深圳市高层综合办公建筑空调节能诊断与对策研究
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摘要
大型公共建筑飞速发展,它们的耗电量远高于一般能耗的8-10倍,是我国节能的重点对象。通常大型公共建筑50%以上的电能用于空调系统,仅从制冷系统的优化运行和冷冻水系统角度去进行调整,节能率就可达到23.7%。在大型公共建筑中,以高层综合办公建筑最为常见。这类建筑通常因其在建筑结构、使用功能以及能耗设备等方面具有自身特点,导致其能源消耗浪费严重,节能潜力极大。因此,重点加强对这类公共建筑的节能诊断与分析研究,对于促进我国公共建筑节能技术的进步与发展将具有重要的意义。
基于上述背景,本论文依托深圳市建筑科学研究院美国能源基金会推进中国夏热冬暖地区建筑节能标准的实施“深圳市综合示范项目”课题的子课题“大型公共建筑节能改造”科研项目,针对深圳地区的高层综合办公建筑,侧重从空调系统入手进行全面的节能诊断与分析研究,以期充分找准问题所在,发掘节能潜力,提出切实有效的节能对策。笔者首先对国内外建筑能耗研究的情况、负荷计算方法的发展进程进行了回顾,介绍了节能诊断的工具和方法。其次,介绍了深圳市的地域和气候特点,能源消耗特点及基本状况,以调研的数据为基础着重分析了深圳市办公建筑能耗特别是空调系统能耗状况,得到了空调系统能耗构成的一般规律,同时对深圳办公建筑空调系统的运行管理状况进行了总结。接着,用软件DEST-c对一栋典型的高层综合办公楼A进行了能耗模拟,利用得到的结果对空调负荷分布情况进行了统计和分析,得到了标准工况下深圳地区高层办公建筑IPLV的计算式,并与夏热冬暖地区的计算式进行了对比,分析了差异。然后,以两栋典型高层办公建筑为例介绍了节能诊断的内容、原理及方法,对诊断过程中发现的不节能问题分析了原因,并进行了节能对策研究和潜力分析,同时对部分措施预测了节能效果。最后,结合调研的数据建立了大型公建节能诊断技术体系,提出了节能诊断的指标,制定了节能改造方案。
The large-scale public buildings developed rapidly, whose power consumption is much higher than the general energy consumption of 8-10 times and which is the focus of our country's energy-saving work. Usually,more than 50% of electronic energy of the large-scale public buildings was used for the air-conditioning,whose energy-saving rate can be up to 23.7% if making adjustment from the angle of the optimal operation of refrigeration systems and chilled water systems. High-rise comprehensive office buildings are the most common type of the large-scale public buildings, which usually have a waste of energy consumption because of its own characteristics on the structure, function and use of energy equipment and have great potential for energy efficiency.Therefore, it is significative to strengthening diagnosis and analysis of the public building for energy-saving for promoting progress and development of energy-saving technological for our public buildings.
Against the above background, this paper relies on the project“reconstruct for energy efficiency of large scale public buildings”,the sub-project of“Comprehensive Demonstration Project in Shenzhen”of promoting the Implementation of Building Energy Efficiency Standards for Hot Summer and Warm Winter Zone in China, which is carried out by Shenzhen institute of building research and sponsored by U.S. Energy Foundation, aiming at the high-rise comprehensive office buildings in Shenzhen,to focu on air-conditioning system to conduct a comprehensive study and analysis of energy-saving diagnosis for the sake of pointing out the problem,exploring the energy-saving potential and proposing effective energy-saving measures.Firstly, make a general review of the research on energy consumption of public buildings both domestic and abroad and the development process of computing methods on load, giving an introduction of tools and method for energy efficiency diagnosis.Secondly, geographical and climatic characteristics, energy consumption characteristics and the basic situation of Shenzhen city have been introduced. Based on the research data, this essay focused on analysing the energy consumption of office building especially the air-conditioning system of Shenzhen city, obtained the general rules of the energy consumption structure on the air-conditioning system, and at meantime, made a coclusion to the operation and management of the air-conditioning system of office building in Shenzhen.Thirdly, the simulation for energy has been made to a typical high-rise comprehensive office building by the software called DEST-c, the result of which has been used in statistics and analysis of air-conditioning load distribution to get the formula about IPLV of the high-rise comprehensive office building in Shenzhen area, with the comparison of hot summer and warm winter area and analysis of variance.Next, with an example of two typical high-rise comprehensive office buildings, content, principle and method of diagnosis for energy efficiency has been described, also the cause of the non-energy efficiency problem found in the process of the diagnosis has been analyzed, while giving the study of measures and analysis of potential for energy efficiency, forecasting the effect of some measures.Finally, to link up with the research data, this essay established technological system of diagnosis for energy efficiency on large-scale public buildings, proposed the indicators for energy efficiency of diagnosis for energy efficiency and worked out rehabilitation programs for energy efficiency.
基于上述背景,本论文依托深圳市建筑科学研究院美国能源基金会推进中国夏热冬暖地区建筑节能标准的实施“深圳市综合示范项目”课题的子课题“大型公共建筑节能改造”科研项目,针对深圳地区的高层综合办公建筑,侧重从空调系统入手进行全面的节能诊断与分析研究,以期充分找准问题所在,发掘节能潜力,提出切实有效的节能对策。笔者首先对国内外建筑能耗研究的情况、负荷计算方法的发展进程进行了回顾,介绍了节能诊断的工具和方法。其次,介绍了深圳市的地域和气候特点,能源消耗特点及基本状况,以调研的数据为基础着重分析了深圳市办公建筑能耗特别是空调系统能耗状况,得到了空调系统能耗构成的一般规律,同时对深圳办公建筑空调系统的运行管理状况进行了总结。接着,用软件DEST-c对一栋典型的高层综合办公楼A进行了能耗模拟,利用得到的结果对空调负荷分布情况进行了统计和分析,得到了标准工况下深圳地区高层办公建筑IPLV的计算式,并与夏热冬暖地区的计算式进行了对比,分析了差异。然后,以两栋典型高层办公建筑为例介绍了节能诊断的内容、原理及方法,对诊断过程中发现的不节能问题分析了原因,并进行了节能对策研究和潜力分析,同时对部分措施预测了节能效果。最后,结合调研的数据建立了大型公建节能诊断技术体系,提出了节能诊断的指标,制定了节能改造方案。
The large-scale public buildings developed rapidly, whose power consumption is much higher than the general energy consumption of 8-10 times and which is the focus of our country's energy-saving work. Usually,more than 50% of electronic energy of the large-scale public buildings was used for the air-conditioning,whose energy-saving rate can be up to 23.7% if making adjustment from the angle of the optimal operation of refrigeration systems and chilled water systems. High-rise comprehensive office buildings are the most common type of the large-scale public buildings, which usually have a waste of energy consumption because of its own characteristics on the structure, function and use of energy equipment and have great potential for energy efficiency.Therefore, it is significative to strengthening diagnosis and analysis of the public building for energy-saving for promoting progress and development of energy-saving technological for our public buildings.
Against the above background, this paper relies on the project“reconstruct for energy efficiency of large scale public buildings”,the sub-project of“Comprehensive Demonstration Project in Shenzhen”of promoting the Implementation of Building Energy Efficiency Standards for Hot Summer and Warm Winter Zone in China, which is carried out by Shenzhen institute of building research and sponsored by U.S. Energy Foundation, aiming at the high-rise comprehensive office buildings in Shenzhen,to focu on air-conditioning system to conduct a comprehensive study and analysis of energy-saving diagnosis for the sake of pointing out the problem,exploring the energy-saving potential and proposing effective energy-saving measures.Firstly, make a general review of the research on energy consumption of public buildings both domestic and abroad and the development process of computing methods on load, giving an introduction of tools and method for energy efficiency diagnosis.Secondly, geographical and climatic characteristics, energy consumption characteristics and the basic situation of Shenzhen city have been introduced. Based on the research data, this essay focused on analysing the energy consumption of office building especially the air-conditioning system of Shenzhen city, obtained the general rules of the energy consumption structure on the air-conditioning system, and at meantime, made a coclusion to the operation and management of the air-conditioning system of office building in Shenzhen.Thirdly, the simulation for energy has been made to a typical high-rise comprehensive office building by the software called DEST-c, the result of which has been used in statistics and analysis of air-conditioning load distribution to get the formula about IPLV of the high-rise comprehensive office building in Shenzhen area, with the comparison of hot summer and warm winter area and analysis of variance.Next, with an example of two typical high-rise comprehensive office buildings, content, principle and method of diagnosis for energy efficiency has been described, also the cause of the non-energy efficiency problem found in the process of the diagnosis has been analyzed, while giving the study of measures and analysis of potential for energy efficiency, forecasting the effect of some measures.Finally, to link up with the research data, this essay established technological system of diagnosis for energy efficiency on large-scale public buildings, proposed the indicators for energy efficiency of diagnosis for energy efficiency and worked out rehabilitation programs for energy efficiency.
引文
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[3] 谢仲华. 上海市公共建筑节能与标准化. 建筑节能. 2000. 1:50-52
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[9] D. R. Dohrmann . M. Mart inez , D. Mort. End-use metered data for commercial buildings. ASHRAE Transact ions. 1990. 96(1):1004-1010
[10] Jyotirmay Mathur, Sanjay Mathur and Anupma,Summer-performance of inclined roof solar chimney for natural ventilation . Energy and Buildings, Volume 38, Issue 10, October 2005
[11] Electricity use characteristics of purpose-built office buildings in subtropical climates. Energy conversion and management 45(2004).
[12] R. Zmeureanu, C. Peragine. Evaluat ion of interact ions between lighting and HVAC systems in a large commercial building. Energy Conversion & Management. 1999(40):1229-1236
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[18] 梁珍等. 高层办公建筑能耗调查与节能潜力分析. 节能技术. 2001. 1(1):19-22
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[20] 龙惟定, 潘毅群, 范存养等. 上海公共建筑能耗现状及节能潜力分析. 暖通空调.1998,28(6):P13-17
[21] 江亿. 薛志峰. 北京市大型公共建筑用能现状与节能潜力分析. 暖通空调. 2004. 34(9):8-10
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[23] 李玉云, 张春枝, 曾省稚. 武汉市公共建筑集中空调系统能耗分析. 暖通空调. 2002. 32(4):85-87
[24] 管厚林, 赵加宁. 高层办公楼设计冷负荷与全年能耗模拟分析. 建筑热能通风空调. 2004, 23(6). 49-54
[25] N. Subramanyam, M. P. Maiya, S. Srinivasa Murthy, Application of desiccant wheel to control humidity in air-conditioning systems, Applied Thermal Engineering 24 (2005) 2777-2788
[26] Abbas Ali Elmualim, Effect of damper and heat source on wind catcher natural ventilation performance. Energy and Buildings, Volume 38, Issue 8, August 2005
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[28] 卢建新. 办公建筑能耗分析及节能潜力. 大众用电. 2006. 2:16-17
[29] 李先瑞. 供热空调系统节能诊断. 节能与环保. 2002. 7:20
[30] 大型公建节能读本. 北京节能环保服务中心. 北京:经济日报出版社. 2006
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[2] 杨纯华,赵志安. 现代化办公楼的空调节能与新风控制方法的研究.第十届全国暖通空调技术信息网大会论文集. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社. 1999:76-77
[3] 谢仲华. 上海市公共建筑节能与标准化. 建筑节能. 2000. 1:50-52
[4] 涂逢祥, 许文发, 朱文鹏等. 建筑节能技术. 北京:中国计划出版社. 1996:4-6
[5] 杨晓敏. 上海地区公共建筑能耗现状与节能分析. 上海: 同济大学. 2006
[6] Electricity use characteristics of purpose-built office buildings in subtropical climates. Energy conversion and management 45(2004).
[7] J. S. Reiley. Separately metered heating and air-conditioning energy in commercial buildings. ASHRAE Transact ions. 1987. 93(2):2055-2063
[8] R. P. Mazzuichi. Commercial building energy use monitoring for utility load research. ASHRAE Transact ions. 1987. 93(1):1580-1596
[9] D. R. Dohrmann . M. Mart inez , D. Mort. End-use metered data for commercial buildings. ASHRAE Transact ions. 1990. 96(1):1004-1010
[10] Jyotirmay Mathur, Sanjay Mathur and Anupma,Summer-performance of inclined roof solar chimney for natural ventilation . Energy and Buildings, Volume 38, Issue 10, October 2005
[11] Electricity use characteristics of purpose-built office buildings in subtropical climates. Energy conversion and management 45(2004).
[12] R. Zmeureanu, C. Peragine. Evaluat ion of interact ions between lighting and HVAC systems in a large commercial building. Energy Conversion & Management. 1999(40):1229-1236
[13] Joseph C. Lam, Danny H. W. Li, S. O. Cheung. An analysis of electricity end-use in air-condit ioned office buildings in Hong Kong. Building and Environment. 2003(38): 493-498
[14] Ron Jarnagin, Mich Schwedler, Merle McBride, Stephen V. Skalko, Joseph G. . Howley Jr. The New Standard 90. 1. ASHRAE JOURNAL 2000 (3)
[15] 武建勋. 空调建筑统计能耗模型探讨. 暖通空调. 1996. 6:13-16
[16] 重庆市公用建筑空调能耗调查报告.重庆建筑大学. 1998
[17] 许雷. 上海高层建筑空调冷热源装置与能耗调查. 制冷技术. 1998
[18] 梁珍等. 高层办公建筑能耗调查与节能潜力分析. 节能技术. 2001. 1(1):19-22
[19] 杨智昌等. 长沙市公共建筑空调能耗现状与节能潜力分析. 暖通空调. 2005. 12:39-43
[20] 龙惟定, 潘毅群, 范存养等. 上海公共建筑能耗现状及节能潜力分析. 暖通空调.1998,28(6):P13-17
[21] 江亿. 薛志峰. 北京市大型公共建筑用能现状与节能潜力分析. 暖通空调. 2004. 34(9):8-10
[22] 杨洁, 涂光备, 孙洲洋等. 天津神户公共建筑能耗调查及空调制冷系统节能分析. 暖通空调. 2002. 32(1):40-66
[23] 李玉云, 张春枝, 曾省稚. 武汉市公共建筑集中空调系统能耗分析. 暖通空调. 2002. 32(4):85-87
[24] 管厚林, 赵加宁. 高层办公楼设计冷负荷与全年能耗模拟分析. 建筑热能通风空调. 2004, 23(6). 49-54
[25] N. Subramanyam, M. P. Maiya, S. Srinivasa Murthy, Application of desiccant wheel to control humidity in air-conditioning systems, Applied Thermal Engineering 24 (2005) 2777-2788
[26] Abbas Ali Elmualim, Effect of damper and heat source on wind catcher natural ventilation performance. Energy and Buildings, Volume 38, Issue 8, August 2005
[27] Imran Iqbal and Mohammad S. Al-Homoud, Parametric analysis of alternative energy conservation measures in an office building in hot and humid climate. Building and Environment, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 9 June 2006
[28] 卢建新. 办公建筑能耗分析及节能潜力. 大众用电. 2006. 2:16-17
[29] 李先瑞. 供热空调系统节能诊断. 节能与环保. 2002. 7:20
[30] 大型公建节能读本. 北京节能环保服务中心. 北京:经济日报出版社. 2006
[31] http://bbs. chinahvacr. com/dispbbs. asp?boardID=164&ID=48926&page=1
[32] DOE-2EngineersManualVersion2 . IA LBNL University of California Berkeley, Nov. 1982
[33] 江亿. 建筑环境系统模拟分析方法. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社.
[34] 田胜元. 实验设计与数据处理. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社. 2000. 12:120—125
[35] 付祥钊. 流体输配管网. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社. 2001. 9
[36] http://www. 121. com. cn/main/qxzt/qhbh/index. shtml
[37] 杨红. 深圳市能源利用状况的分析. 节能技术. 2004. 5:6-8
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