渤海盐度的变化特征及其成因分析
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摘要
渤海和黄海是我国北方的陆架浅海,有其独特的自然环境和动力学特征。到目前为止,人们对渤海盐度持续升高的影响因素已做了初步分析,但对渤海盐度持续升高的过程,特别是对渤海盐度年际尺度变化的成因及与此关联的渤海环流的变异过程的研究尚未充分展开。而上述问题是研究认识渤海环境变化最基础的方面。基于上述考虑,本文拟就渤海盐度年际变化成因及相应的环流变化开展研究。
本文在收集了众多历史观测数据的基础上,分析渤、黄海温度和盐度及相关气象要素年际变化的特征。研究揭示渤、黄海盐度和温度近年来有明显的升高趋势。这种趋势不止在渤海和北黄海存在,在东海的PN断面上也可以发现。同时发现渤、黄海盐度不仅存在长期升高的特征,并且有明显的年际变化,这种年际变化在渤海幅度最大。蒸发降水导致的局地净淡水通量的变化与盐度的年际变化非常一致,蒸发、降水年际变化可能是引起渤海盐度年际变化得主要因素。而在东海蒸发降水并不存在和渤黄海一致的年际变化,同时由于东海与黑潮水等外海水的交换较强,局地的蒸发降水对盐度的影响也较小,因此盐度也不存在和渤、黄海一致的年际变化。
其次,着重分析了与盐度年际变化密切相关的东中国海的降水场。通过EOF方法分析了东中国海的降水场的雨型分布结构。由于季风经向分量的大小及北推的范围影响到我国北方降水量的变化,于是通过SVD和相关分析等方法研究了降水和全球风场经向分量的相关关系。还用同样的方法分析了降水与全球海表温度异常之间的关系。上述分析表明我国渤、黄海海区确实存在比较显著的降水年际变化。
渤海盐度的变化主要取决于淡水通量(河流径流量、降雨量、蒸发量)和北黄海入侵水及渤黄海水交换的变化,基于美国普林斯顿海洋模型(POM)对各个分量的贡献进行诊断分析。首先,综合考虑各个因素,通过数值模拟成功地再现了20世纪80年代高盐事件的形成。结果分析显示:在盐度升高,密度增大的情况下,对渤海夏季环流的流速影响较大,但是对环流结构影响不大;而密度的增大对冬季环流结构影响不大。其次,进行了三个数值实验:一是只考虑黄河径流的影响,二是只考虑蒸发降水的影响,三是只考虑渤黄海水交换的影响。结果显示:对于盐度的年际变化,局地蒸发降水对盐度的年际变化贡献比较大,外海水交换也有一定的贡献,但是黄河径流量变化对盐度的年际变化没有贡献。
本文工作的创新点在于:通过对资料的全面分析,提出了盐度和温度的长期升高趋势不止存在于渤海和北黄海范围,也出现在东海的PN断面上,而盐度的大幅年际振荡只存在于渤海和黄海范围;成功的再现了渤海20世纪80年代高盐的形成过程,并初步确定了黄河径流量、局地淡水通量(蒸发、降水)和与黄海水交换三个因素对渤海盐度年际变化的贡献;初步分析了盐度升高对环流结构造成的影响。
The Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea are the semi-enclosed shallow seas, with the unique environmental and dynamic characters. So far, the factors that affect the increase of salinity in the Bohai Sea has been analyzed preliminarily, but the formation mechanism of variation, especially the cause of interannual variation and the relative change of circulation in the Bohai Sea, have not been studied. All these questions are the most fundamental aspects to study the environmental variation in the Bohai Sea. As mentioned above, this paper studies the characters and formation mechanism of variation of salinity and related circulation.
First, based on the historically observed data, the temperature and salinity as well as related climatology elements of the Bohai Sea and the Yellow sea are analyzed. The results show that the temperature and salinity have increased considerably, and the phenomena not only exist in the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea, but also appear on PN section in the East China Sea. In fact, the salinity in the Bohai and Yellow Seas not only has long-term variation, but also has remarkable interannual variation. The interannual variation of evaporation and precipitation is consistent with the variation of salinity, the interannual variation of salinity is probably induced by evaporation and precipitation. But the salinity in the East China Sea dose not have the same interannual variation because the water exchange with the Kuroshio is huge and the vapor flux has little influence on it.
The effect of precipitation of the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea on the salinity is analyzed. We use the way of EOF analyses to study the spatial distribution of it and use the way of SVD analyses to study the relationship between salinity and temperature in global sea surface anomaly and as well as the wind. Consequently, the formation mechanism of interannual variation of salinity is explained further.
As we all know, the long-term variation of salinity in the Bohai Sea is influenced by Yellow River flux, evaporation, precipitation and water exchange with the North Yellow Sea. So we use the Princeton Ocean Model to diagnose and analyzed contribution of each factor to the variation of salinity. First, when all the factors are considered, the formation of salinity in 1980s’is simulated successfully. The result shows: when the salinity increases, the density of sea water will increase accordingly, and the circulation velocity in summertime will increase while the structure dose not chang. But the increasing of salinity does not influence much on circulation in wintertime. Then, three numerical experiments are designed, in the first one only the Yellow River flux is considered, in the second one only the vapor flux is considered, and in the last one only the water exchange with the Yellow Sea is considered. The results show: the vapor flux contributes most to interannual variation of salinity, and the water exchange with the Yellow Sea has some influence on it too, but the Yellow River does little to it.
To sum up the above works, there are some innovative points in this paper. Firstly, through the analysis of data, propose that the long-term increase of salinity and temperature not only exist in the coastal sea but also on the PN section for the first time. Secondly, successfully simulate the formation of the salinity of the Bohai Sea in 1980’s. Take the Yellow River flux, vapor flux, and water exchange with the Yellow Sea together into consideration, to analyze contribution of each factor to the interannual variation of salinity. Lastly, preliminarily discuss the change of circulation in the Bohai Sea when the salinity increasse.
本文在收集了众多历史观测数据的基础上,分析渤、黄海温度和盐度及相关气象要素年际变化的特征。研究揭示渤、黄海盐度和温度近年来有明显的升高趋势。这种趋势不止在渤海和北黄海存在,在东海的PN断面上也可以发现。同时发现渤、黄海盐度不仅存在长期升高的特征,并且有明显的年际变化,这种年际变化在渤海幅度最大。蒸发降水导致的局地净淡水通量的变化与盐度的年际变化非常一致,蒸发、降水年际变化可能是引起渤海盐度年际变化得主要因素。而在东海蒸发降水并不存在和渤黄海一致的年际变化,同时由于东海与黑潮水等外海水的交换较强,局地的蒸发降水对盐度的影响也较小,因此盐度也不存在和渤、黄海一致的年际变化。
其次,着重分析了与盐度年际变化密切相关的东中国海的降水场。通过EOF方法分析了东中国海的降水场的雨型分布结构。由于季风经向分量的大小及北推的范围影响到我国北方降水量的变化,于是通过SVD和相关分析等方法研究了降水和全球风场经向分量的相关关系。还用同样的方法分析了降水与全球海表温度异常之间的关系。上述分析表明我国渤、黄海海区确实存在比较显著的降水年际变化。
渤海盐度的变化主要取决于淡水通量(河流径流量、降雨量、蒸发量)和北黄海入侵水及渤黄海水交换的变化,基于美国普林斯顿海洋模型(POM)对各个分量的贡献进行诊断分析。首先,综合考虑各个因素,通过数值模拟成功地再现了20世纪80年代高盐事件的形成。结果分析显示:在盐度升高,密度增大的情况下,对渤海夏季环流的流速影响较大,但是对环流结构影响不大;而密度的增大对冬季环流结构影响不大。其次,进行了三个数值实验:一是只考虑黄河径流的影响,二是只考虑蒸发降水的影响,三是只考虑渤黄海水交换的影响。结果显示:对于盐度的年际变化,局地蒸发降水对盐度的年际变化贡献比较大,外海水交换也有一定的贡献,但是黄河径流量变化对盐度的年际变化没有贡献。
本文工作的创新点在于:通过对资料的全面分析,提出了盐度和温度的长期升高趋势不止存在于渤海和北黄海范围,也出现在东海的PN断面上,而盐度的大幅年际振荡只存在于渤海和黄海范围;成功的再现了渤海20世纪80年代高盐的形成过程,并初步确定了黄河径流量、局地淡水通量(蒸发、降水)和与黄海水交换三个因素对渤海盐度年际变化的贡献;初步分析了盐度升高对环流结构造成的影响。
The Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea are the semi-enclosed shallow seas, with the unique environmental and dynamic characters. So far, the factors that affect the increase of salinity in the Bohai Sea has been analyzed preliminarily, but the formation mechanism of variation, especially the cause of interannual variation and the relative change of circulation in the Bohai Sea, have not been studied. All these questions are the most fundamental aspects to study the environmental variation in the Bohai Sea. As mentioned above, this paper studies the characters and formation mechanism of variation of salinity and related circulation.
First, based on the historically observed data, the temperature and salinity as well as related climatology elements of the Bohai Sea and the Yellow sea are analyzed. The results show that the temperature and salinity have increased considerably, and the phenomena not only exist in the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea, but also appear on PN section in the East China Sea. In fact, the salinity in the Bohai and Yellow Seas not only has long-term variation, but also has remarkable interannual variation. The interannual variation of evaporation and precipitation is consistent with the variation of salinity, the interannual variation of salinity is probably induced by evaporation and precipitation. But the salinity in the East China Sea dose not have the same interannual variation because the water exchange with the Kuroshio is huge and the vapor flux has little influence on it.
The effect of precipitation of the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea on the salinity is analyzed. We use the way of EOF analyses to study the spatial distribution of it and use the way of SVD analyses to study the relationship between salinity and temperature in global sea surface anomaly and as well as the wind. Consequently, the formation mechanism of interannual variation of salinity is explained further.
As we all know, the long-term variation of salinity in the Bohai Sea is influenced by Yellow River flux, evaporation, precipitation and water exchange with the North Yellow Sea. So we use the Princeton Ocean Model to diagnose and analyzed contribution of each factor to the variation of salinity. First, when all the factors are considered, the formation of salinity in 1980s’is simulated successfully. The result shows: when the salinity increases, the density of sea water will increase accordingly, and the circulation velocity in summertime will increase while the structure dose not chang. But the increasing of salinity does not influence much on circulation in wintertime. Then, three numerical experiments are designed, in the first one only the Yellow River flux is considered, in the second one only the vapor flux is considered, and in the last one only the water exchange with the Yellow Sea is considered. The results show: the vapor flux contributes most to interannual variation of salinity, and the water exchange with the Yellow Sea has some influence on it too, but the Yellow River does little to it.
To sum up the above works, there are some innovative points in this paper. Firstly, through the analysis of data, propose that the long-term increase of salinity and temperature not only exist in the coastal sea but also on the PN section for the first time. Secondly, successfully simulate the formation of the salinity of the Bohai Sea in 1980’s. Take the Yellow River flux, vapor flux, and water exchange with the Yellow Sea together into consideration, to analyze contribution of each factor to the interannual variation of salinity. Lastly, preliminarily discuss the change of circulation in the Bohai Sea when the salinity increasse.
引文
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