中耕分层深松技术研究及深松部件的有限元分析
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摘要
在现代农业生产中,农业生产和农业技术的发展不仅仅以提高农作物单位产量为目标,要通过改善耕作措施,提高土壤蓄雨纳肥能力,充分利用自然降雨来发展旱地农业,建立有良好的农业生态环境、可持续发展、和谐发展的社会主义新农业。
辽西地区属于半干旱地区,严重缺水,水土流失严重,土壤肥力不足,持水能力低下,尚属“雨养农业”,靠天吃饭。在这些无灌溉条件的旱区,通过改善耕作措施,提高土壤蓄雨纳肥能力和自然降雨的利用是发展旱地农业生产的重要途径。
中耕深松技术既能适应干旱少雨地区的蓄水要求,又能有足够的深松深度来打破犁底层。本课题结合农业部“辽西地区农业保护性耕作试验研究”项目的研究工作,降雨前对田间作物进行行间深松,目的是使土壤形成虚实并存的结构,既能满足干旱少雨地区的蓄水要求,使土壤充分吸收雨水,满足作物生长的水、肥、气、热条件,又能打破坚实的犁底层,促进作物根系的生长发育,实现保水、保土、保肥、保护环境,促进农业可持续发展。
课题的研究主要在辽宁省阜新县他本扎兰镇的“国家863项目”的试验田中进行,应用1HS-1.2型中耕深松机进行田间试验,并且对其结构进行改进。
课题的主要研究内容及研究成果：
1、在对辽西地区自然气候条件、农业生产及机械化保护性耕作等方面的资料和现在耕作中存在问题的调查,论证了分层深松技术实施的可行性；提出了分层深松机理,即前铲松上层,后铲松下层,以求土层不乱、耕后土壤散碎适度和在深松部位耕层中无土块架空,上下土层均不翻转,表土、底土位置不变,实地土层在原位熟化。
2、通过对深松铲柄的土壤动力学分析以及对深松铲头的有限元分析,铲柄的入土部分采用弧形,铲柱与铲头连接处采用与水平面成23°切线过度；深松铲头的起土角α,一般为20°,其中双翼铲的起土角为17°20’和19°30',鸭掌铲的起土角为13°20'。在此参数下,深松铲最大应力和变形值均在许用应变和许用应力的范围之内,即结构刚度和结构强度满足许用要求。
3、更换铲头、调节耕深、调节每组两深松铲之间的距离,通过正交试验测出不同状况下土壤的牵引阻力、深松过后的上下沟槽的宽度,记录下多组数据,运用正交试验拟水平法进行方差分析,并参照农艺学的基础知识,得出前铲最佳类型为鸭掌铲、后铲为小凿铲、前后铲之间的距离为700mm,中耕深度要达到30cm,为中耕深松机具的优化与改进提供更进一步的理论依据。
4、测出土壤深松前后的坚实度、持水量,坚实度从128.5N/cm3降到103.2N/cm3；持水量10-20cm层从19.5%降到17.6%、20-30cm层从21.1%升到24.6%、30-40cm层从28.3%升到32.4%,通过数据的方差分析可以看出深松有利于降低土壤坚实度,形成上虚下实的土层结构,蓄水保墒。
5、对中耕深松后玉米的根系和未深松的玉米的根系进行研究,表明中耕深松后玉米的主根根长和直径增加,主根和须根的根长密度增大,而且主根上的须根也增多,中耕深松促进了玉米根系的生长发育；对中耕深松后和未深松的玉米,谷子和花生的生长发育指标进行试验测定和数据的方差分析,说明中耕深松对不同作物生长发育的影响程度是不同的,其中影响最明显的是玉米和谷子的株高,玉米的茎粗影响明显。
6、对1HS-1.2型中耕深松机进行社会效益分析和经济效益回归分析,证明了保护性耕作分层深松技术有利于保护生态环境,并能促进农作物的增产增收(以阜新为例,计算得到农民种植玉米每公顷纯增收3259.15元。),实现可持续发展的农业,同时将有利于提高我国农机具产品的竞争力。
In the modern agricultural production, agricultural production and agricultural technology development is not only to improve crop yield per unit as the goal, must improve the cultivation measures, improve soil rainfall, fertilizer, make full use of natural rainfall to developing dry land agriculture, build good agriculture ecological environment, sustainable development, the harmonious development of the socialistic new agriculture.
The western half arid area of Liaoning province, the nature condition is bad, short of water seriously, the fertility of soil is scarce, and the ability of holding water is poor,which belongs to "rain keeps the agriculture" and eating relies to the weather. In these no irrigate and dry area, improvement of farming measure and improving the fatty ability and rain absorbed of the soil is an important path to develop dry land agriculture.
Cultivation deep scarification Technology can adapt water and also break up the layers of soil. This study combines research project of "agriculture conservation cultivation experimental study in the west region of Liaoning Province" from the Agriculture Ministry, Spacing and subsoiling the crops in fields before rains, to make the soil has the structure of virtual and solid, which not only satisfied the need of stored water in arid areas, makes the soil absorbed water well, and satisfied the need of crops to absorb "water, fertility, gas, heat ", but also breaks the firm plowed layers, accelerating the root system of crop, realizes protecting water, protecting soil, protecting fertility, protecting environment, promoting sustainable development of agriculture.
This dissertation mainly tests and studies carried in field of "China's 863 items" in Ta-ben Zha-lan town of Fu xin county of Liaoning province with 1HS-1.2 cultivation deep tillage machine, and improves it's structure.
Main research fruit:
1、Through the survey of the natural climatic conditions of area of west of Liaoning and existing problem of cultivation in these days, and put forward delamination tillage operation principle. Put forward a hierarchical subsoiling mechanism, namely the upper front shovel loose, loose soil layer after the shovel, in order to chaos, agrarian soil bulk moderate and deep loosening parts in topsoil without block overhead, upper and lower layer are not reversed, surface soil, subsoil position unchanged, field soil in situ curing.
2、The subsoiler shank soil dynamics analysis of deep loosening shovel head finite element analysis, a shovel handle of the embedded part adopts arc-shaped shovel column, connected with the shovel head office with the horizontal plane 23 degrees tangential excessive; deep loosening shovel head up the earth angle alpha, is generally 20 degrees, in which the wings shovel the soil at an angle of 17 degrees 20'and 19 degrees 30' feet, shovel soil angle of 13 degrees 20'. In this condition, deep loosening shovel maximum stress and deformation value in the allowable strain and allowable stress range, namely the structure stiffness and structure strength meet the allowable requirements.
3、Replacement of the shovel head, adjust the plowing depth, regulation of n=two subsoiler distance, measured by orthogonal test under different conditions of soil deep loosening after traction resistance, the upper and lower groove width, record the data, using orthogonal test to level method were analyzed by variance analysis, and in the light of agronomy knowledge, the best type of front shovel shovel, shovel for duck after small chisel shovel shovel, and the distance between 700mm, cultivating depth to reach 30cm, for the cultivation of DeepDigging tools for optimization and improvement to provide further theoretical basis.
4、With farm test of 1HS-1.2 cultivation tillage machine, and on scene take a sample to test before and after being deep tillage, then carrying soil experiment, measuring content of water dropping from 19.5% to 17.6% in 10-20cm, and rising from 21.1% to 24.6% in 20-30cm, and rising from 28.3% to 32.4% in 30-40cm.And solid degree drop from 128.5N/cm3 to 103.2N/cm3.It is proving that cultivation can sluice and keep water.
5、On the cultivation of maize root subsoiling and subsoiling corn root research, suggests cultivating deep loosening after corn root length and root diameter increased, root and fibrous root length density increases, but the roots are also increased, and deep scarification promoted root growth and development. On the cultivation of subsoiling and no deep pine of maize, millet and peanut's growth index test and data analysis of variance, illustrate the cultivation of subsoiling on different crop growth degree of influence is different, the influence is most apparent corn and millet plant height, stem diameter of corn 's influence is obvious.
6、On the type 1HS-1.2 cultivation tillage machine for analysis of social benefits and economic benefits of regression analysis, proved that the conservation tillage layer deep loose technology is conducive to the protection of the ecological environment, and can promote the increasing of crop yield (Taking Fuxin as an example, calculate the farmers to grow corn every hectare net income 3259.15 yuan), to achieve the sustainable development of the agriculture, at the same time will help improve China's agricultural products competitiveness.
辽西地区属于半干旱地区,严重缺水,水土流失严重,土壤肥力不足,持水能力低下,尚属“雨养农业”,靠天吃饭。在这些无灌溉条件的旱区,通过改善耕作措施,提高土壤蓄雨纳肥能力和自然降雨的利用是发展旱地农业生产的重要途径。
中耕深松技术既能适应干旱少雨地区的蓄水要求,又能有足够的深松深度来打破犁底层。本课题结合农业部“辽西地区农业保护性耕作试验研究”项目的研究工作,降雨前对田间作物进行行间深松,目的是使土壤形成虚实并存的结构,既能满足干旱少雨地区的蓄水要求,使土壤充分吸收雨水,满足作物生长的水、肥、气、热条件,又能打破坚实的犁底层,促进作物根系的生长发育,实现保水、保土、保肥、保护环境,促进农业可持续发展。
课题的研究主要在辽宁省阜新县他本扎兰镇的“国家863项目”的试验田中进行,应用1HS-1.2型中耕深松机进行田间试验,并且对其结构进行改进。
课题的主要研究内容及研究成果：
1、在对辽西地区自然气候条件、农业生产及机械化保护性耕作等方面的资料和现在耕作中存在问题的调查,论证了分层深松技术实施的可行性；提出了分层深松机理,即前铲松上层,后铲松下层,以求土层不乱、耕后土壤散碎适度和在深松部位耕层中无土块架空,上下土层均不翻转,表土、底土位置不变,实地土层在原位熟化。
2、通过对深松铲柄的土壤动力学分析以及对深松铲头的有限元分析,铲柄的入土部分采用弧形,铲柱与铲头连接处采用与水平面成23°切线过度；深松铲头的起土角α,一般为20°,其中双翼铲的起土角为17°20’和19°30',鸭掌铲的起土角为13°20'。在此参数下,深松铲最大应力和变形值均在许用应变和许用应力的范围之内,即结构刚度和结构强度满足许用要求。
3、更换铲头、调节耕深、调节每组两深松铲之间的距离,通过正交试验测出不同状况下土壤的牵引阻力、深松过后的上下沟槽的宽度,记录下多组数据,运用正交试验拟水平法进行方差分析,并参照农艺学的基础知识,得出前铲最佳类型为鸭掌铲、后铲为小凿铲、前后铲之间的距离为700mm,中耕深度要达到30cm,为中耕深松机具的优化与改进提供更进一步的理论依据。
4、测出土壤深松前后的坚实度、持水量,坚实度从128.5N/cm3降到103.2N/cm3；持水量10-20cm层从19.5%降到17.6%、20-30cm层从21.1%升到24.6%、30-40cm层从28.3%升到32.4%,通过数据的方差分析可以看出深松有利于降低土壤坚实度,形成上虚下实的土层结构,蓄水保墒。
5、对中耕深松后玉米的根系和未深松的玉米的根系进行研究,表明中耕深松后玉米的主根根长和直径增加,主根和须根的根长密度增大,而且主根上的须根也增多,中耕深松促进了玉米根系的生长发育；对中耕深松后和未深松的玉米,谷子和花生的生长发育指标进行试验测定和数据的方差分析,说明中耕深松对不同作物生长发育的影响程度是不同的,其中影响最明显的是玉米和谷子的株高,玉米的茎粗影响明显。
6、对1HS-1.2型中耕深松机进行社会效益分析和经济效益回归分析,证明了保护性耕作分层深松技术有利于保护生态环境,并能促进农作物的增产增收(以阜新为例,计算得到农民种植玉米每公顷纯增收3259.15元。),实现可持续发展的农业,同时将有利于提高我国农机具产品的竞争力。
In the modern agricultural production, agricultural production and agricultural technology development is not only to improve crop yield per unit as the goal, must improve the cultivation measures, improve soil rainfall, fertilizer, make full use of natural rainfall to developing dry land agriculture, build good agriculture ecological environment, sustainable development, the harmonious development of the socialistic new agriculture.
The western half arid area of Liaoning province, the nature condition is bad, short of water seriously, the fertility of soil is scarce, and the ability of holding water is poor,which belongs to "rain keeps the agriculture" and eating relies to the weather. In these no irrigate and dry area, improvement of farming measure and improving the fatty ability and rain absorbed of the soil is an important path to develop dry land agriculture.
Cultivation deep scarification Technology can adapt water and also break up the layers of soil. This study combines research project of "agriculture conservation cultivation experimental study in the west region of Liaoning Province" from the Agriculture Ministry, Spacing and subsoiling the crops in fields before rains, to make the soil has the structure of virtual and solid, which not only satisfied the need of stored water in arid areas, makes the soil absorbed water well, and satisfied the need of crops to absorb "water, fertility, gas, heat ", but also breaks the firm plowed layers, accelerating the root system of crop, realizes protecting water, protecting soil, protecting fertility, protecting environment, promoting sustainable development of agriculture.
This dissertation mainly tests and studies carried in field of "China's 863 items" in Ta-ben Zha-lan town of Fu xin county of Liaoning province with 1HS-1.2 cultivation deep tillage machine, and improves it's structure.
Main research fruit:
1、Through the survey of the natural climatic conditions of area of west of Liaoning and existing problem of cultivation in these days, and put forward delamination tillage operation principle. Put forward a hierarchical subsoiling mechanism, namely the upper front shovel loose, loose soil layer after the shovel, in order to chaos, agrarian soil bulk moderate and deep loosening parts in topsoil without block overhead, upper and lower layer are not reversed, surface soil, subsoil position unchanged, field soil in situ curing.
2、The subsoiler shank soil dynamics analysis of deep loosening shovel head finite element analysis, a shovel handle of the embedded part adopts arc-shaped shovel column, connected with the shovel head office with the horizontal plane 23 degrees tangential excessive; deep loosening shovel head up the earth angle alpha, is generally 20 degrees, in which the wings shovel the soil at an angle of 17 degrees 20'and 19 degrees 30' feet, shovel soil angle of 13 degrees 20'. In this condition, deep loosening shovel maximum stress and deformation value in the allowable strain and allowable stress range, namely the structure stiffness and structure strength meet the allowable requirements.
3、Replacement of the shovel head, adjust the plowing depth, regulation of n=two subsoiler distance, measured by orthogonal test under different conditions of soil deep loosening after traction resistance, the upper and lower groove width, record the data, using orthogonal test to level method were analyzed by variance analysis, and in the light of agronomy knowledge, the best type of front shovel shovel, shovel for duck after small chisel shovel shovel, and the distance between 700mm, cultivating depth to reach 30cm, for the cultivation of DeepDigging tools for optimization and improvement to provide further theoretical basis.
4、With farm test of 1HS-1.2 cultivation tillage machine, and on scene take a sample to test before and after being deep tillage, then carrying soil experiment, measuring content of water dropping from 19.5% to 17.6% in 10-20cm, and rising from 21.1% to 24.6% in 20-30cm, and rising from 28.3% to 32.4% in 30-40cm.And solid degree drop from 128.5N/cm3 to 103.2N/cm3.It is proving that cultivation can sluice and keep water.
5、On the cultivation of maize root subsoiling and subsoiling corn root research, suggests cultivating deep loosening after corn root length and root diameter increased, root and fibrous root length density increases, but the roots are also increased, and deep scarification promoted root growth and development. On the cultivation of subsoiling and no deep pine of maize, millet and peanut's growth index test and data analysis of variance, illustrate the cultivation of subsoiling on different crop growth degree of influence is different, the influence is most apparent corn and millet plant height, stem diameter of corn 's influence is obvious.
6、On the type 1HS-1.2 cultivation tillage machine for analysis of social benefits and economic benefits of regression analysis, proved that the conservation tillage layer deep loose technology is conducive to the protection of the ecological environment, and can promote the increasing of crop yield (Taking Fuxin as an example, calculate the farmers to grow corn every hectare net income 3259.15 yuan), to achieve the sustainable development of the agriculture, at the same time will help improve China's agricultural products competitiveness.
引文
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