湖南:湖南科学技术出版社,2005.
[7]贝尔纳.历史上的科学[M].伍况甫译.北京:科学出版社, 1981.
[8]巴伯.科学与社会秩序[M].顾晰等译.北京:三联书店,1991.
[9]琼斯,乔治.管理学[M].郑风田等译.北京:人民邮电出版社,2005.
[10]洛克.政府论(下篇)[M].叶启芳,翟菊农译.北京:商务印书馆,1964.
[11]马克斯.韦伯.社会学的基本概念[M].顾忠华译.广西:广西师范大学出版社,2005.
[12]F.W.里格斯.行政生态学[M].台湾:台湾商务印书馆,1978.
[13]W.C.丹皮尔.科学史及其与哲学和宗教的关系[M].李珩译.北京:商务印书馆,1995.
[14]斯蒂芬.F.梅森.自然科学史[M].周熙良等译.上海:上海译文出版社,1980.
[15]P.F.德鲁克.知识管理[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,1999.
[16]维纳.控制论——关于在动物和机器中控制和通讯的科学[M].郝季仁译.北京大学出版社,2007.
[17]爱德华.泰勒.原始文化[M].连树声译.广西:广西师范大学出版社,2005.
[18]亨利.约尔.工业管理与一般管理[M].迟力耕,张璇译.北京:机械工业出版社,2007.
[19]保罗.S.迈耶斯.知识管理与组织设计[M].蒋惠工等译.珠海出版社, 1998.
[20]拉兹洛.决定命运的选择[M].李吟波等译,三联书店,1997.
[1]冬青.论“C型激励理论”[J].行为科学,1991.
[2]孙耀军.西方管理学名著提要[M].江西:江西人民出版社,2005.
[3]吴国盛.科学的历程[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2002.
[4]樊春良.战后美国科学政策的形成[J].北京:科学文化评论,2006.
[5]赵红洲.科学能力引论[M].北京:人民出版社,1988.
[6]毛建儒.论科学技术发展的社会因素[M].山西:山西人民出版社,2004.
[7]王浦劬.政治学原理[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2006.
[8]阎惠红,甘玉梅,陈利涛.2000年《Science》载文、作者和引文的统计分析[J].情报科学,2002.
[9]杨伯峻.孟子译注[M].北京:中华书局,2005.
[10]秦志敏,武杰等.自然辩证法[M].北京:兵器工业出版社,2002.
[11]丁煌.西方行政学说史[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2005.
[12]张俊生.人才学[M].北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社,2006.
[13]冯天策.信仰导论[M].广西:广西人民出版社,1992.
[14]李仲来.中国现代数学家寿命分析[J].数学的实践与认识,2005.
[15]文珠.关于人类需求模型的新解[J].管理现代化,1982.
[1]中科协.中国科技人力资源发展研究报[EB/OL].http://www.sta.gd.cn/n2269c7.aspx,2008-05-04.
[2]佚名.硕士质量下降成国家创新瓶颈人才“荒废”[EB/OL]. http://www.cnr.cn/jy/jryw/200805/t20080516_504790455.html,2008-05-16.
[3]科技部.中国科技统计数据(2005) [EB/OL].http :// www. sts. org. cn/ sjkl/ kjtjdt/index.htm,2006-02-08.
[4]中科协宣传部.县域科技工作者收入差距过大,价值取向多元[EB/OL]. http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n35668/n35728/n36419/11096981.html,2009-02-19.
[5]袁望东,唐曙光.我国科技成果转化中的体制创新对策[EB/OL].http://www.gzkj.gov.cn/rkx/newsDetail.jsp?infoId=73458,2007-01-30.
○1中科协.中国科技人力资源发展研究报告[EB/OL]. http://www.sta.gd.cn/n2269c7.aspx,2008-05-04.
○2佚名.硕士质量下降成国家创新瓶颈人才“荒废”[EB/OL]. http://www.cnr.cn/jy/jryw/200805/t20080516_504790455.html,2008-05-16.
○1斯蒂芬.P.罗宾斯,玛丽.库尔特.管理学[M].孙健敏,杨军等译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004:452.
○2 Abraham.H.Maslow,A Theory of Human motivation[M]. Psychological Review,1943:50.
○1 F.Hzberger.One More Time:How Do You Motivate Employees?[J]. Harvard Business review,1968 (1 -2):53-62.
○2 D.C.McClelland, D.H.Burnham.Power Is the Great Motivator[J],Harvard Business Review,1976(03-04)100-110;McClelland.An Advocate of Power [J].International Management,1975 (07):27-29.
○3 Clayton .lderfer.Existence、Relatedness and Growth[M]..New York:Free Press,1972.
○1冬青.论“C型激励理论”[J].行为科学,1991(06):4-7.
○2文珠.关于人类需求模型的新解[J].管理现代化,1982(03):25.
○1马克思,恩格斯.马恩选集:第1卷[M].北京:人民出版社,1995:32.
○1转引自孙耀军.西方管理学名著提要[M].江西:江西人民出版社,2005:129.
○1管仲.管子[M].李山译注.北京:中华书局,2005:268.
○2贝尔纳.科学的社会功能[M].陈体芳译.广西:广西师范大学出版社,2003:15.
○1贝尔纳.历史上的科学[M].伍况甫译.北京:科学出版社,1981:685-686.
○1吴国盛.科学的历程[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2002:271.
○2 R.coase ,The Nature of the Firm[J ]. Economist , 1937:载于http://jjren.sdut.edu.cn/article.php?itemid=1352.
○1巴伯.科学与社会秩序[M].顾晰等译.北京:三联书店,1991:80-100.
○2李仲来,中国现代数学家寿命分析[J],数学的实践与认识,2005(03):101.
○1转引自赵红洲.科学能力引论[M].北京:人民出版社.1988:140.
○1毛建儒.论科学技术发展的社会因素[M].山西:山西人民出版社,2004:4-11.
○1 Abraham.H. Maslow .A Theory of Human motivation[J].Psychological Review, 1943(50):370-396.
○2 McClelland.An Advocate of Power[M].International Management,1975:15.
○3转引自卢冬梅.论爱因斯坦的科学精神[J].长春师范学院学报, 1995(01):56-58.
○1转引自李怀祖,席酉民,郭菊鹅,发挥大学学术自由探索的优势[J],西安交通大学学报, 2005(74):8-12.
○2 Tampoe.M,Motivating knowledge workers-The challenge for the 1990s[M].Long Range Planning,1993:49-55.
○3黄素梅,高洪才.从论文合作看辽宁创新体系中的知识流动[EB/OL].http://www.sts.org.cn/fxyj/dqyjbg/documents/200706121.htm,2007-06-12.
○1洛克.政府论(下篇)[M].叶启芳,翟菊农译.北京:商务印书馆.1964:21-74.
○2杨伯峻.孟子译注[M].北京:中华书局,2006:117.
○1 V.Vroom,work and motvation[M].New York John Wiley ,1964:212-225.
○2马克斯.韦伯.社会学的基本概念[M].顾忠华译.广西:广西师范大学出版社,2005:31-35.
○1秦志敏,武杰等.自然辩证法[M].北京:兵器工业出版社,2002:321.
○2丁煌.西方行政学说史[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2005:71.
○1 Tampoe.M.Motivating knowledge workers-The challenge for the 1990s[M].Long Range Planning,1993: 70-150.
○2张俊生.人才学[M].北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社,2006:180-210.
○1冯天策.信仰导论[M].广西:广西人民出版社,1992:87-90.
○2 W.C.丹皮尔.科学史及其与哲学和宗教的关系[M].李珩译.北京:商务印书馆, 1995:219.
○3斯蒂芬.F.梅森.自然科学史[M].周熙良等译.上海:上海译文出版社,1980:190.
○1科技部.中国科技统计数据(2005)[EB/OL].http :// www. sts. org. cn/ sjkl/ kjtjdt/index.htm,2006-02-08.
○1亨利.法约尔.工业管理与一般管理[M].张璇译.北京:机械工业出版社, 2007:21.
○1赵雷,李广涛.《科研设备使用浪费严重》[N].中国黄金报,2008-03-11(003).
○1 Graphic Detail the real value of a scientist’s wage: http://www.nature.com/news.
○1中科协宣传部.县域科技工作者收入差距过大,价值取向多元[EB/OL]. http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n35668/n35728/n36419/11096981.html,2009-02-19.
○2同○1 .
○1巴纳德.巴伯.科学与社会秩序[M].顾晰等译.北京:三联书店,1991:86.
○1袁望东,唐曙光.我国科技成果转化中的体制创新对策[EB/OL].http://www.gzkj.gov.cn/rkx/newsDetail.jsp?infoId=73458,2007-01-30.
○1爱德华.泰勒.原始文化[M].连树声译.北京:广西师范大学出版社,2005:12.
○1转引自保罗.S.迈耶斯.知识管理与组织设计[M].蒋惠工等译.珠海:珠海出版社,1998:43.
○1 P.F.德鲁克.知识管理[M].杨开峰译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1999:6.
○2拉兹洛.决定命运的选择[M].李吟波等译.北京:三联书店,1997:221.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |