染料敏化纳米晶太阳能电池电极制备与优化
|
摘要
染料敏化纳米晶太阳能电池是基于光电化学的新型太阳能电池。与传统太阳能电池相比,它选用廉价、对环境无污染的二氧化钛作为原料,而且制作工艺简单。近年来,有关其工作原理和应用的研究成为世界范围内研究的热点。开展该领域的研究对于开发廉价的太阳能利用途径、缓解全球范围的能源危机和环境问题具有很重大的意义。
光阳极制备选用商业化纳米二氧化钛粉体,改变粉体分散工艺和多孔膜烧结工艺制备出性能优异的纳米晶多孔膜,并通过添加造孔剂、增加厚度、掺入大颗粒和表面修饰的方法对多孔膜进行优化。当选用酒精和水作为分散介质,球磨后得到的浆料能够制备出缺陷少、与基底牢固结合的纳米晶多孔膜。烧结时,选用FTO导电玻璃作为导电基底,将多孔膜在500℃温度烧结30min能够获得最优的光电转换效率。添加造孔剂和增加厚度都能够增大短路电流,但会导致开路电压降低。四叔丁基吡啶修饰后电池开路电压将大幅度提升。
对电极制备选用氯铂酸作为原料,通过热解法和电镀法制备出不同形态的铂对电极。然后选用相同的光阳极和电解质封装电池,测试电池性能。研究表明,铂对电极比碳对电极性能更加优异,铂元素在电极表面的形貌和分布都能够影响到电池的性能。
选用不同材料封装电池,测试电池性能,并讨论测试过程中的影响因素。实验表明:选用聚氯乙烯薄膜封装能够满足实验室条件下短时间内测试电池性能的要求;增大入射光强度能够提高短路电流,降低填充因子,对开路电压影响不大;增大电池有效面积将使电池的性能大幅度衰减。
Dye-sensitized solar cell(DSC) is a kind of novel solar cell based on photoelectrochemical principles. Compared to the conventional solar cells, it use cheap and environment-friendly titanium dioxide as raw material. The fabrication methods of DSC are very simple and convenient. Thus, interests in the study of dye-sensitized solar cell have grown considerably in recent years from the fundamental aspect to the application perspective. DSC is regarded as the potential feasible cheap way to ultilize solar energy and overcome the energy crisis and environment problem. In the thesis, the fabrication of titanium-based photo-anode and the optimization of DSC were studied. Then the light-to-current conversion efficiency of DSC was also discussed.
The photo-anode is made of commercial nano-size titanium dioxide powder. Different powder dispersion techniques and annealing techniques have been used to fabricate photo-anode. Porous film made of paste which was dispersed using water and ethanol as dispersive agent can adhere to the conductive substrate firmly. The optimization photo-to-current performance has been achieved by annealing the photo-anode at 500℃for 30min. The amount of additive and the thickness of the film can affect the short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage of DSC. The addition of TBP can increase the open-circuit voltage.
The platinum counter electrodes with different morphology have been made by electroplating and heat decomposition deposition of hexachloroplatinic acid. The performance of DSC using different platinum has been tested.
Epoxy, silicone sealant and PVC film have been used to assemble cells. The research finds that PVC film is the best sealant to seal the DSC. Finally, the establishment of cell’s performance test system has been illustrated, and the detail effect has been discussed.
光阳极制备选用商业化纳米二氧化钛粉体,改变粉体分散工艺和多孔膜烧结工艺制备出性能优异的纳米晶多孔膜,并通过添加造孔剂、增加厚度、掺入大颗粒和表面修饰的方法对多孔膜进行优化。当选用酒精和水作为分散介质,球磨后得到的浆料能够制备出缺陷少、与基底牢固结合的纳米晶多孔膜。烧结时,选用FTO导电玻璃作为导电基底,将多孔膜在500℃温度烧结30min能够获得最优的光电转换效率。添加造孔剂和增加厚度都能够增大短路电流,但会导致开路电压降低。四叔丁基吡啶修饰后电池开路电压将大幅度提升。
对电极制备选用氯铂酸作为原料,通过热解法和电镀法制备出不同形态的铂对电极。然后选用相同的光阳极和电解质封装电池,测试电池性能。研究表明,铂对电极比碳对电极性能更加优异,铂元素在电极表面的形貌和分布都能够影响到电池的性能。
选用不同材料封装电池,测试电池性能,并讨论测试过程中的影响因素。实验表明:选用聚氯乙烯薄膜封装能够满足实验室条件下短时间内测试电池性能的要求;增大入射光强度能够提高短路电流,降低填充因子,对开路电压影响不大;增大电池有效面积将使电池的性能大幅度衰减。
Dye-sensitized solar cell(DSC) is a kind of novel solar cell based on photoelectrochemical principles. Compared to the conventional solar cells, it use cheap and environment-friendly titanium dioxide as raw material. The fabrication methods of DSC are very simple and convenient. Thus, interests in the study of dye-sensitized solar cell have grown considerably in recent years from the fundamental aspect to the application perspective. DSC is regarded as the potential feasible cheap way to ultilize solar energy and overcome the energy crisis and environment problem. In the thesis, the fabrication of titanium-based photo-anode and the optimization of DSC were studied. Then the light-to-current conversion efficiency of DSC was also discussed.
