黄河口及附近海域碳参数与营养盐调查研究
摘要
河口是海陆相互作用中最为重要的一环,是陆源物质入海的主要通道。河口的物理、化学、生物过程在空间尺度和时间尺度上的变化程度相对于陆地和海洋都比较剧烈,这些剧烈的河口过程对陆地向海洋的物质输送能够产生明显的影响,从而导致物质在海洋中的含量与分布发生变化。黄河是世界上著名的高浑浊度河流,中游流经富含碳酸盐的黄土高原,强烈的风化作用使水体中无机碳含量极高,同时近几十年来流域内工农业的快速发展导致了水体中较高的污染物浓度,因此黄河所输送的陆源物质入海对河口附近海域的碳循环规律和营养状况乃至整个渤海的生物地球化学过程都会产生重要影响。本世纪初黄河开始实施调水调沙的生产运作,水沙入海量及时空分布同过去相比均发生较大变化,研究当前情况下黄河口的碳输运过程及营养状态,对于更加完整、准确地探讨河口附近海域的环境现状有着重要意义。本文依据2009年5月对黄河口及附近海域的调查,结合水文、化学和生物要素数据,对春季黄河口碳输运规律进行了探讨,并对河口附近海域的营养状况进行了评价。得到的主要结论如下：
1.春季黄河口淡咸水混合过程中表层水体pCO2在383-1002μatm之间,平均值为615μatm。受黄河水的影响淡水端pCO2较高,随着淡咸水的混合呈明显下降趋势,同此前非汛期调查结果相比并未出现亏损现象。黄河流域强烈的机械侵蚀和化学风化作用使水体碳酸盐含量极高,碳酸盐体系成为黄河口pCO2的主要控制因素；温度、浮游植物光合作用和生物好氧呼吸作用对pCO2的分布不构成主要控制因素。
2.无机碳、有机碳和营养盐的分布均受黄河淡水输入以及海水稀释作用的影响。淡水端无机碳含量较高,在淡咸水混合过程中与盐度呈负相关关系分布,其中PIC的海水端含量减少99%而DIC减少25%。当TSS小于569mg/L时,黄河口无机碳输运以溶解态为主；反之,则以颗粒态为主。有机碳含量同样随着盐度升高而降低,海水端POC和DOC含量比淡水端分别下降了92%和35%。当TSS小于250mg/L时,入海有机碳以溶解态为主,反之,以颗粒态为主。硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐与硅酸盐浓度在淡咸水混合过程中保守降低,氨氮入海浓度高于淡水端,磷酸盐浓度在混合初期即大幅下降因而海水端浓度较低。DIC、Alk并未出现低盐区内的亏损现象,可能与本次调查期间较小流量以及海水顶托作用有关。
3.黄河口附近海域表层水体pC02范围在311～723μatm之间,平均值为480μatm。黄河冲淡水输入的碳酸盐含量较高,受碳酸盐平衡体系影响河口处pC02较高；多年来丰水期淡水输入造成河口以南海域表层水体pC02仍然维持在较高水平。整个调查海域超过2/3的面积均为CO2的源区。温度、浮游植物光合作用和生物好氧呼吸作用对调查海域内pC02的分布不构成主要控制因素。
4.枯水季节,黄河口附近海域碳系统各参数的分布并非仅由黄河冲淡水所决定。由于淡水量较小,各参数的分布仅在河口处受其影响有较为明显的高浓度分布；淡水常年输入物质在河口以南海域的积聚、滞留以及由此带来的沉积物的二次污染是枯水季节该海域各参数表、底层浓度依然维持较高水平的主要原因。
5.黄河淡水输入造成河口处硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐与硅酸盐浓度较高,氨氮和磷酸盐不是主要来源于淡水所以浓度低于调查区域内平均水平。南部浅水海域无机氮有显著高浓度分布,并非是由于淡水直接输入造成,黄河三角洲滨海湿地的水交换和黄河淡水输入物质的多年积累是枯水季节该海域无机氮浓度较高的主要原因。北部海域受渤海沿岸流南下影响,存在磷酸盐的高值区。
6.调查海域表、底层N/P分别为248和141,磷限制状态严重。整个海域富营养化指数均小于0.6,平均值仅为0.18,约2/3的调查区域达到一类水标准,总体水质状况正常,南部浅水海域污染相对较重。DIN浓度极高,COD和P04-P浓度较小,DIN是黄河口附近海域水质的主要影响因子,需要引起足够的重视。
As the main channels for transportation of terrigenous materials, estuaries play an important role in the interaction between continental and marine systems. The spatial and time scale changes of physical, chemical and biological processes in estuaries are more severely than those in continent and ocean, which have significant influence on the materials transportation and lead to difference contents and distributions. The Yellow River, famous for its high turbidity, also has high concentration of carbonate because of strong chemical weathering in the basin, meanwhile, the rapid growth of industry and agriculture had brought serious pollution. Based on the reasons above, the transportation of terrigenous materials from continent to adjacent water has important effect on carbon cycle and nutritional status in the adjacent water and even biogeochemical process in the whole Bo Hai Sea. Taking the changes of water and sediment fluxes caused by the water and sediment regulation into account, the study for current status of the Yellow River Estuary is necessary. In combination with the data of hydrology, chemistry and biology collected from the Yellow River Estuary and adjacent water in May 2009, carbon transportation characteristics and eutrophication degree were studied. The main conclusions are drawn as follows:
1. The pCO2 ranged from 383 to 1002μatm, and had an average of 615μatm during the mixing of fresh and salt waters. High value was observed in Fresh Water Side (FWS) due to Yellow River water input and decreased by mixing of fresh and salt water. The carbonate system was the main control factors of pCO2 while the temperature, photosynthesis and biological aerobic respiration were not.
2. The distributions of inorganic carbon, organic carbon and nutrients were all impacted by the fresh water input and saltwater dilution. Inorganic carbon had obviously high concentration in FWS which had a negative correlation with salinity during mixing of fresh and salt water. In the Salt Water Side (SWS) the drop of PIC and DIC concentration were 99% and 25%, respectively. When TSS=569mg/L, the ratio of DIC/PIC is 1, which indicate that inorganic carbon transport in the Yellow River Estuary was mainly in the form of DIC. Organic carbon showed a negative correlation with salinity too, the concentration of POC and DOC dropped by 92% and 35%, respectively. When TSS=250mg/L, the ratio of DOC/POC is 1, which indicate that organic carbon transport in the Yellow River Estuary was mainly in the form of POC. Concentrations of nitrate, nitrite and silicate were decreased conservatively, ammonia had high value in SWS than that in FWS, phosphate had low value in SWS because of sharp drop at the beginning of mixing of fresh and salt water.
3. The pCO2 of adjacent water of the Yellow River Estuary ranged from 311-723μatm, and had an average of 480μatm. In the Estuarine water affected by the diluted water from the Yellow River, carbonate showed a significantly high value and led to high pCO2 by carbonate system. Input of fresh water in wet season over years maintained high level of pCO2 in the south of estuarine water. Two thirds of the survey area was a source of pCO2. The temperature, photosynthesis and biological aerobic respiration were not main control factors.
4. The distributions of carbon system parameters were not only determined by the fresh water from Yellow River in dry season. As the small amount, only the distributions in estuarine water showed relatively high concentration. Accumulation of materials input by fresh water over years and secondary pollution of sediments in the south of estuary were the reasons that maintained high surface and bottom concentrations in this area in dry season.
5. The results indicated that fresh water from the Yellow River was the main source of the NO3-N, NO2-N and SiO3-Si, which had high-value areas of surface concentration in the estuary. The concentrations of NH4-N and PO4-P in the estuary were lower than the average levels which meant diluted water was not the main source. Significantly concentrations of inorganic nitrogen observed in the south shoal area were not directly caused by input of diluted water from Yellow River, while the water exchange in the Yellow River Delta Wetland and the accumulations of materials from diluted water were the main reasons which resulted the high concentrations in dry season. The coastal flow from Bo Hai Sea led to the obvious high-value area of PO4-P in the north of the Yellow River Estuary.
6. The N/P ratios in surface and bottom seawater were 248 and 141 respectively, which meant severe phosphorus limiting eutrophication in the survey area; the eutrophication indices (EI) were lower than 0.6 and two-thirds of the survey area reached first class standard besides relatively heavy pollution in the south shoal. As a main factor affecting the water quality, inorganic nitrogen which had a high concentration needed enough attention.
1.春季黄河口淡咸水混合过程中表层水体pCO2在383-1002μatm之间,平均值为615μatm。受黄河水的影响淡水端pCO2较高,随着淡咸水的混合呈明显下降趋势,同此前非汛期调查结果相比并未出现亏损现象。黄河流域强烈的机械侵蚀和化学风化作用使水体碳酸盐含量极高,碳酸盐体系成为黄河口pCO2的主要控制因素；温度、浮游植物光合作用和生物好氧呼吸作用对pCO2的分布不构成主要控制因素。
2.无机碳、有机碳和营养盐的分布均受黄河淡水输入以及海水稀释作用的影响。淡水端无机碳含量较高,在淡咸水混合过程中与盐度呈负相关关系分布,其中PIC的海水端含量减少99%而DIC减少25%。当TSS小于569mg/L时,黄河口无机碳输运以溶解态为主；反之,则以颗粒态为主。有机碳含量同样随着盐度升高而降低,海水端POC和DOC含量比淡水端分别下降了92%和35%。当TSS小于250mg/L时,入海有机碳以溶解态为主,反之,以颗粒态为主。硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐与硅酸盐浓度在淡咸水混合过程中保守降低,氨氮入海浓度高于淡水端,磷酸盐浓度在混合初期即大幅下降因而海水端浓度较低。DIC、Alk并未出现低盐区内的亏损现象,可能与本次调查期间较小流量以及海水顶托作用有关。
3.黄河口附近海域表层水体pC02范围在311～723μatm之间,平均值为480μatm。黄河冲淡水输入的碳酸盐含量较高,受碳酸盐平衡体系影响河口处pC02较高；多年来丰水期淡水输入造成河口以南海域表层水体pC02仍然维持在较高水平。整个调查海域超过2/3的面积均为CO2的源区。温度、浮游植物光合作用和生物好氧呼吸作用对调查海域内pC02的分布不构成主要控制因素。
4.枯水季节,黄河口附近海域碳系统各参数的分布并非仅由黄河冲淡水所决定。由于淡水量较小,各参数的分布仅在河口处受其影响有较为明显的高浓度分布；淡水常年输入物质在河口以南海域的积聚、滞留以及由此带来的沉积物的二次污染是枯水季节该海域各参数表、底层浓度依然维持较高水平的主要原因。
5.黄河淡水输入造成河口处硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐与硅酸盐浓度较高,氨氮和磷酸盐不是主要来源于淡水所以浓度低于调查区域内平均水平。南部浅水海域无机氮有显著高浓度分布,并非是由于淡水直接输入造成,黄河三角洲滨海湿地的水交换和黄河淡水输入物质的多年积累是枯水季节该海域无机氮浓度较高的主要原因。北部海域受渤海沿岸流南下影响,存在磷酸盐的高值区。
6.调查海域表、底层N/P分别为248和141,磷限制状态严重。整个海域富营养化指数均小于0.6,平均值仅为0.18,约2/3的调查区域达到一类水标准,总体水质状况正常,南部浅水海域污染相对较重。DIN浓度极高,COD和P04-P浓度较小,DIN是黄河口附近海域水质的主要影响因子,需要引起足够的重视。
As the main channels for transportation of terrigenous materials, estuaries play an important role in the interaction between continental and marine systems. The spatial and time scale changes of physical, chemical and biological processes in estuaries are more severely than those in continent and ocean, which have significant influence on the materials transportation and lead to difference contents and distributions. The Yellow River, famous for its high turbidity, also has high concentration of carbonate because of strong chemical weathering in the basin, meanwhile, the rapid growth of industry and agriculture had brought serious pollution. Based on the reasons above, the transportation of terrigenous materials from continent to adjacent water has important effect on carbon cycle and nutritional status in the adjacent water and even biogeochemical process in the whole Bo Hai Sea. Taking the changes of water and sediment fluxes caused by the water and sediment regulation into account, the study for current status of the Yellow River Estuary is necessary. In combination with the data of hydrology, chemistry and biology collected from the Yellow River Estuary and adjacent water in May 2009, carbon transportation characteristics and eutrophication degree were studied. The main conclusions are drawn as follows:
1. The pCO2 ranged from 383 to 1002μatm, and had an average of 615μatm during the mixing of fresh and salt waters. High value was observed in Fresh Water Side (FWS) due to Yellow River water input and decreased by mixing of fresh and salt water. The carbonate system was the main control factors of pCO2 while the temperature, photosynthesis and biological aerobic respiration were not.
2. The distributions of inorganic carbon, organic carbon and nutrients were all impacted by the fresh water input and saltwater dilution. Inorganic carbon had obviously high concentration in FWS which had a negative correlation with salinity during mixing of fresh and salt water. In the Salt Water Side (SWS) the drop of PIC and DIC concentration were 99% and 25%, respectively. When TSS=569mg/L, the ratio of DIC/PIC is 1, which indicate that inorganic carbon transport in the Yellow River Estuary was mainly in the form of DIC. Organic carbon showed a negative correlation with salinity too, the concentration of POC and DOC dropped by 92% and 35%, respectively. When TSS=250mg/L, the ratio of DOC/POC is 1, which indicate that organic carbon transport in the Yellow River Estuary was mainly in the form of POC. Concentrations of nitrate, nitrite and silicate were decreased conservatively, ammonia had high value in SWS than that in FWS, phosphate had low value in SWS because of sharp drop at the beginning of mixing of fresh and salt water.
3. The pCO2 of adjacent water of the Yellow River Estuary ranged from 311-723μatm, and had an average of 480μatm. In the Estuarine water affected by the diluted water from the Yellow River, carbonate showed a significantly high value and led to high pCO2 by carbonate system. Input of fresh water in wet season over years maintained high level of pCO2 in the south of estuarine water. Two thirds of the survey area was a source of pCO2. The temperature, photosynthesis and biological aerobic respiration were not main control factors.
4. The distributions of carbon system parameters were not only determined by the fresh water from Yellow River in dry season. As the small amount, only the distributions in estuarine water showed relatively high concentration. Accumulation of materials input by fresh water over years and secondary pollution of sediments in the south of estuary were the reasons that maintained high surface and bottom concentrations in this area in dry season.
5. The results indicated that fresh water from the Yellow River was the main source of the NO3-N, NO2-N and SiO3-Si, which had high-value areas of surface concentration in the estuary. The concentrations of NH4-N and PO4-P in the estuary were lower than the average levels which meant diluted water was not the main source. Significantly concentrations of inorganic nitrogen observed in the south shoal area were not directly caused by input of diluted water from Yellow River, while the water exchange in the Yellow River Delta Wetland and the accumulations of materials from diluted water were the main reasons which resulted the high concentrations in dry season. The coastal flow from Bo Hai Sea led to the obvious high-value area of PO4-P in the north of the Yellow River Estuary.
6. The N/P ratios in surface and bottom seawater were 248 and 141 respectively, which meant severe phosphorus limiting eutrophication in the survey area; the eutrophication indices (EI) were lower than 0.6 and two-thirds of the survey area reached first class standard besides relatively heavy pollution in the south shoal. As a main factor affecting the water quality, inorganic nitrogen which had a high concentration needed enough attention.
引文
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