The photo-anode is made of commercial nano-size titanium dioxide powder. Different powder dispersion techniques and annealing techniques have been used to fabricate photo-anode. Porous film made of paste which was dispersed using water and ethanol as dispersive agent can adhere to the conductive substrate firmly. The optimization photo-to-current performance has been achieved by annealing the photo-anode at 500℃for 30min. The amount of additive and the thickness of the film can affect the short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage of DSC. The addition of TBP can increase the open-circuit voltage.
The platinum counter electrodes with different morphology have been made by electroplating and heat decomposition deposition of hexachloroplatinic acid. The performance of DSC using different platinum has been tested.
Epoxy, silicone sealant and PVC film have been used to assemble cells. The research finds that PVC film is the best sealant to seal the DSC. Finally, the establishment of cell’s performance test system has been illustrated, and the detail effect has been discussed.
引文
[1] A. J. EcEvoy, M. Gr?tzel. Sensitization in photochemistry and photovoltaics. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 1994, 32(3):221-227
[2]戴松元.染料敏化纳米薄膜太阳电池的研究:[博士学位论文].合肥:中国科学院等离子体物理研究所,2000.
[3] Lubomir Spanhel, Mac A.Anderson. Semiconductor clusters in the sol-gel process: quantized aggregation, gelation, and crystal growth in concentrated zinc oxide colloids, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,1991, 113(8): 2826-2833
[4] G. Redmond, A.O’keefe, C Burgess et al. Spectroscopic determination of the flatband potential of transparent nanocrystalline zinc oxide films. J. Phys. Chem., 1993, 97(42): 11081-11086
[5] P. V. Kamat, Bedja, Hotchandani et al. Photosensitization of Nanocrystalline Semiconductor Films. Modulation of Electron Transfer between Excited Ruthenium Complex and SnO2 Nanocrystallites with an Externally Applied Bias. J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100(12): 4900-4908
[6] Idriss Bedja, Surat Hotchandani, Robert Carpentier et al. Electrochromic and photoelectrochemical behavior of thin WO3 films prepared from quantized colloidal particles. Thin Solid Films, 1994, 247(2): 195-200
[7] Pierre Bonh?te, Eric Gogniat, P.V. Ashrit et al. Novel electrochromic devices based on complementary nanocrystalline TiO2 and WO3 thin films. Thin Solid Films, 1999, 350: 269-275
[8] Ulrika Bjoerksten, Jacques Moser, Michael Gr?tzel. Photoelectrochemical Studies on Nanocrystalline Hematite Films. Chem. Mater., 1994, 6(6): 858-863
[9] Frank Lenzmann, Jessica Krueger, Shelly Burnside et al. Surface Photovoltage Spectroscopy of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with TiO2, Nb2O5, and SrTiO3 Nanocrystalline Photoanodes: Indication for Electron Injection from Higher Excited Dye States. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2001, 105(27): 6347-6352
[10] Kazuhiro Sayama, Hideki Sugihara, and Hironori Arakawa. Photoelectro -chemical Properties of a Porous Nb2O5 Electrode Sensitized by a Ruthenium Dye. Chem. Mater.,1998, 10(12): 3825-3832
[11] C.J Klein.Sol-Gel Science:The Physics and Chemistry of Sol-Gel Processing. San Diego, Acdemic Press, 1990
[12] K.Kalyanasundaram, M. Gr?tzel. Application of functionalized transition metal complexes in photonic and optoelectronic devices. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 1998, 77: 347-414
[13] Brain O’Regan, Michael Gr?tzel. A low-cost, high-efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO2 films. Nature, 1991, 335: 737-740
[14] Michael Gr?tzel. Photoelectrochemical Cells. Nature, 2001, 414: 338-344
[15]黄春辉,李富友,黄岩谊.光电功能超薄膜.北京:北京大学出版社,2001. 378-412
[16]刘世友.铟锡氧化物薄膜的生产现状与应用.材料科学与工程,1999,17(2): 98-80
[17]陈世柱,李晶.溶胶-凝胶提拉法制备ITO透明导电膜.中国有色金属学报,2005,15(1) :94-99
[18]朱月秀,王德苗. SnO2膜导电玻璃性能的研究.材料科学与工程,2002,20(1): 72-74
[19] Michael Gr?tzel. Solar Energy Conversion by Dye-sensitized Photovoltaic Cells. Inorganic Chemistry, 2005, 44(20): 6841-6851
[20] Brain A.Gregg. Photoelectrochromic cells and their applications. Endeavour, 1997, 21(2): 52-55
[21] K.N Mohammad, P. Peter, R. Thierry et al. Engineering of Efficient Panchromatic Sensitizers for Nanocrystalline TiO2 -Based Solar Cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2001, 123: 1613-1624
[22] R.D. McConnell. Assessment of the dye-sensitized solar cell. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2002, 6: 273–295
[23] Ansers Hagfeldt, Michael Gr?tzel. Molecular Photovoltaics. Accunts of Chemical Research, 2000, 33(5): 269-277
[24] J.E. Moser. Later rather than sooner. Nature, 2005, 4:723-724
[25] Brian A.Gregg. Excitonic Solar Cells. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2003, 107(20): 4688-4698
[26] Michael Gr?tzel. Mesoporous oxide junctions and nanostructured solar cells. Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science, 1999, 4: 314-321
[27] Michael Gr?tzel. Mesoscopic Solar Cells for Electricity and Hydrogen Production from Sunlight. Chemistry Letters, 2005, 34(1): 8-13
[28] Michael Gr?tzel. Dye-sensitized solar cells. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews, 2003, 4: 145–153
[29] Michael Gr?tzel. Conversion of sunlight to electric power by nanocrystalline dye-sensitized solar cells. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 2004, 164: 3–14
[30] Jacques E.Moser, Pierre Bonn?te, Michael Gr?tzel. Molecular Photovoltaics. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 1998, 171: 245-250
[31] Sambandam Anandan. Recent improvements and arising challenges in dye -sensitized solar cells. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 2007, 91: 843–846
[32] Nick V., Paul L., Jan A. et al. Very Efficient Visible Light Energy Harvesting and Conversion by Spectral Sensitization of Light Surface Area Polycrystalline Titanium Dioxide Films. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110(4): 1216-1220
[33] Christophe J.Barbé, Francine Arendse, Pascal Comte et al. Nanocrystallin Titanium Oxide Electrodes for Photoltaic Application. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 1997, 80(12): 3157-3171
[34]王东波,吴季怀,郝三存等.纳米二氧化钛的水热法制备及在染料敏化太阳能电池中的应用.感光科学与光化学,2006,24(3): 173-179
[35] V. Shklover, M.K. Nazeeruddin, S.M. Zakeeruddin et al. Structure of Nano -crystalline TiO2 Powders and Precursor to Their Highly Efficient Photosensitizer. Chem. Mater., 1997, 9(2): 430-439
[36]王贺权,沈辉,巴德纯.氧流量对直流反应磁控溅射制备TiO2薄膜光学性能的影响.中山大学学报, 2005, 44(6):36-40
[37]蓝鼎,罗欣莲,万发荣. TiO2薄膜的制备方法及其对染料敏化太阳能电池性能的影响.感光科学与光化学, 2003, 21(4): 262-272
[38] M.M. Gómez, J. Lu, E. Olsson et al. High efficiency dye-sensitized nano -crystalline solar cells based on sputter deposited. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells , 2000, 64: 385-392
[39] M.M. Gómez, J. Lu, J.L. Solis et al. Dye-Sensitized Nanocrystalline Titanium -Oxide-Based Solar Cells Prepared by Sputtering: Influence of the Substrate Temperature During Deposition. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2000, 104(36): 8712-8718
[40] Masayuki Okuya, Koji Nakade, Shoji Kaneko. Porous TiO2 thin films synthesized by a spray pyrolysis deposition (SPD) technique and their application to dye-sensitized solar cells. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 2002, 70: 425-435
[41] K.M. Gopal, Shankar Karthik, Paulose Maggie et al. Use of Highly-orderes TiO2 Nanotube Arrays in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Nano Letters, 2006, 6(2): 215-218
[42] Paulose Maggie, Shankar Karthik, Yoriya Sorachon et al. Anodic Growth of Highly Ordered TiO2 Nanotube Arrays to 134μm in Length. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2006, 110(33): 16179-16184
[43]戴松元,王瑜,邬钦崇.阳极氧化水解法制备TiO2纳米膜.物理化学学报, 1996, 12(8): 758-760
[44] S.Karuppuchamy, K.Nonomura, T.yoshida et al. Cathodic electrodeposition of oxide semiconductor thin films and their application to dye-sensitized solar cells. Solid State Ionics, 2002, 151: 19– 27
[45]罗瑾,周静,祖延兵.电沉积二氧化钛纳米微粒膜的光电化学性能和表面形貌研究.高等学校化学学报, 1998, 19 (9): 1484-1487
[46]杨朝晖,吴敏,秦艳涛.电化学沉积四氨基酞菁镍敏化纳米TiO2电极.东南大学学报(自然科学版) , 2006, 36(2): 303-307
[47] Lindstr?m H , Mafnusson E et al. A new method for manufacturing nano -structured electrodes on glass substrates. Solar Energy Mater & Solar Cells, 2002, 73(1): 91-101
[48]杨宏训,黄妙良,韩鹏等.染料敏化太阳能电池研究进展.材料导报,2006,20(9): 120-127
[49]梁茂,陶古良,陈军.染料敏化太阳能电池中的敏化剂.化学通报,2005,12:889-896
[50]孔凡太,戴松元,王孔嘉.染料敏化纳米薄膜太阳电池中的染料敏化剂.化学通报,2005,5: 338-345
[51] Wang Z.S., Huang C.H., HuangY.Y.. Photocurrent Enhancement of Hemi -cyanine Dyes Containing RSO3- Group through Treating TiO2 Films with Hydrochloric Acid. J. Phys. Chem. B., 2001, 105(38): 9210-9217
[52] Kitamura T., Ikeda M., Shigaki K. et al. Phenyl-Conjugated Oligoene Sensitizers for TiO2 Solar Cells. Chem. Mater., 2004, 16(9): 1806-1812
[53] Hara K, Wang Z-S, Sato T. et al. Oligothiophene-Containing Coumarin Dyes for Efficient Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. J. Phys. Chem. B., 2005, 109(32): 15476-15482
[54] Horiuchi T., Miura H., Sumioka K. et al. High Efficiency of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Metal-Free Indoline Dyes. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126(39): 12218-12219
[55]史成武,戴松元,王孔嘉等.染料敏化纳米薄膜太阳电池中电解质的研究进展.化学通报,2005,68: 1-8
[56]戴松元,肖尚锋,史成武等.染料敏化纳米薄膜太阳电池电解质的优化.高等学校化学学报,2005,26(3): 518-521
[57]史成武,戴松元,王孔嘉等. 1-甲基-3-己基咪唑碘在染料敏化太阳电池中的应用研究.化学学报,2005,63(13): 1205-1209
[58]潘旭,戴松元,王孔嘉等.染料敏化纳米薄膜太阳电池中离子液体基电解质的研究进展.物理化学学报,2005,21(6):697-702
[59] Michael Gr?tzel.Dye-sensitized Solid-State Heterjunction Solar Cells. MRS Bulletin, 2005, 30: 23-27
[60] Li Bin, Wang Liduo, Kang Bonan et al. Review of recent progress in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 2006, 90(5): 549-573
[61]郝三存,吴季怀,林建明等.铂修饰光阳极及其在纳晶太阳能电池中的应用.感光科学与光化学,2004,22(3): 175-182
[62]陈今茂,马玉涛,王桂强等.纳晶敏化太阳能电池中铂修饰对电极的一种新制法.科学通报,2005, 50(1): 28-3
[63] Takurou N. Murakami, Seigo Ito, Qing Wang et al. Highly Efficient Dye -Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Carbon Black Counter Electrodes. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2006, 153(12): A2255-A2261
[64] Kiyoaki Imoto, Kohshin Takahashi, Takahiro Yamaguchi et al. High -performance carbon counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 2003, 79: 459-469
[65] Andreas Kay, Michael Gr?tzel. Low cost photovoltaic modules based on dye sensitized nanocrystalline titanium dioxide and carbon powder. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 1996, 44:99-117
[66] Yasuo CHIBA, Ashraful ISLAM, Yuki WATANABE et al. Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with Conversion Efficiency of 11.1%. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 2006, 45(25): L638-L640
[67] M. K. Nazeeruddin, De Angelis F., Fantacci S. et al. Combined Experimental and DFT-TDDFT Computational Study of Photoelectrochemical Cell Ruthenium Sensitizers. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2005, 127(48): 16835-16847
[68] Greg P.Smestad. Education and solar conversion: Demonstrating electron transfer. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 1998, 55 : 157-178
[69] Greg P.Smestad, Michael Gr?tzel. Demonstrating Electron Transfer and Nano -technology: ANatural Dye-Sensitized Nanocrystalline Energy Coverter. Journal of Chemical Education, 1998, 75: 752-756
[70] Humphry-Baker, P. Comte, M. Gr?tzel. Engineering of Efficient Panchromatic Sensitizers for Nanocrystalline TiO2-Based Solar Cells.J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2001, 123: 1613-1624
[71] Tingli Ma, Tetsuya Kida, Morito Akiyama. Preparation and peoperties of nanostructured TiO2 electrode by a polymer organic-medium screen-printing technique. Electrochemistry Communications, 2003, 5: 369-372
[72] D.S. Tsoukleris , I.M. Arabatzis , E. Chatzivasiloglou . 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol based screen-printed titania thin films for dye-sensitized solar cells. Solar Energy, 2005, 79: 422-430
[73]申泮文,车云霞.无机化学丛书(第八卷,钛分族).北京:科学出版社,1998
[74] M.K. Nazeeruddin, A. Kay, M. Gr?tzel. Conversion of Light to Electricity by cis- X2Bis(2,2’-bipyridyl-4,4’-dicarboxylate) ruthenium(Ⅱ) Charge-Transfer Sensitizers on Nanocrystalline TiO2. J. Am. Chem. Soc. ,1993,115: 6382-6390
[75] Kan Takeshita, Yutaka Sasaki, Masahiro Kobashi et al. Effect of Annealing Temperature on Back Electron Transfer and Distribution of Deep Trap Sites in Dye-sensitized TiO2, studied by Time-Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2004, 108(9): 2963-2969
[76] Nelson Jenny, A.Haque Saif , R.Klug David et al. Trap-limited recombination in dye-sensititzed nanocrystalline metal oxide electrodes. Physical Review B, 2001, 63: 20531-20540
[77] Mohamad RUSOP, Tetsuya SHIRATA, Tetsuo SOGA, et al. Annealing Temperature Effects on Synthesis of n-TiO2/dye/p-CuI Solid-State Solar Cells. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 2005, 44(4B): 2560–2567
[78] Zhang Dongshe, Jonathan A. Downing, Fritz J. Knorr et al. Room-Temperature Preparation of Nanocrystalline TiO2 Films and the Influence of Surface Properties on Dye-Sensitized Solar Energy Conversion. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2006, 110(43): 21890- 21898
[79] N.-G. Park, G. Schlichth?rl, J. van de Lagemaat et al. Dye-Sensitized TiO2 Solar Cells: Structural and Photoelectrochemical Characterization of Nanocrystalline Electrodes Formed from the Hydrolysis of TiCl4. J. Phys. Chem. B, 1999, 103(17): 3308- 3314
[80] Francüois Pichot, J. Roland Pitts, and Brian A. Gregg. Low-Temperature Sintering of TiO2 Colloids: Application to Flexible Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Langmuir, 2000, 16(13):5626-5630
[81] N.-G. Park, J. van de Lagemaat, A. J. Frank. Comparison of Dye-Sensitized Rutile- and Anatase-Based TiO2 Solar Cells. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2000, 104(38): 8989- 8994
[82] S.Nakade, M.Matsuda, S.Kambe et al. Dependence of TiO2 Nanoparticle Preparation Methods and Annealing Temperature on the Efficiency of Dye-sensitized Solar Cells. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2002, 106(39):10004-10010
[83] Wang Zhong-Sheng, Kawauchi Hiroshi, Kashima Takeo et al. Significant influence of TiO2 photoelectrode morphology on the energy conversion efficiency of N719 dye-sensitizedn solar cell. Coordination Chemistry Review, 2004, 248: 1381- 1389
[84]赵凯华,钟锡名.光学.北京:北京大学出版社,1982.249-257
[85]黄昆.固体物理学.北京:高等教育出版社,1988. 325-350
[86]胡盘新.大学物理手册.上海:上海交通大学出版社,1999. 550-551
[87] D. Bickler. The simulation of solar radiation. Solar Energy, 1962, 6:64-68
[88] Seigo Ito, Shaik M. Zakeeruddin, Robin Humphry-Baker et al. High-Efficiency Organic-Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Controlled by Nanocrystalline-TiO2 Electrode Thickness. Advanced Materials, 2006, 18: 1202-1205
[89] Brian A.Gregg. Interfacial processes in the dye-sensitized solar cell. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2004, 248: 1215-1224
[90] Naoki Koide, Ashraful Islam, Yasun Chiba et al. Improvement of efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells based on analysis of equivalent circuit. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 2006, 182: 296-305
[91] T. Hoshikawa, M. Yamada, R.kikuchi et al. Impedance Analysis of Internal Resistance Affecting the Photoelectrochemical Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2005, 152 (2): E68-E73
[2]戴松元.染料敏化纳米薄膜太阳电池的研究:[博士学位论文].合肥:中国科学院等离子体物理研究所,2000.
[3] Lubomir Spanhel, Mac A.Anderson. Semiconductor clusters in the sol-gel process: quantized aggregation, gelation, and crystal growth in concentrated zinc oxide colloids, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,1991, 113(8): 2826-2833
[4] G. Redmond, A.O’keefe, C Burgess et al. Spectroscopic determination of the flatband potential of transparent nanocrystalline zinc oxide films. J. Phys. Chem., 1993, 97(42): 11081-11086
[5] P. V. Kamat, Bedja, Hotchandani et al. Photosensitization of Nanocrystalline Semiconductor Films. Modulation of Electron Transfer between Excited Ruthenium Complex and SnO2 Nanocrystallites with an Externally Applied Bias. J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100(12): 4900-4908
[6] Idriss Bedja, Surat Hotchandani, Robert Carpentier et al. Electrochromic and photoelectrochemical behavior of thin WO3 films prepared from quantized colloidal particles. Thin Solid Films, 1994, 247(2): 195-200
[7] Pierre Bonh?te, Eric Gogniat, P.V. Ashrit et al. Novel electrochromic devices based on complementary nanocrystalline TiO2 and WO3 thin films. Thin Solid Films, 1999, 350: 269-275
[8] Ulrika Bjoerksten, Jacques Moser, Michael Gr?tzel. Photoelectrochemical Studies on Nanocrystalline Hematite Films. Chem. Mater., 1994, 6(6): 858-863
[9] Frank Lenzmann, Jessica Krueger, Shelly Burnside et al. Surface Photovoltage Spectroscopy of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with TiO2, Nb2O5, and SrTiO3 Nanocrystalline Photoanodes: Indication for Electron Injection from Higher Excited Dye States. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2001, 105(27): 6347-6352
[10] Kazuhiro Sayama, Hideki Sugihara, and Hironori Arakawa. Photoelectro -chemical Properties of a Porous Nb2O5 Electrode Sensitized by a Ruthenium Dye. Chem. Mater.,1998, 10(12): 3825-3832
[11] C.J Klein.Sol-Gel Science:The Physics and Chemistry of Sol-Gel Processing. San Diego, Acdemic Press, 1990
[12] K.Kalyanasundaram, M. Gr?tzel. Application of functionalized transition metal complexes in photonic and optoelectronic devices. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 1998, 77: 347-414
[13] Brain O’Regan, Michael Gr?tzel. A low-cost, high-efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO2 films. Nature, 1991, 335: 737-740
[14] Michael Gr?tzel. Photoelectrochemical Cells. Nature, 2001, 414: 338-344
[15]黄春辉,李富友,黄岩谊.光电功能超薄膜.北京:北京大学出版社,2001. 378-412
[16]刘世友.铟锡氧化物薄膜的生产现状与应用.材料科学与工程,1999,17(2): 98-80
[17]陈世柱,李晶.溶胶-凝胶提拉法制备ITO透明导电膜.中国有色金属学报,2005,15(1) :94-99
[18]朱月秀,王德苗. SnO2膜导电玻璃性能的研究.材料科学与工程,2002,20(1): 72-74
[19] Michael Gr?tzel. Solar Energy Conversion by Dye-sensitized Photovoltaic Cells. Inorganic Chemistry, 2005, 44(20): 6841-6851
[20] Brain A.Gregg. Photoelectrochromic cells and their applications. Endeavour, 1997, 21(2): 52-55
[21] K.N Mohammad, P. Peter, R. Thierry et al. Engineering of Efficient Panchromatic Sensitizers for Nanocrystalline TiO2 -Based Solar Cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2001, 123: 1613-1624
[22] R.D. McConnell. Assessment of the dye-sensitized solar cell. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2002, 6: 273–295
[23] Ansers Hagfeldt, Michael Gr?tzel. Molecular Photovoltaics. Accunts of Chemical Research, 2000, 33(5): 269-277
[24] J.E. Moser. Later rather than sooner. Nature, 2005, 4:723-724
[25] Brian A.Gregg. Excitonic Solar Cells. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2003, 107(20): 4688-4698
[26] Michael Gr?tzel. Mesoporous oxide junctions and nanostructured solar cells. Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science, 1999, 4: 314-321
[27] Michael Gr?tzel. Mesoscopic Solar Cells for Electricity and Hydrogen Production from Sunlight. Chemistry Letters, 2005, 34(1): 8-13
[28] Michael Gr?tzel. Dye-sensitized solar cells. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews, 2003, 4: 145–153
[29] Michael Gr?tzel. Conversion of sunlight to electric power by nanocrystalline dye-sensitized solar cells. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 2004, 164: 3–14
[30] Jacques E.Moser, Pierre Bonn?te, Michael Gr?tzel. Molecular Photovoltaics. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 1998, 171: 245-250
[31] Sambandam Anandan. Recent improvements and arising challenges in dye -sensitized solar cells. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 2007, 91: 843–846
[32] Nick V., Paul L., Jan A. et al. Very Efficient Visible Light Energy Harvesting and Conversion by Spectral Sensitization of Light Surface Area Polycrystalline Titanium Dioxide Films. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110(4): 1216-1220
[33] Christophe J.Barbé, Francine Arendse, Pascal Comte et al. Nanocrystallin Titanium Oxide Electrodes for Photoltaic Application. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 1997, 80(12): 3157-3171
[34]王东波,吴季怀,郝三存等.纳米二氧化钛的水热法制备及在染料敏化太阳能电池中的应用.感光科学与光化学,2006,24(3): 173-179
[35] V. Shklover, M.K. Nazeeruddin, S.M. Zakeeruddin et al. Structure of Nano -crystalline TiO2 Powders and Precursor to Their Highly Efficient Photosensitizer. Chem. Mater., 1997, 9(2): 430-439
[36]王贺权,沈辉,巴德纯.氧流量对直流反应磁控溅射制备TiO2薄膜光学性能的影响.中山大学学报, 2005, 44(6):36-40
[37]蓝鼎,罗欣莲,万发荣. TiO2薄膜的制备方法及其对染料敏化太阳能电池性能的影响.感光科学与光化学, 2003, 21(4): 262-272
[38] M.M. Gómez, J. Lu, E. Olsson et al. High efficiency dye-sensitized nano -crystalline solar cells based on sputter deposited. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells , 2000, 64: 385-392
[39] M.M. Gómez, J. Lu, J.L. Solis et al. Dye-Sensitized Nanocrystalline Titanium -Oxide-Based Solar Cells Prepared by Sputtering: Influence of the Substrate Temperature During Deposition. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2000, 104(36): 8712-8718
[40] Masayuki Okuya, Koji Nakade, Shoji Kaneko. Porous TiO2 thin films synthesized by a spray pyrolysis deposition (SPD) technique and their application to dye-sensitized solar cells. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 2002, 70: 425-435
[41] K.M. Gopal, Shankar Karthik, Paulose Maggie et al. Use of Highly-orderes TiO2 Nanotube Arrays in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Nano Letters, 2006, 6(2): 215-218
[42] Paulose Maggie, Shankar Karthik, Yoriya Sorachon et al. Anodic Growth of Highly Ordered TiO2 Nanotube Arrays to 134μm in Length. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2006, 110(33): 16179-16184
[43]戴松元,王瑜,邬钦崇.阳极氧化水解法制备TiO2纳米膜.物理化学学报, 1996, 12(8): 758-760
[44] S.Karuppuchamy, K.Nonomura, T.yoshida et al. Cathodic electrodeposition of oxide semiconductor thin films and their application to dye-sensitized solar cells. Solid State Ionics, 2002, 151: 19– 27
[45]罗瑾,周静,祖延兵.电沉积二氧化钛纳米微粒膜的光电化学性能和表面形貌研究.高等学校化学学报, 1998, 19 (9): 1484-1487
[46]杨朝晖,吴敏,秦艳涛.电化学沉积四氨基酞菁镍敏化纳米TiO2电极.东南大学学报(自然科学版) , 2006, 36(2): 303-307
[47] Lindstr?m H , Mafnusson E et al. A new method for manufacturing nano -structured electrodes on glass substrates. Solar Energy Mater & Solar Cells, 2002, 73(1): 91-101
[48]杨宏训,黄妙良,韩鹏等.染料敏化太阳能电池研究进展.材料导报,2006,20(9): 120-127
[49]梁茂,陶古良,陈军.染料敏化太阳能电池中的敏化剂.化学通报,2005,12:889-896
[50]孔凡太,戴松元,王孔嘉.染料敏化纳米薄膜太阳电池中的染料敏化剂.化学通报,2005,5: 338-345
[51] Wang Z.S., Huang C.H., HuangY.Y.. Photocurrent Enhancement of Hemi -cyanine Dyes Containing RSO3- Group through Treating TiO2 Films with Hydrochloric Acid. J. Phys. Chem. B., 2001, 105(38): 9210-9217
[52] Kitamura T., Ikeda M., Shigaki K. et al. Phenyl-Conjugated Oligoene Sensitizers for TiO2 Solar Cells. Chem. Mater., 2004, 16(9): 1806-1812
[53] Hara K, Wang Z-S, Sato T. et al. Oligothiophene-Containing Coumarin Dyes for Efficient Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. J. Phys. Chem. B., 2005, 109(32): 15476-15482
[54] Horiuchi T., Miura H., Sumioka K. et al. High Efficiency of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Metal-Free Indoline Dyes. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126(39): 12218-12219
[55]史成武,戴松元,王孔嘉等.染料敏化纳米薄膜太阳电池中电解质的研究进展.化学通报,2005,68: 1-8
[56]戴松元,肖尚锋,史成武等.染料敏化纳米薄膜太阳电池电解质的优化.高等学校化学学报,2005,26(3): 518-521
[57]史成武,戴松元,王孔嘉等. 1-甲基-3-己基咪唑碘在染料敏化太阳电池中的应用研究.化学学报,2005,63(13): 1205-1209
[58]潘旭,戴松元,王孔嘉等.染料敏化纳米薄膜太阳电池中离子液体基电解质的研究进展.物理化学学报,2005,21(6):697-702
[59] Michael Gr?tzel.Dye-sensitized Solid-State Heterjunction Solar Cells. MRS Bulletin, 2005, 30: 23-27
[60] Li Bin, Wang Liduo, Kang Bonan et al. Review of recent progress in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 2006, 90(5): 549-573
[61]郝三存,吴季怀,林建明等.铂修饰光阳极及其在纳晶太阳能电池中的应用.感光科学与光化学,2004,22(3): 175-182
[62]陈今茂,马玉涛,王桂强等.纳晶敏化太阳能电池中铂修饰对电极的一种新制法.科学通报,2005, 50(1): 28-3
[63] Takurou N. Murakami, Seigo Ito, Qing Wang et al. Highly Efficient Dye -Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Carbon Black Counter Electrodes. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2006, 153(12): A2255-A2261
[64] Kiyoaki Imoto, Kohshin Takahashi, Takahiro Yamaguchi et al. High -performance carbon counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 2003, 79: 459-469
[65] Andreas Kay, Michael Gr?tzel. Low cost photovoltaic modules based on dye sensitized nanocrystalline titanium dioxide and carbon powder. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 1996, 44:99-117
[66] Yasuo CHIBA, Ashraful ISLAM, Yuki WATANABE et al. Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with Conversion Efficiency of 11.1%. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 2006, 45(25): L638-L640
[67] M. K. Nazeeruddin, De Angelis F., Fantacci S. et al. Combined Experimental and DFT-TDDFT Computational Study of Photoelectrochemical Cell Ruthenium Sensitizers. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2005, 127(48): 16835-16847
[68] Greg P.Smestad. Education and solar conversion: Demonstrating electron transfer. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 1998, 55 : 157-178
[69] Greg P.Smestad, Michael Gr?tzel. Demonstrating Electron Transfer and Nano -technology: ANatural Dye-Sensitized Nanocrystalline Energy Coverter. Journal of Chemical Education, 1998, 75: 752-756
[70] Humphry-Baker, P. Comte, M. Gr?tzel. Engineering of Efficient Panchromatic Sensitizers for Nanocrystalline TiO2-Based Solar Cells.J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2001, 123: 1613-1624
[71] Tingli Ma, Tetsuya Kida, Morito Akiyama. Preparation and peoperties of nanostructured TiO2 electrode by a polymer organic-medium screen-printing technique. Electrochemistry Communications, 2003, 5: 369-372
[72] D.S. Tsoukleris , I.M. Arabatzis , E. Chatzivasiloglou . 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol based screen-printed titania thin films for dye-sensitized solar cells. Solar Energy, 2005, 79: 422-430
[73]申泮文,车云霞.无机化学丛书(第八卷,钛分族).北京:科学出版社,1998
[74] M.K. Nazeeruddin, A. Kay, M. Gr?tzel. Conversion of Light to Electricity by cis- X2Bis(2,2’-bipyridyl-4,4’-dicarboxylate) ruthenium(Ⅱ) Charge-Transfer Sensitizers on Nanocrystalline TiO2. J. Am. Chem. Soc. ,1993,115: 6382-6390
[75] Kan Takeshita, Yutaka Sasaki, Masahiro Kobashi et al. Effect of Annealing Temperature on Back Electron Transfer and Distribution of Deep Trap Sites in Dye-sensitized TiO2, studied by Time-Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2004, 108(9): 2963-2969
[76] Nelson Jenny, A.Haque Saif , R.Klug David et al. Trap-limited recombination in dye-sensititzed nanocrystalline metal oxide electrodes. Physical Review B, 2001, 63: 20531-20540
[77] Mohamad RUSOP, Tetsuya SHIRATA, Tetsuo SOGA, et al. Annealing Temperature Effects on Synthesis of n-TiO2/dye/p-CuI Solid-State Solar Cells. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 2005, 44(4B): 2560–2567
[78] Zhang Dongshe, Jonathan A. Downing, Fritz J. Knorr et al. Room-Temperature Preparation of Nanocrystalline TiO2 Films and the Influence of Surface Properties on Dye-Sensitized Solar Energy Conversion. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2006, 110(43): 21890- 21898
[79] N.-G. Park, G. Schlichth?rl, J. van de Lagemaat et al. Dye-Sensitized TiO2 Solar Cells: Structural and Photoelectrochemical Characterization of Nanocrystalline Electrodes Formed from the Hydrolysis of TiCl4. J. Phys. Chem. B, 1999, 103(17): 3308- 3314
[80] Francüois Pichot, J. Roland Pitts, and Brian A. Gregg. Low-Temperature Sintering of TiO2 Colloids: Application to Flexible Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Langmuir, 2000, 16(13):5626-5630
[81] N.-G. Park, J. van de Lagemaat, A. J. Frank. Comparison of Dye-Sensitized Rutile- and Anatase-Based TiO2 Solar Cells. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2000, 104(38): 8989- 8994
[82] S.Nakade, M.Matsuda, S.Kambe et al. Dependence of TiO2 Nanoparticle Preparation Methods and Annealing Temperature on the Efficiency of Dye-sensitized Solar Cells. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2002, 106(39):10004-10010
[83] Wang Zhong-Sheng, Kawauchi Hiroshi, Kashima Takeo et al. Significant influence of TiO2 photoelectrode morphology on the energy conversion efficiency of N719 dye-sensitizedn solar cell. Coordination Chemistry Review, 2004, 248: 1381- 1389
[84]赵凯华,钟锡名.光学.北京:北京大学出版社,1982.249-257
[85]黄昆.固体物理学.北京:高等教育出版社,1988. 325-350
[86]胡盘新.大学物理手册.上海:上海交通大学出版社,1999. 550-551
[87] D. Bickler. The simulation of solar radiation. Solar Energy, 1962, 6:64-68
[88] Seigo Ito, Shaik M. Zakeeruddin, Robin Humphry-Baker et al. High-Efficiency Organic-Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Controlled by Nanocrystalline-TiO2 Electrode Thickness. Advanced Materials, 2006, 18: 1202-1205
[89] Brian A.Gregg. Interfacial processes in the dye-sensitized solar cell. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2004, 248: 1215-1224
[90] Naoki Koide, Ashraful Islam, Yasun Chiba et al. Improvement of efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells based on analysis of equivalent circuit. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 2006, 182: 296-305
[91] T. Hoshikawa, M. Yamada, R.kikuchi et al. Impedance Analysis of Internal Resistance Affecting the Photoelectrochemical Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2005, 152 (2): E68-E73
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |