蛙虹彩病毒两个新基因3β-HSD和PCNA的克隆及特征分析
|
摘要
蛙虹彩病毒(Rana grylio virus, RGV)是本实验室从患病沼泽绿牛蛙中分离到的病毒病原,为虹彩病毒科蛙病毒属的成员。本文试图在分子水平对RGV的功能基因进行探索性研究,为病毒的防治提供理论基础。从RGV克隆到两个新基因,并对其进行了特征分析和功能探索,主要结果如下:
1、对RGV 3β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶(3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 3β-HSD)基因进行了转录、亚细胞定位等特征分析和过量表达的功能研究。
(1)RGV 3β-HSD基因的ORF全长1068bp,编码一个长为355aa,分子量大小为39.3KDa的推定蛋白。氨基酸序列同源搜索及比对表明,RGV 3β-HSD的氨基酸序列与蛙(Xenopus laevis)3β-HSD同源性最高,达到47%;其氨基酸序列中含有与3β-HSD功能密切相关的保守氨基酸和模体(motif)。
(2)通过RT-PCR和5′-RACE分析表明,RGV 3β-HSD基因在感染后4h即从翻译起始密码子ATG上游第19个核苷酸处开始转录,在感染后4h至48h一直保持高水平转录。用放线菌酮(cycloheximide, CHX)和阿糖胞苷(cytosine arabinoside, AraC)进行药物抑制实验,揭示RGV 3β-HSD基因是立即早期(immediate early, IE)基因。
(3)通过真核转染和荧光显微镜观察,显示RGV 3β-HSD在鲤鱼上皮瘤细胞(Epithelioma papulosum cyprini, EPC)、肥头鲤细胞(fathead minnow, FHM)和幼仓鼠肾细胞(baby hamster kidney, BHK-21)中均定位于细胞质。采用两种质粒共转染和激光共聚焦显微镜观察,表明RGV 3β-HSD与细胞线粒体共定位,这是关于病毒编码的3β-HSD具有不同于脊椎动物3β-HSD的亚细胞定位的首例报道。
(4)由真核转染和G418筛选得到过量表达RGV 3β-HSD的EPC细胞(EPC/pcDNA3.1-HSD)和转染空载体的EPC对照细胞(EPC/ pcDNA3.1)。经形态学观察和MTT实验,表明过量表达RGV 3β-HSD能显著抑制RGV和大菱鲆弹状病毒(Scophthalmus Maximus Rhabdovirus, SMRV)感染导致的细胞死亡。通过DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳和流式细胞术分析,揭示过量表达RGV 3β-HSD能够显著抑制SMRV诱导的细胞凋亡,表明RGV 3β-HSD是一个新型的凋亡抑制因子。
2、对RGV增殖细胞核抗原(proliferating cell nuclear antigen, PCNA)基因进行了基因结构、转录和细胞内定位等特征分析。
(1)RGV PCNA基因的ORF全长738bp,编码一个长为245aa,理论分子量为26KDa的蛋白。氨基酸序列同源搜索显示,RGV PCNA的氨基酸序列和真核生物PCNA的同源性很低,与蛙(Xenopus laevis)PCNA同源性最高仅为18%。通过二级结构分析,表明RGV PCNA具有其它真核生物PCNA所特有的二级结构。
(2)将RGV PCNA基因插入到表达质粒pET32a中,构建了原核表达重组质粒pET32a-PCNA。将其转化表达宿主菌并诱导表达,经SDS-PAGE分析,在预计大小处有明显的融合蛋白表达条带。进一步采用Ni-IDA His·Bind亲和层析柱对重组蛋白进行了纯化,获得了较高纯度的重组蛋白。用纯化的重组蛋白作为抗原免疫小鼠,制备了鼠抗RGV PCNA抗血清。
(3)通过RT-PCR和western blot分析表明,RGV PCNA基因在感染后4h即开始转录并合成蛋白,并且在感染后4h至48h持续进行转录及合成蛋白。CHX和AraC药物抑制实验表明,RGV PCNA基因是晚期(late, L)基因。
(4)通过真核转染和荧光显微镜观察,表明RGV PCNA在EPC、FHM、BHK-21三种细胞内均分布于细胞质中。进一步采用免疫荧光细胞化学显示,在病毒感染后的细胞中,RGV表达的PCNA特异性的与病毒装配位点的病毒核酸共定位,表明RGV PCNA可能是一个与病毒核酸相互作用的蛋白。
Rana grylio virus (RGV), a member of Ranavirus (family Iridoviridae), was isolated from diseased pig frog Rana grylio. This study is attempting to explore the functional genes from RGV, and then provide some fundamental knowledge for the control of RGV infection. Two novel viral genes were cloned from RGV using conserved oligonucleotide primers, and then several experiments have been carried out to identify their characterization. The main research results are as following.
1. Characterization of RGV 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) gene and functional analyses of RGV 3β-HSD overexpression.
(1) The full length of RGV 3β-HSD ORF has 1068bp, encoding a 355aa deduced protein with a theoretical molecular weight of 39.3 KDa. Upon the homology search and amino acid alignment, the deduced amino acid sequence of RGV 3β-HSD shows the highest identity of 47% with frog (Xenopus laevis) 3β-HSD. Also, it was revealed that the deduced amino acid sequence of RGV 3β-HSD contains some conserved amino acids or motifs that are critical for the function of 3β-HSD.
(2) By RT-PCR analysis, it was revealed that the transcript of RGV 3β-HSD could be detected at 4h post-infection (h p.i.) and continued to be present at high level during 4-48 h post-infection (h p.i.). By rapid amplification of 5’-terminal cDNA end (5’-RACE), the transcription initiation site of RGV 3β-HSD was identified to located at 19 nucleotides (nt) upstream of the translation start site. Furthermore, cycloheximide (CHX), a de novo protein synthesis inhibitor, and cytosine arbinoside (AraC), a DNA synthesis inhibitor, were utilized to classify the transcript of RGV 3β-HSD gene. The result showed that RGV 3β-HSD should be an immediate-early (IE) viral gene.
(3) Upon eukaryotic transfection and fluorescence microscopy observation, the RGV 3β-HSD with a C-terminal enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) tag was revealed to locate in the cytoplasm of the transfected cells, including epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC), fathead minnow (FHM), and baby hamster kidney (BHK-21). To further evaluate the subcellular localization of RGV 3β-HSD, two organelle-specific markers, pDsRed2-ER (endoplasmic reticulum) and pDsRed2-Mito (mitochondia), were used. Observation of the cotransfected EPC cells by confocal microscopy showed that RGV 3β-HSD was exclusively associated with cellular mitochondria, suggesting that the subcellular localization of a virus-encoded 3β-HSD is quite different from that of vertebrate 3β-HSD.
(4) EPC cells were trasfected with pcDNA3.1-HSD and empty vector pcDNA3.1, selected by G418, and confirmed by RT-PCR to obtain two stable transfectants, EPC/pcDNA3.1-HSD and EPC/pcDNA3.1. Upon the morphological observation and MTT quantitative analyses, it was found that overexpression of RGV 3β-HSD could significantly inhibit the cell death induced by either RGV or Scophthalmus Maximus Rhabdovirus (SMRV). Furthermore, the results of DNA agarose gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry revealed that overexpression of RGV 3β-HSD could significantly inhibit SMRV-induced apoptosis. All these suggest that RGV 3β-HSD might be a novel anti-apoptosis factor.
2. Characterization of RGV proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) gene.
(1) The full length of RGV PCNA ORF was identified to be 1068bp, encoding a 245aa deduced protein with a theoretical molecular weight of 26KDa. The deduced amino acid sequence of RGV PCNA shows poor identity with eukaryotic PCNA, and has the highest identity of only 18% with frog (Xenopus laevis) PCNA. However, the secondary structure of RGV PCNA was revealed to have striking similarity with that of eukaryotic PCNA, and contain the conserved domains that are critical for the function of PCNA.
(2) A prokaryotic expression recombinant plasmid, pET32a-PCNA, was constructed and introduced into the E. coli. strain BL21(DE3) for expression. The fusion protein band was detected by SDS-PAGE and purified by Ni-IDA His·Bind affinity column. The purified fusion protein was utilized to immunize mouse, and then mouse anti-PCNA serum was prepared.
(3) By RT-PCR and western blot analyses, the expression of RGV PCNA could be detected as early as 4h p.i. and continued to be present during the infection at both RNA level and protein level. CHX and AraC inhibition assay showed that RGV PCNA should be a late (L) viral gene.
(4) By eukaryotic transfection and fluorescence microscopy, it was found that RGV PCNA with a C-terminal EGFP tag is aggregated in the cytoplasm of the transfected cells of EPC, FHM, and BHK-21. Moreover, using immunofluorescence assay on RGV-infected FHM cells, it was showed that the PCNA expressed by RGV is exclusively distributed with the viral nuclei at viral assembly sites. Therefore, the result suggests that RGV PCNA might be a viral protein interacting with viral nuclei.
1、对RGV 3β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶(3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 3β-HSD)基因进行了转录、亚细胞定位等特征分析和过量表达的功能研究。
(1)RGV 3β-HSD基因的ORF全长1068bp,编码一个长为355aa,分子量大小为39.3KDa的推定蛋白。氨基酸序列同源搜索及比对表明,RGV 3β-HSD的氨基酸序列与蛙(Xenopus laevis)3β-HSD同源性最高,达到47%;其氨基酸序列中含有与3β-HSD功能密切相关的保守氨基酸和模体(motif)。
(2)通过RT-PCR和5′-RACE分析表明,RGV 3β-HSD基因在感染后4h即从翻译起始密码子ATG上游第19个核苷酸处开始转录,在感染后4h至48h一直保持高水平转录。用放线菌酮(cycloheximide, CHX)和阿糖胞苷(cytosine arabinoside, AraC)进行药物抑制实验,揭示RGV 3β-HSD基因是立即早期(immediate early, IE)基因。
(3)通过真核转染和荧光显微镜观察,显示RGV 3β-HSD在鲤鱼上皮瘤细胞(Epithelioma papulosum cyprini, EPC)、肥头鲤细胞(fathead minnow, FHM)和幼仓鼠肾细胞(baby hamster kidney, BHK-21)中均定位于细胞质。采用两种质粒共转染和激光共聚焦显微镜观察,表明RGV 3β-HSD与细胞线粒体共定位,这是关于病毒编码的3β-HSD具有不同于脊椎动物3β-HSD的亚细胞定位的首例报道。
(4)由真核转染和G418筛选得到过量表达RGV 3β-HSD的EPC细胞(EPC/pcDNA3.1-HSD)和转染空载体的EPC对照细胞(EPC/ pcDNA3.1)。经形态学观察和MTT实验,表明过量表达RGV 3β-HSD能显著抑制RGV和大菱鲆弹状病毒(Scophthalmus Maximus Rhabdovirus, SMRV)感染导致的细胞死亡。通过DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳和流式细胞术分析,揭示过量表达RGV 3β-HSD能够显著抑制SMRV诱导的细胞凋亡,表明RGV 3β-HSD是一个新型的凋亡抑制因子。
2、对RGV增殖细胞核抗原(proliferating cell nuclear antigen, PCNA)基因进行了基因结构、转录和细胞内定位等特征分析。
(1)RGV PCNA基因的ORF全长738bp,编码一个长为245aa,理论分子量为26KDa的蛋白。氨基酸序列同源搜索显示,RGV PCNA的氨基酸序列和真核生物PCNA的同源性很低,与蛙(Xenopus laevis)PCNA同源性最高仅为18%。通过二级结构分析,表明RGV PCNA具有其它真核生物PCNA所特有的二级结构。
(2)将RGV PCNA基因插入到表达质粒pET32a中,构建了原核表达重组质粒pET32a-PCNA。将其转化表达宿主菌并诱导表达,经SDS-PAGE分析,在预计大小处有明显的融合蛋白表达条带。进一步采用Ni-IDA His·Bind亲和层析柱对重组蛋白进行了纯化,获得了较高纯度的重组蛋白。用纯化的重组蛋白作为抗原免疫小鼠,制备了鼠抗RGV PCNA抗血清。
(3)通过RT-PCR和western blot分析表明,RGV PCNA基因在感染后4h即开始转录并合成蛋白,并且在感染后4h至48h持续进行转录及合成蛋白。CHX和AraC药物抑制实验表明,RGV PCNA基因是晚期(late, L)基因。
(4)通过真核转染和荧光显微镜观察,表明RGV PCNA在EPC、FHM、BHK-21三种细胞内均分布于细胞质中。进一步采用免疫荧光细胞化学显示,在病毒感染后的细胞中,RGV表达的PCNA特异性的与病毒装配位点的病毒核酸共定位,表明RGV PCNA可能是一个与病毒核酸相互作用的蛋白。
Rana grylio virus (RGV), a member of Ranavirus (family Iridoviridae), was isolated from diseased pig frog Rana grylio. This study is attempting to explore the functional genes from RGV, and then provide some fundamental knowledge for the control of RGV infection. Two novel viral genes were cloned from RGV using conserved oligonucleotide primers, and then several experiments have been carried out to identify their characterization. The main research results are as following.
1. Characterization of RGV 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) gene and functional analyses of RGV 3β-HSD overexpression.
(1) The full length of RGV 3β-HSD ORF has 1068bp, encoding a 355aa deduced protein with a theoretical molecular weight of 39.3 KDa. Upon the homology search and amino acid alignment, the deduced amino acid sequence of RGV 3β-HSD shows the highest identity of 47% with frog (Xenopus laevis) 3β-HSD. Also, it was revealed that the deduced amino acid sequence of RGV 3β-HSD contains some conserved amino acids or motifs that are critical for the function of 3β-HSD.
(2) By RT-PCR analysis, it was revealed that the transcript of RGV 3β-HSD could be detected at 4h post-infection (h p.i.) and continued to be present at high level during 4-48 h post-infection (h p.i.). By rapid amplification of 5’-terminal cDNA end (5’-RACE), the transcription initiation site of RGV 3β-HSD was identified to located at 19 nucleotides (nt) upstream of the translation start site. Furthermore, cycloheximide (CHX), a de novo protein synthesis inhibitor, and cytosine arbinoside (AraC), a DNA synthesis inhibitor, were utilized to classify the transcript of RGV 3β-HSD gene. The result showed that RGV 3β-HSD should be an immediate-early (IE) viral gene.
(3) Upon eukaryotic transfection and fluorescence microscopy observation, the RGV 3β-HSD with a C-terminal enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) tag was revealed to locate in the cytoplasm of the transfected cells, including epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC), fathead minnow (FHM), and baby hamster kidney (BHK-21). To further evaluate the subcellular localization of RGV 3β-HSD, two organelle-specific markers, pDsRed2-ER (endoplasmic reticulum) and pDsRed2-Mito (mitochondia), were used. Observation of the cotransfected EPC cells by confocal microscopy showed that RGV 3β-HSD was exclusively associated with cellular mitochondria, suggesting that the subcellular localization of a virus-encoded 3β-HSD is quite different from that of vertebrate 3β-HSD.
(4) EPC cells were trasfected with pcDNA3.1-HSD and empty vector pcDNA3.1, selected by G418, and confirmed by RT-PCR to obtain two stable transfectants, EPC/pcDNA3.1-HSD and EPC/pcDNA3.1. Upon the morphological observation and MTT quantitative analyses, it was found that overexpression of RGV 3β-HSD could significantly inhibit the cell death induced by either RGV or Scophthalmus Maximus Rhabdovirus (SMRV). Furthermore, the results of DNA agarose gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry revealed that overexpression of RGV 3β-HSD could significantly inhibit SMRV-induced apoptosis. All these suggest that RGV 3β-HSD might be a novel anti-apoptosis factor.
2. Characterization of RGV proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) gene.
(1) The full length of RGV PCNA ORF was identified to be 1068bp, encoding a 245aa deduced protein with a theoretical molecular weight of 26KDa. The deduced amino acid sequence of RGV PCNA shows poor identity with eukaryotic PCNA, and has the highest identity of only 18% with frog (Xenopus laevis) PCNA. However, the secondary structure of RGV PCNA was revealed to have striking similarity with that of eukaryotic PCNA, and contain the conserved domains that are critical for the function of PCNA.
(2) A prokaryotic expression recombinant plasmid, pET32a-PCNA, was constructed and introduced into the E. coli. strain BL21(DE3) for expression. The fusion protein band was detected by SDS-PAGE and purified by Ni-IDA His·Bind affinity column. The purified fusion protein was utilized to immunize mouse, and then mouse anti-PCNA serum was prepared.
(3) By RT-PCR and western blot analyses, the expression of RGV PCNA could be detected as early as 4h p.i. and continued to be present during the infection at both RNA level and protein level. CHX and AraC inhibition assay showed that RGV PCNA should be a late (L) viral gene.
(4) By eukaryotic transfection and fluorescence microscopy, it was found that RGV PCNA with a C-terminal EGFP tag is aggregated in the cytoplasm of the transfected cells of EPC, FHM, and BHK-21. Moreover, using immunofluorescence assay on RGV-infected FHM cells, it was showed that the PCNA expressed by RGV is exclusively distributed with the viral nuclei at viral assembly sites. Therefore, the result suggests that RGV PCNA might be a viral protein interacting with viral nuclei.
引文
黄友华,孙伟,张奇亚.淋巴囊肿病毒中国株 TNFR 类似物的原核表达与结构分析.中国病毒学,2005,6:652-655.
阮红梅,张奇亚.流式细胞术在细胞凋亡研究中的应用.动物医学进展,2005,26:12-15.
萧枫,张奇亚.水生动物虹彩病毒的分子生物学.水生生物学报,2004,28:202-206.
谢简,张奇亚.免疫组化法检测美国青蛙组织中的蛙虹彩病毒.水生生物学报,2002,5:438-443.
谢简,张奇亚.原位杂交技术用于虹彩病毒对美国青蛙侵染的诊断.中国兽医学报,2003,1:75-77.
殷震,刘景华.动物病毒学(第二版).北京:科学出版社,1997.1095-1103.
张奇亚.特种水产动物病毒病的研究.中国科学院理学博士学位论文,1997.51-75.
张奇亚,李正秋.在患病鳜鱼组织中观察到 3 种病毒.科学通报,1999,44:192-195.
张奇亚,李正秋,江育林,梁绍昌,桂建芳.沼泽绿牛蛙病毒的分离及其细胞感染的初步研究.水生生物学报,1996,20:390-392.
张奇亚,陶建军,黄晓红,李正秋,袁秀平.两种鳜病毒的共感染现象及引起感染细胞的超微变化.水生生物学报,2005,29:473-478.
张奇亚,肖枫.从我国分离的 3 株蛙虹彩病毒与 FV3 主要衣壳蛋白基因同源性的比较.病毒学报,2002,1:83-85.
曾首英,张奇亚,严兴洪,蔡生力.牙鲆淋巴囊肿虹彩病毒中国株(LCDV-C)羟类固醇脱氢酶基因的特征分析.病毒学报,2005,21:131-135.
赵哲,张奇亚.中国淋巴囊肿病毒胸苷酸合酶基因结构特点及分析.中国病毒学,2004,6:602-606.
Abbaszade IG, Clarke TR, Park CH, Payne AH. 1995. The mouse 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase multigene family includes two functionally distinct groups of proteins. Mol Endocrinol. 9: 1214-1222.
Afford S, Randhawa S. 2000. Apoptosis. Mol Pathol. 53: 55-63.
Alcami A, Koszinowski UH. 2000. Viral mechanisms of immune evasion. Mol Med Today. 6: 365-372.
Altschul SF, Madden TL, Sch?ffer AA, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Miller W, Lipman DJ. 1997. Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res. 25: 3389-3402.
Alvarez CI, Genti-Raimondi S, Patrito LC, Flury A. 1994. Topography of human placental 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4 isomerase in microsomal membrane. A study using limited proteolysis and immunoblotting. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1207: 102-108.
Anders H, Darai G. 1985. Genome analysis of fish Lymphocystis disease vius in: Eillis (ed.) fish and shellfish pathology. Acaswmoc Press. Lindin, pp: 301-306.
Aubertin AM, Hirth C, Travo C, Nonnenmacha H, Kirn A. 1973. Preparation and properties of an inhibitory extract from frog virus 3 particles. J Virol. 11: 694-701.
Bain PA, Yoo M, Clarke T, Hammond SH, Payne AH. 1991. Multiple forms of mouse 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4 isomerase and differential expression in gonads, adrenal glands, liver, and kidneys of both sexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 88: 8870-8874.
Baker ME, Blasco R. 1992. Expansion of the mammalian 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/plant dihydroflavonol reductase superfamily to include a bacterial cholesterol dehydrogenase, a bacterial UDP-galactose-4-epimerase, and open reading frames in vaccinia virus and fish lymphocystis disease virus. FEBS lett. 301: 89-93.
Baldo AM, McClure MA. 1999. Evolution and horizontal transfer of dUTPase-encoding genes in viruses and their hosts. J Virol. 73: 7710-7721.
Barboule N, Baldin V, Jozan S, Vidal S, Valette A. 1998. Increased level of p21 in human ovarian tumors is associated with increased expression of CDK2, Cyclin A and PCNA. Int J Cancer. 76: 891-896.
Beckman W, Tham TN, Aubertin AM, Willis DB. 1988. Structure and regulation of the immediate-early frog virus 3 gene that encodes ICR489. J Virol. 62: 1271-1277.
Bjorklund HV, Johansson TR, Rinne A. 1997. Rhabdovirus-induced apoptosis in a fish cell line is inhibited by a human endogenous acid cystine proteinase inhibitor. J Virol. 71: 5658-5662.
Bouchier-Hayes L, Martin SJ. 2002. CARD games in apoptosis and immunity. EMBO Rep. 3: 616-621.
Boumpas DT, Chrousos GP, Wilder RL, Cupps TR, Balow JE. 1993. Glucocorticoid therapy for immunemediated diseases: basic and clinical correlates. Ann Intern Med. 119: 1198-1208.
Boya P, Pauleau AL, Poncet D, Gonzalez-Polo RA, Zamzami N, Kroemer G. 2004. Viral proteins targeting mitochondria: controlling cell death. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1659: 178-189.
Braunwald J, Nonnenmacher H, Tripier-Darcy F. 1985. Ultrastructural and biochemical study of frog virus 3 uptake by BHK-21 cells. J Gen Virol. 66: 283-293.
Caipang CMA, Hirono I, Aoki T. 2005. Induction of antiviral state in fish cells by Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, interferon regulatory factor-1. Fish Shellfish Immun. 19: 79-91.
Campadelli-Fuime G, Costanzo F, Foa-Tanasi L, LaPlaca M. 1975. Modification of cellular RNA polymerase II after infection with frog virus 3. J Gen Virol. 27: 341-394.
Cazzalini O, Perucca P, Riva F, Stivala LA, Bianchi L, Vannini V, Ducommun B, Prosperi E. 2003. p21CDKN1A does not interfere with loading of PCNA at DNA replication sites, but inhibits subsequent binding of DNA polymerase delta at the G1/S phase transition. Cell Cycle. 2: 596-603.
Chan SR, Chandran B. 2000. Characterization of human herpesvirus 8 ORF59 protein (PF8) and mapping of the processivity and viral DNA polymerase-interacting domains. J Virol. 74: 10920-10929.
Chao CB, Chen CY, Lai YY, Lin CS, Huang HT. 2004. Histological, ultrastructural, and in situ hybridization study on enlarged cells in grouper Epinephelus hybrids infected by grouper iridovirus in Taiwan (TGIV). Dis Aquat Organ. 58: 127-142.
Chen LM, Wang F, Song W, Hew CL. 2006. Temporal and differential gene expression of Singapore grouper iridovirus. J Gen Virol. 87: 2907-2915.
Cherradi N, Defaye G, Chambaz EM. 1993. Dual subcellular localization of the 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isomerase: characterization of the mitochondrial enzyme in the bovine adrenal cortex. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 46: 773-779.
Chinchar VG. 2002. Ranaviruses (family Iridoviridae): Emerging cold-blooded killers. Arch Virol. 147: 447-470.
Chinchar VG, Bryan L, Wang J, Long S, Chinchar GD. 2003. Induction of apoptosis in frog virus 3-infected cells. Virology. 306: 303-312.
Chinchar VG, Dholakia JN. 1989. Frog virus 3-induced translational shut-off: Activation of an eIF-2 kinase in virus-infected cells. Virus Res. 14: 207-224.
Chinchar VG, Essbauer S, He JG, Hyatt A, Miyazaki T, Seligy V, Williams T. 2005. Iridoviridae. In “Virus taxonomy: 8th report of the international committee on the taxonomy of viruses” (C.M. Fauquent, M.A. Mayo, J. Maniloff, Ul Desselberger, and L.A. Ball, eds.), Elsevier, London. pp. 163-175.
Chinchar VG, Goorha R, Granoff A. 1984a. Early proteins are required for the formation of frog virus 3 assembly sites. Virology. 135: 148-156.
Chinchar VG, Metzger D, Granoff A, Goorha R. 1984b. Localization of frog virus 3 proteins using monoclonal antibodies. Virology. 137: 211-216.
Chinchar VG, Yu W. 1990. Frog virus 3-mediated translational shut-off: Frog virus 3 messages are translationally more efficient than host and heterologous viral messages under conditions of increased translational stress. Virus Res. 16: 163-174.
Chinchar VG, Yu W. 1992. Metabolism of host and viral mRNAs in frog virus 3-infected cells. Virology. 186: 435-443.
Chiou PP, Kim CH, Ormonde P, Leong JA. 2000. Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus matrix protein inhibits host-directed gene expression and induces morphological changes of apoptosis in cell cultures. J Virol. 74: 7619-7627.
Chua FHC, Ng ML, Loo JJ, Wee JY. 1994. Investigation of outbreaks of a novel disease, ‘sleepy grouper disease’ affecting the brown-spotted grouper, epinephelus tauvina forskal. J Fish Dis. 17: 417-427.
Chuang LSH, Ian HI, Koh TW, Ng HH, Xu G, Li BFL. 1997. Human DNA-(Cytosine-5) methyltransferase-PCNA complex as a target for p21WAF1. Science. 277: 1996-2000.
Clarke TR, Bain PA, Greco TL, Payne AH. 1993. A novel mouse kidney 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase complementary DNA encodes a 3-ketosteroid reductase instead of a 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4-isomerase. Mol Endocrinol. 7: 1569-1578.
Darcy-Tripier F, Nermut MV, Braunwald J, Williams LD. 1984. The organization of frog virus 3 as revealed by freeze-etching. Virology. 138: 287-299.
Darzynkiewicz Z, Bedner E, Smolewski P. 2001. Flow cytometry in analysis of cell cycle and apoptosis. Semin Hematol. 389: 179-193
D'Costa SMD, Yao H, Bilimoria SL. 2001. Transcription and temporal cascade in Chilo iridescent virus infected cells. Arch Virol. 146: 2165-2178.
Delhon G, Tulman ER, Afonso CL, Lu Z, Becnel JJ, Moser BA, Kutish GF, Rock DL. 2006. Genome of invertebrate iridescent virus type 3 (mosquito iridescent virus). J Virol. 80: 8439-8449.
Devauchelle G, Stoltz DB, Darcy-Tripier F. 1985. Comparative ultrastructure of iridoviridae. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 116: 1-21.
Doerfler W. 1983. DNA methylation and gene activity. Ann Rev Biochem. 52: 93-124.
Do JW, Moon CH, Kim HJ, Ko MS, Kim SB, Son JH, Kim JS, An EJ, Kim MK, Lee SK, Han MS, Cha SJ, Park MS, Park MA, Kim YC, Kim JW, Park JW. 2004. Complete genomic DNA sequence of rock bream iridovirus. Virology. 325: 351-363.
Drillien R, Spehner D, Kirn A. 1980. Inactivation of the toxicity of frog virus 3 proteins by UV irradiation. FEMS lett. 7: 87-90.
Du C, Zhang Q, Li C, Miao D, Gui J. 2004. Induction of apoptosis in a carp leucocyte cell line infected with turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) rhabdovirus. Virus Res. 101: 119-126.
Eaton BT, Hyatt AD, Hengstberger S. 1991. Epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus: purification and classification. J Fish Dis. 14: 157-169.
Eaton HE, Metcalf J, Penny E, Tcherepanov V, Upton C, Brunetti CR. 2007. Comparative genomic analysis of the family Iridoviridae: re-annotating and defining the core set of iridovirus genes. Virol J. 4:11
Elliott RM, Kelly DC. 1980. Frog virus 3 replication: Induction and intracellular distribution of polypeptides in infected cells. J Virol. 33: 28-51.
Essani K, Granoff A. 1989. Amphibian and piscine iridoviruses proposal for nomenclature and taxonomy based on molecular and biological properties. Intervirology. 30: 187-193.
Essbauer S, Ahne W. 2002. The epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (Iridovoridae) induces apoptosis in vitro. J Vet Med. B. 49: 25-30.
Essbauer S, Fischer U, Bergmann S, Ahne W. 2004. Investigations on the ORF 167L of lymphocystis disease virus (Iridoviridae). Virus Genes. 28: 19-39.
Everett H, McFadden G. 1999. Apoptosis: an innate immune response to virus infection. Trends Microbiol. 7: 160-165.
Felsenstein J. 2005. PHYLIP (Phylogeny Inference Package) version 3.63. Distributed by the author. Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle.
Fisher PA, Moutsiakis DL, McConnell M, Miller H, Mozzherin DJ. 2004. A single amino acid change (E85K) in human PCNA that leads, relative to wild type, to enhanced DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase δ past nueleotide base lesions (TLS) as well as on unmodified templates. Biochemistry. 43: 15915-15921.
Fujise K, Zhang D, Liu JL, Yeh ETH. 2000. Regulation of apoptosis and cell cycle progression by MCL1: differential role of proliferating cell nuclear antigen. J Biol Chem. 275: 39458-39465.
Gary R, Ludwig DL, Cornelius HL, MacInnes MA, Park MS. 1997. The DNA repair endonuclease XPG binds to proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and shares sequence elements with the PCNA-binding regions of FEN-1 and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21. J Biol Chem. 272: 24522-24529.
Gavrieli Y, Sherman Y, Ben-Sasson SA. 1992. Identification of programmed cell death in situ via specific labeling of nuclear DNA fragmentation. J Cell Biol. 119: 493-501.
Goorha R. 1981. Frog virus 3 requires RNA polymerase II for its replication. J Virol. 37: 496-499.
Goorha R. 1982. Frog virus 3 DNA replication occurs in two stages. J Virol. 43: 519-528.
Goorha R, Dixit P. 1984. A temperature-sensitive mutant of frog virus 3 is defective in second stage DNA replication. Virology. 136: 186-195.
Goorha R, Granoff A. 1974. Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus 3. I. Virus-specific protein synthesis and its regulation. Virology. 60: 237-250.
Goorha R, Granoff A. 1979. Icosahedral cytoplasmic deoxyriboviruses. In “ Comprehensive Virology” (Fraenkel-Conrat H, Wagner RR, eds.) Plenum Press, New York. pp. 347-399.
Goorha R, Granoff A. 1999. Frog virus 3 (Iridoviridae), In: Webster RG, Granoff A (eds) Encyclopedia of Virology, Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 582-587.
Goorha R, Willis DB, Granoff A. 1979. Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus 3. XII. Viral regulatory proteins in transcriptional and post-transcriptional controls. J Virol. 32: 442-448.
Gottlieb J, Marcy AI, Coen DM, Challberg MD. 1990. The herpes simplex virus type 1 UL42 gene product: a subunit of DNA polymerase that functions to increase processivity. J Virol. 64: 5976-5987.
Granoff A. 1984. Frog virus 3: A DNA virus with an unusual life-style. Prog Med Virol. 30: 187-198.
Granzow H, Weiland F, Fichtner D, Enzmann PJ. 1997. Studies of the ultrastructure and morphogenesis of fish pathogenic viruses grown in cell culture. J Fish Dis. 20: 1-10.
Gravell M, Naegele RF. 1970. Nongenetic reactivation of frog polyhedral cytoplasmic deoxyribovirus (PCDV). Virology. 40: 170-174.
Gulbis JM, Kelman Z, Hurwitz J, O'Donnell M, Kuriyan J. 1996. Structure of the C-terminal region of p21waf1/cip1 complexed with human PCNA. cell. 87: 297-306.
Hasegawa T, Ishida M, Harigaya T, Ishida N, Mukoyama H. 1998. Molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence and tissue distribution of equine testicular 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4 isomerase messenger ribonucleic acid. J Equine Sci. 9: 45-52.
Haupt S, Berger M, Goldberg Z, Haupt Y. 2003. Apoptosis-the P53 network. J Cell Sci. 116: 4077-4085.
Hay S, Kannoourakis G. 2002. A time to kill: viral manipulation of the cell death program. J Gen Virol. 83: 1547-1564.
He JG, Deng M, Weng SP, Li Z, Zhou SY, Long QX, Wang XZ, Chan SM. 2001. Complete genomic analysis of the mandarin fish infectious spleen and kidney necrosis iridovirus. Virology. 291: 126-139.
He JG, Lu L, Deng M, He HH, Weng SP, Wang XH, Zhou SY, Long QX, Wang XZ, Chan SM. 2002. Sequence analysis of the complete genome of an iridovirus isolated from the tiger frog. Virology. 292: 185-197.
Henderson CW, Johnson CL, Lodhi SA, Bilimoria SL. 2001. Replication of Chilo iridescent virus in the cotton boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis, and development of an infectivity assay. Arch Virol. 146: 767-775.
Hengartner MO. 2000. The biochemistry of apoptosis. Nature. 407(6805): 770-776.
Hengstberger SG, Hyatt AD, Speare R, Coupar BEH. 1993. Comparison of epizootic haematopoietic necrosis and Bohle iridoviruses, recently isolated Australian iridoviruses. Dis Auqat Org. 33: 1-9.
Heylbroeck C, Balachandran S, Servant MJ, Deluca C, Barber GN, Lin R, Hiscott J. 2000. The IRF-3 transcription factor mediates Sendai virus-induced apoptosis. J Virol. 3781-3792.
Hong JR, Lin RJ, Hsu YL, Wu JL. 1998a. Apoptosis precedes necrosis of fish cell line with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus infection. Virology. 250:76-84.
Hong JR, Lin RJ, Hsu YL, Wu JL. 1998b. Induction of apoptosis and secondary necrosis by infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in fish embryonic cells. J Fish Dis. 21: 463-467.
Huang YH, Huang XH, Gui JF, Zhang QY. 2007a. Mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis induced by Rana grylio virus infection in fish cells. Apoptosis. (In press)
Huang Y, Huang X, Zhang J, Gui J, Zhang Q. 2007b. Subcellular Localization and Characterization of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Homolog from Lymphocystis Disease Virus Isolated in China. Viral Immunol. 20: 150-159.
Huang XH, Huang YH, Zhang QY. 2006. Electron microscopic examination of viromatrix of Rana glylio virus in a fish cell line. J Virol Meth. 133: 117-123.
Huang YW, Lu ML, Qi H, Lin SX. 2000. Membrane-bound human 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: overexpression with his-tag uing a baculovirus system and single-step furification. Protein Expres Purif. 18: 169-174.
Hu GB, Cong RS, Fan TJ, Mei XG. 2004. Induction of apoptosis in a flounder gill cell line by lymphocystis disease virus infection. J Fish Dis. 27: 657-662.
Hyatt AD, Gould AR, Zupanovic Z, Cunningham AA, Hengstberger S, Whittington RJ, Kattenbelt J, Coupar BE. 2000. Comparative studies of piscine and amphibian iridoviruses. Arch Virol. 145: 301-331.
Imajoh M, Sugiura H, Oshima S. 2004. Morphological changes contribute to apoptotic cell death and are affected by caspase-3 and caspase-6 inhibitors during red sea bream iridovirus permissive replication. Virology. 322: 220-230.
Jakob N J, Muller K, Bahr U, Darai G. 2001. Analysis of the first complete DNA sequence of an invertebrate iridovirus: coding strategy of the genome of Chilo iridescent virus. Virology. 286: 182-196.
Jancovich JK, Mao J, Chinchar VG, Wyatt C, Case ST, Kumar S, Valente G, Subramanian S, Davidson EW, Collins JP, Jacobs BL. 2003. Genomic sequence of a ranavirus (family Iridoviridae) associated with salamander mortalities in North America. Virology. 316: 90-103.
Johnston JB, McFadden G. 2003. Poxvirus immunomodulatory strategies: Current perspectives. J Virol. 77: 6093-6100.
Joza N, Susin SA, Daugas E, Stanford WL, Cho SK, Li CY, Sasaki T, Elia AJ, Cheng HY, Ravagnan L, Ferri KF, Zamzami N, Wakeham A, Hakem R, Yoshida H, Kong YY, Mak TW, Zuniga-Pflucker JC, Kroemer G, Penninger JM. 2001. Essential role of the mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor in programmed cell death. Nature. 410: 549-554.
Kadenbach B. 2003. Intrinsic and extrinsic uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1604: 77-94.
Kaur K, Rohozinski J, Goorha R. 1995. Identification and characterization of the frog virus 3 DNA methyltransferase. J Gen Virol. 76: 1937-1943.
Kawagishi-Kobayashi M, Siverman JB, Ung TL, Dever TE. 1997. Regulation of the protein kinase PKR by the vaccinia virus pseudosubstrate inhibitor K8L is dependent on residues conserved between the K3L protein and the PKR substrate eIF-2α. Mol Cell Biol. 17: 4146-4158.
Kazeto Y, Ijiri S, Matsubara H, Adachi S, Yamauchi K. 2003. Molecular cloning and characterization of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4 isomerase cDNAs from Japanese eel ovary. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 85: 49-56.
Kelly DC. 1975. Frog virus 3 replication: electron microscope observations on the sequence of infection in chick embryo fibroblasts. J Gen Virol. 26: 71-86.
Kleczkowska HE, Marra G, Lettieri T, Jiricny J. 2001. hMSH3 and hMSH6 interact with PCNA and colocalize with it to replication foci. Genes Dev. 15: 724-736.
Koundrioukoff S, Jonsson ZO, Hasan S, Jong RN, Vliet PC, Hottiger MO, Hubscher U. 2000. A Direct interaction between proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Cdk2 targets PCNA-interacting proteins for phosphorylation. J Biol Chem. 275: 22882-22887.
Kozak M. 1987. An analysis of 5′-noncoding sequences from 699 vertebrate messenger RNAs. Nucleic Acids Res.15: 8125-8148.
Kozak M. 1990. Downstream secondary structure facilitates recognition of initiator codons by eukaryotic ribosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 87: 8301-8305.
Kozak M. 1991. An analysis of vertebrate mRNA sequences: intimations of translational control. J Cell Biol.115: 887-903.
Krishna TS, Kong XP, Gary S, Burgers PM, Kuriyan J. 1994. Crystal structure of the eukaryotic DNA polymerase proeessivity factor PCNA. Cell. 79: 1233-1243.
Langland JO, Jacobs BL. 2002. The role of the PKR-inhibitory genes, E3L and K3L, in determining vaccinia virus host range. Virology. 299: 133-141.
Lau PJ, Kolodner RD. 2003. Transfer of the MSH2-MSH6 complex from proliferating cell nuclear antigen to mispaired bases in DNA.J Biol Chem. 278: 14-17.
Laurent BC, Treitel MA, Carlson M. 1991. Functional interdependence of the yeast SNF2, SNF5, and SNF6 proteins in transcriptional activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 88: 2687-2691.
Liu X, Yang F. 2005. Identification and function of a shrimp white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) gene that encodes a dUTPase. Virus Res. 110: 21-30.
Li YM, Broome JD. 1999. Arsenic targets tubulins to induce apoptosis in myeloid leukemia cells. Cancer Res. 59: 776-780.
Loregian A, Case A, Cancellotti E, Valente C, Marsden HS, Palu G. 2006. Cloning, expression, and functional characterization of the equine herpesvirus 1 DNA polymerase and its accessory subunit. J Virol. 80: 6247-6258.
Lua DT, Yasuike M, Hirono I, Aoki T. 2005. Transcription program of red sea bream iridovirus as revealed by DNA microarrays. J Virol. 79: 15151-15164.
Lu L, Zhou SY, Chen C, Weng SP, Chan SM, He JG. 2005. Complete genome sequence analysis of an iridovirus isolated from the orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coiodes. Virology. 339: 81-100.
Luu-The V, Lachance Y, Labrie C, Leblanc G, Thomas JL, Strickler RC, Labrie F. 1989 Full length cDNA structure and deduced amino acid sequence of human 3β-hydroxy-5-ene steroid dehydrogenase. Mol Endocrinol. 3:1310-1312.
Maes R, Granoff A. 1967. Viruses and renal carcinoma of Rana pipiens. III. Nucleic acid synthesis in frog virus 3-infected BHK 21/13 cells. Virology. 33: 491-502.
Maga G, Hfibseher U. 2003. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA): A dancer with many partners. J Cell Sci. l16: 3051-3060.
Mao J, Green DE, Fellers G, Chinchar VG. 1999. Molecular characterization of iridoviruses from sympatric amphibians and fish. Virus Res. 63: 45-52.
Mao JH, Hedrick RP, Chinchar VG. 1997. Molecular characterization, sequence analysis, and taxonomic position of newly isolated fish iridoviruses. Virology. 229: 212-220.
Mao J, Tham TN, Gentry GA, Aubertin A, Chinchar VG. 1996. Cloning, sequence analysis, and expression of the major capsid protein of the iridovirus Frog Virus 3. Virology. 216: 431-436.
Marsden HS, M. Campbell EM, Haarr L, Frame MC, Parris DS, Murphy M, Hope RG,
Muller MT, Preston CM. 1987. The 65,000-Mr DNA-binding and virion trans-inducing proteins of herpes simplex virus type 1. J Virol. 61: 2428-2437.
Martin JP, Aubertin AM, Kirn A. 1982. Expression of frog virus 3 early genes after ultraviolet irradiation. Virology. 122: 402-410.
Martin JP, Aubertin AM, Lecerf F, Kirn A. 1981. Intracellular distribution and phosphorylation of virus-induced polypeptides in frog virus 3-infecte cells. Virology. 110: 349-365.
Martin JP, Aubertin AM, Londre L, Kirn A. 1984. Fate of frog virus 3 DNA replicated in the nucleus of arginine-deprived CHO cells. J Gen Virol. 721-732.
Mathur A, Hong Y, Kemp BK, Barrientos AA, Erusalimsky JD. 2000. Evaluation of fluorescent dyes for the detection of mitochondrial membrane potential changes in cultured cardiomyocytes. Cardiovasc Res. 46: 126-138.
McClure MA. 2001. Evolution of the DUT gene: horizontal transfer between host and pathogen in all three domains of life. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2: 313-324.
McConnell M, Miller H, Mozzherin DJ, Tan CK, Downey KM, Fisher PA. 1996. The mammalian DNA polymerase delta-proliferating cell nuclear antigen template-primer complex: molecular characterization by direct binding. Biochemistry. 35: 8268-8274.
Miura M, Sasaki T. 1996. Effect of XPA gene mutations on UV-induced immunostaining of PCNA in fibroblasts from xeroderma pigmentosum group A patients. Mutat Res. 364: 51-56.
Miyachi K, Fritzler MJ, Tan EM. 1978. Autoantibody to a nuclear antigen in proliferating cells. J Immunol. 121: 2228-2234.
Moarefi I, Jeruzalmi D, Turner J, O'Donnell M, Kuriyan J. 2000. Crystal structure of the DNA polymerase proeessivity factor of T4 bacteriophage. J Mol Biol. 296: 1215-1223.
Moore JB, Smith GL. 1992. Steroid hormone synthesis by a vaccinia enzyme: a new type of virus virulence factor. EMBO J. 11: 1973-1980 [published erratum at 11, 3490].
Mozzherin DJ, Shibutani S, Tan CK, Downey KM, Fisher PA. 1997. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen promotes DNA synthesis past template lesions by mammalian DNA polymerase delta. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94: 6126-6131.
Murti KG, Chen M, Goorha R. 1985a. Interaction of frog virus 3 with the cytomatrix. III. Role of microfilaments in virus release. Virology. 142: 317-325.
Murti KG, Goorha R. 1983. Interaction of frog virus-3 with the cytoskeleton. I. Altered organization of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments. J Cell Biol. 96: 1248-1257.
Murti KG, Goorha R. 1989. Synthesis of frog virus 3 proteins occurs on intermediate filament-bound polyribosomes. Biol Cell. 65: 205-214.
Murti KG, Goorha R, Chen M. 1985b. Interaction of frog virus 3 with the cytoskeleton. Curr Topics Microbiol Immunol. 116: 107-131.
Murti KG, Goorha R, Granoff A. 1985c. An unusual replication strategy of an animal iridovirus. Adv Virus Res. 30: 1-19.
Murti KG, Goorha R, Klymkowsky MW. 1988. A functional role for intermediate filaments in the formation of frog virus 3 assembly sites. Virology. 162: 264-269.
Murti KG, Porter KP, Goorha R, Ulrich M, Wray G. 1984. Interaction of frog virus 3 with the cytomatrix. II. Structure and composition of the virus assembly site. Exp Cell Res. 154: 270-282.
Nagata S. 1997. Apoptosis by death factor. cell. 88: 355-365.
Nakabayashi O, Nomura O, Nishimori K, Mizuno S 1995 The cDNA cloning and transient expression of a chicken gene encoding a 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/ Δ5-Δ4 isomerase unique to major steroidogenic tissues. Gene. 162: 261-265.
Nash P, Barrett J, Cao JX, Hota-Mitchell S, Lalani AS, Everett H, Xu XM, Robichaud J, Hnatiuk S, Ainslie C, Seet BT, McFadden G. 1999. Immunomodulation by viruses: The myxoma virus story. Immunol Rev. 168: 103-120.
Nicholas KB, Nicholas HBJr, Deerfield DWII. 1997. GeneDoc: Analysis and visualization of genetic variation. EMBNET news. 4: 1-4.
O’Brien V. 1998. Viruses and apoptosis. J Gen Virol. 79: 1833-1845.
Ohta S, Shiomi Y, Sugimoto K, Obuse C, Tsurimoto. 2002. A proteomics approach to identify proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-binding proteins in human cell lysates. Identification of the human CHL12/RFCs2-5 complex as a novel PCNA-binding protein. J Biol Chem. 277: 40362-40367.
Pallister J, Goldie S, Coupar B, Hyatt A. 2005. Promoter activity in the 5' flanking regions of the Bohle iridovirus ICP 18, ICP 46 and major capsid protein genes. Arch Virol. 150: 1911-1919.
Parekh AB, Putney JWJr. 2005. Store-operated calcium channels. Physiol Rev. 85: 757-810.
Parris DS, Cross A, Haarr L, Orr A, Frame MC, Murphy M, McGeoch DJ, Marsden HS. 1988. Identification of the gene encoding the 65-kilodalton DNA-binding protein of herpes simplex virus type 1. J Virol. 62:818-825.
Pelletier, G., Li, S., Luu-The, V., Tremblay, Y., Belanger, A., Labrie, F., 2001. Immunoelectron microscopic localization of three key steroidogenic enzymes (cytochrome P450(scc), 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and cytochrome P450(c17)) in rat adrenal cortex and gonads. J. Endocrinol. 171, 373-383.
Qin QW, Lam TJ, Sin YM, Shen H, Chang SF, Ngoh GH, Chen CL. 2001. Electron microscopic observations of a marine fish iridovirus isolated from brown-spotted grouper, Epinephelus tauvina. J Virol Methods. 98: 17-24.
Raghow R, Granoff A. 1979. Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus 3. X. Inhibition of cell protein synthesis by heat-inactivated frog virus 3. Virology. 98: 319-327.
Raghow R, Granoff A. 1980. Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus 3. XIV. Characterization of the methylated nucleotide sequences in viral messenger RNAs. Virology. 107: 283-294.
Raghow R, Granoff A. 1983. Cell-free translation of frog virus 3 messenger RNAs: Initiation factors from infected cells discriminate between early and late viral mRNA. J Biol Chem. 258: 511-578.
Raghow R, Willis DB, Granoff A. 1980. Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus 3. XIII. Cell-free translation of immediate early mRNAs. Virology. 100: 495-497.
Ramachandran R, Hartmann C, Song HK, Huber R, Bochtler M. 2002. Functional interactions of HslV (ClpQ) with the ATPase HslU (ClpY). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 99: 7396-7401.
Reading PC, Moore JB, Smith GL. 2003. Steroid hormone synthesis by vaccinia virus suppresses the inflammatory response to infection. J Exp Med. 197: 1269-1278.
Rheaume E, Lachance Y, Zhao HF, Breton N, Dumont M, deLaunoit Y, Trudel C, Luu-The V, Simard J, Labrie F. 1991. Structure and expression of a new complementary DNA encoding the almost exclusive 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4-isomerase in human adrenals and gonads. Mol Endocrinol. 5: 1147-1157.
Roeckel D, Mueller-Lantzsch N. 1985. Biochemical characterization of two Epstein-Barr virus early antigen-associated phosphopolypeptides. Virology. 147: 253-263.
Rogerson FM, LeHoux JG, Mason JI. 1995. Expression and characterization of isoforms of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4 isomerase in the hamster. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 55: 481-487.
Rohozinski J, Goorha R. 1992. A frog virus 3 protein codes for a protein containing the motif characteristic of the INT family of integrases. Virology. 186: 693-700.
Roulston A, Marcellus RC, Branton PE. 1999. Viruses and apoptosis. Annu Rev Microbiol. 53: 577-628.
Sakai N, Tanaka M, Takahashi M, Fukada S, Mason JI, Nagahama Y 1994 Ovarian 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4-isomerase of rainbow trout: its cDNA cloning and properties of the enzyme expressed in a mammalian cell. FEBS Lett. 350: 309-313.
Sample R, Bryan L, Long S, Majji S, Hoskins G, Sinning A, Olivier J, Chinchar VG. 2007. Inhibition of iridovirus protein synthesis and virus replication by antisense morpholino oligonucleotides targeted to the major capsid protein, the 18 kDa immediate-early protein, and a viral homolog of RNA polymerase II. Virology. 358: 311-320.
Saraste A, Pulkki K. 2000. Morphologic and biochemical hallmarks of apoptosis. Cardiovasc Res. 45: 528-537.
Sauer LA, Chapman JC, Dauchy RT. 1994. Topology of 3β-hydroxy-5-ene-steroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4isomerase in adrenal cortex mitochondria and microsomes. Endocrinology. 134: 751-759.
Schibler U, Kelley DE, Perry RP. 1977. Comparison of methylated sequences in messenger RNA and heterogeneous nuclear RNA from mouse L cells. J Mol Biol. 115: 695-714.
Schutte B, Nuydens R, Geerts H, Ramaekers F. Annexin V binding assay as a tool to measure apoptosis in differentiated neuronal cells. J Neurosci Methods. 86: 63-69.
Schwartz LM, Ashwell JD. 2001. Methods Cell Biology: Apoptosis. USA: Academic Press. 66: 49-246.
Scottl M, Bonnefin P, Vieyra D, Boisvert FM, Young D, Bazett-Jones DP, Riabowol K. 2001. UV-induced binding of ING1 to PCNA regulates the induction of apoptosis. J Cell Sci. 114: 3455-3462.
Shiomi Y, Shinozaki A, Sugimoto K, Usukura J, Obuse C, Tsurimoto T. 2004. The reconstituted human Chl12-RFC complex functions as a second PCNA loader. Genes Cells. 9: 279-290.
Simard J, Couet J, Durocher F, Labrie Y, Sanchez R, Breton N, Turgeon C, Labrie F. 1993. Structure and tissue-specific expression of a novel member of the rat 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4 isomerase (3β-HSD) family. The exclusive 3β-HSD gene expression in the skin. J Biol Chem. 268: 19659-19668.
Simard J, Melner MH, Breton N, Low KG, Zhao HF, Periman LM,Labrie F 1991 Characterization of macaque 3β-hydroxy-5-ene steroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4 isomerase: structure and expression in steroidogenic and peripheral tissues in primate. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 75:101-110.
Simard J, Recketts ML, Gingras S, Soucy P, Feltus FA, Melner MH. 2005. Molecular biology of the 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4 isomerase gene family. Endocr Rev. 26: 525-582.
Skibbens RV, Corson LB, Koshland D, Hieter P. 1999. Ctf7p is essential for sister chromatid cohesion and links mitotic chromosome structure to the DNA replication machinery. Genes Dev. 13: 307-319.
Song WJ, Qin QW, Qiu J, Huang CH, Wang F, Hew CL. 2004. Functional genomics analysis of Singapore grouper iridovirus: complete sequence determination and proteomic analysis. J Virol. 78: 12576-12590.
Sroller V, Kutinova L, Nemeckova S, Simonova V, Vonka V. 1998. Effect of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase gene deletion on virulence and immunogenicity of different vaccinia viruses and their recombinants. Arch Virol. 143:1311-1320.
Strasser A, O’Connor L, Dixit VM. 2000. Apoptosis signaling. Annu Rev Biochem. 69: 217-245.
Sun W, Huang Y, Zhao Z, Gui J, Zhang Q. 2006. Characterization of the Rana grylio virus 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and its novel role in suppressing virus-induced cytopathic effect. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 351: 44-50.
Tan WGH, Barkman TJ, Chinchar VG, Essani K. 2004. Comparative genomic analysis of frog virus 3, type species of the genus Ranavirus (family Iridoviridae). Virology. 323: 70-84.
Tao JJ, Gui JF, Zhang QY. 2007. Isolation and characterization of a rhabdovirus from co-infection of two viruses in mandarin fish. Aquaculture. 262: 1-9.
Thomas JL, Duax WL, Addlagatta A, Brandt S, Fuller RR, Norris W. 2003. Structure/function relationships responsible for conenzyme specificity and the isomerase activity of human type 1 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase. J Biol Chem. 278: 35483-35490.
Thomas JL, Mason JI, Brandt S, Spencer BR, Norris W. 2002. Structure/function relationships responsible for the kinetic difference between human type 1 and type 2 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and for the catalysis of the type 1 activity. J Biol Chem. 277: 42795-42801.
Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jeanmougin F, Higgins DG. 1997. The ClustalX windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res. 24: 4876-4882.
Thompson JP, Granoff A, Willis DB. 1986. Trans-activation of a methylated adenovirus promoter by a frog virus 3 protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 83:7688-7692.
Thompson JP, Granoff A, Willis DB. 1988. Methylation of the promoter for the immediate-early gene does not inhibit transcription. J Virol. 62:4680-4685.
Tidona CA, Darai G. 1997. The complete DNA sequence of lymphocystis disease virus. Virology. 230: 207-216.
Ting JW, Wu MF, Tsai CT, Lin CC, Guo IC, Chang CY. 2004. Identification and characterization of a novel gene of grouper iridovirus encoding a purine nucleoside phophorylase. J Gen Virol. 85: 2883-2892.
Tsai CT, Ting JW, Wu MH, Wu MF, Guo IC, Chang CY. 2005. Complete genomic sequence of the grouper iridovirus and comparison of genomic organization with those of other iridoviruses. J Virol. 79: 2010-2023.
Vairapandi M, Azam N, Balliet AG, Hoffman B, Liebermann. 2000. Characterization of MyD118, Gadd45, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) interacting domains. PCNA impedes MyD118 and Gadd45-mediated negative growth control. J Biol Chem. 275: 1681O-16819.
Van Heerde WL, de Groot PG, Reutelingsperger CP. 1995. The complexity of the phospholipid binding protein Annexin V. Thromb Haemost. 73: 172-179.
Vermes I, Haanen C, Reutelingsperger C. 2000. Flow cytometry of apoptotic cell death. J Immuno Methods. 243: 167-190.
Williams T. 1996. The iridoviruses. Adv Virus Res. 46: 347-412.
Williams T, Barbosa-Solomieu V, Chinchar VG. 2005. A decade of advances in iridovirus research. Adv Virus Res. 65,173-248.
Willis DB. 1987. DNA sequences required for trans-activation of an immediate-early frog virus 3 gene. Virology. 161: 1-7.
Willis DB, Essani K, Goorha R, Thompson JP, Granoff A. 1990a. Transcription of a methylated DNA virus. Nucleic Acid Methylation. UCLA Symp Mol Cell Biol. 128: 139-151.
Willis DB, Goorha R, Chinchar VG. 1985. Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus 3. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 116: 77-106.
Willis DB, Foglesong D, Granoff A. 1984a. Nucleotide sequence of an immediate-early frog virus 3 gene. J Virol. 53: 905-912.
Willis DB, Goorha R, Granoff A. 1979. Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus 3. XI. A ts mutant of frog virus 3 that is defective in late transcription. Virology. 98: 328-335.
Willis DB, Goorha R, Granoff A. 1984b. DNA methyltransferase induced by frog virus 3. J Virol. 49: 86-91.
Willis DB, Goorha R, Miles M, Granoff A. 1977. Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus 3. VII. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of virus gene expression. J Virol. 24: 326-342.
Willis D, Granoff A. 1976a. Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus 3. V. The absence of polyadenylic acid in the majority of virus-specific RNA species. Virology. 73: 543-547.
Willis DB, Granoff A. 1976b. Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus 3. IV. Regulation of virus-specific RNA synthesis. Virology. 70: 397-410.
Willis D, Granoff A. 1978. Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus 3. IX. Two temporal classes of early viral RNA. Virology. 86: 443-453.
Willis DB, Granoff A. 1980. Frog virus 3 DNA is heavily methylated at CpG sequence. Virology. 107: 250-257.
Willis DB, Granoff A. 1985. Trans-activation of an immediate-early frog virus 3 promoter by a virion protein. J Virol. 56:495-501.
Willis DB, Thompson JP, Beckman W. 1990b. Transcription of frog virus 3. In: Darai G (ed) Molecular biology of iridoviruses. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 173-185.
Willis DB, Thompson JP, Essani K, Goorha R. 1989. Transcription of mehtylated viral DNA by eukaryotic RNA polymerase. Cell Biophys. 15: 97-111.
Wrigley NG. 1969. An electron microscope study of the structure of Sericesthis iridescent virus. J Gen Virol. 5: 123-134.
Xie J, Lu L, Deng M,Weng S, Zhu J,Wu Y, Gan L, Chan SM, He J. 2005. Inhibition of reporter gene and iridovirus-tiger frog virus in fish cell by RNA interference. Virology. 338, 43-52.
Yu YX, Bearzotti M, Vende P, Ahne W, Bremont M. 1999. Partial mapping and sequencing of a fish iridovirus genome reveals genes homologous to the frog virus 3 p31, p40 and human eIF2 alpha. Virus Res. 63: 53-63.
Zhang H, Xiong Y, Beach D. 1993. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen and p21 are components of multiple cell cycle kinase complexes. Mol Biol Cell. 4: 897-9O6.
Zhang QY, Li ZQ, Gui JF. 1999. Studies on morphogenesis and cellular interactions of Rana grylio virus (RGV) in an infected fish cell line. Aquaculture. 175: 185-197.
Zhang QY, Tao JJ, Gui L, Zhou GZ, Li ZQ, Gui JF. 2007. Isolation and characterization of Scophthalmus maximus rhabdovirus. Dis Aquat Org. 74: 95-105.
Zhang QY, Xiao F, Li ZQ, Gui JF, Mao JH, Chinchar VG. 2001. Characterization of an iridovirus from the cultured pig frog (Rana grylio) with lethal syndrome. Dis Aquat Org. 48: 27-36.
Zhang QY, Xiao F, Xie J, Li ZQ, Gui JF. 2004. Complete genomic sequence of lymphocystis disease virus isolated from China. J Virol. 78: 6982-6994.
Zhang QY, Zhao Z, Xiao F, Li ZQ, Gui JF. 2006. Molecular characterization of three Rana grylio virus (RGV) isolates and Paralichthys olivaceus lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV-C) in iridoviruses. Aquaculture. 251: 1-10.
Zhao HF, Labrie C, Simard J, de Launoit Y, Trudel C, Martel C,Rheaume E, Dupont E, Luu-The V, Pelletier G. 1991. Characterization of rat 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4 isomerase cDNAs and differential tissue-specific expression of the corresponding mRNAs in steroidogenic and peripheral tissues. J Biol Chem. 266: 583-593.
Zhao HF, Rheaume E, Trudel C, Couet J, Labrie F, Simard J. 1990. Structure and sexual dimorphic expression of a liver-specific rat 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/ isomerase. Endocrinology. 127: 3237-3239.
Zhao HF, Simard J, Labrie C, Breton N, Rheaume E, Luu-The V, Labrie F. 1989. Molecular cloning, cDNA structure and predicted amino acid sequence of bovine 3β-hydroxy-5-ene steroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4 isomerase. FEBS Lett. 259:153-157.
Zhao Z, Ke F, Gui J, Zhang Q. 2007. Characterization of an early gene encoding for dUTPase in Rana grylio virus. Virus Res. 123: 128-137.
Zhi-Jun Y, Sriranganathan N, Vaught T, Arastu SK, Ahmed SA. 1997. A dye-based lymphocyte proliferation assay that permits multiple immunological analyses: mRNA, cytogenetic, apoptosis, and immunophenotyping studies. J Immunol Meth. 210: 25-39.
阮红梅,张奇亚.流式细胞术在细胞凋亡研究中的应用.动物医学进展,2005,26:12-15.
萧枫,张奇亚.水生动物虹彩病毒的分子生物学.水生生物学报,2004,28:202-206.
谢简,张奇亚.免疫组化法检测美国青蛙组织中的蛙虹彩病毒.水生生物学报,2002,5:438-443.
谢简,张奇亚.原位杂交技术用于虹彩病毒对美国青蛙侵染的诊断.中国兽医学报,2003,1:75-77.
殷震,刘景华.动物病毒学(第二版).北京:科学出版社,1997.1095-1103.
张奇亚.特种水产动物病毒病的研究.中国科学院理学博士学位论文,1997.51-75.
张奇亚,李正秋.在患病鳜鱼组织中观察到 3 种病毒.科学通报,1999,44:192-195.
张奇亚,李正秋,江育林,梁绍昌,桂建芳.沼泽绿牛蛙病毒的分离及其细胞感染的初步研究.水生生物学报,1996,20:390-392.
张奇亚,陶建军,黄晓红,李正秋,袁秀平.两种鳜病毒的共感染现象及引起感染细胞的超微变化.水生生物学报,2005,29:473-478.
张奇亚,肖枫.从我国分离的 3 株蛙虹彩病毒与 FV3 主要衣壳蛋白基因同源性的比较.病毒学报,2002,1:83-85.
曾首英,张奇亚,严兴洪,蔡生力.牙鲆淋巴囊肿虹彩病毒中国株(LCDV-C)羟类固醇脱氢酶基因的特征分析.病毒学报,2005,21:131-135.
赵哲,张奇亚.中国淋巴囊肿病毒胸苷酸合酶基因结构特点及分析.中国病毒学,2004,6:602-606.
Abbaszade IG, Clarke TR, Park CH, Payne AH. 1995. The mouse 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase multigene family includes two functionally distinct groups of proteins. Mol Endocrinol. 9: 1214-1222.
Afford S, Randhawa S. 2000. Apoptosis. Mol Pathol. 53: 55-63.
Alcami A, Koszinowski UH. 2000. Viral mechanisms of immune evasion. Mol Med Today. 6: 365-372.
Altschul SF, Madden TL, Sch?ffer AA, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Miller W, Lipman DJ. 1997. Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res. 25: 3389-3402.
Alvarez CI, Genti-Raimondi S, Patrito LC, Flury A. 1994. Topography of human placental 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4 isomerase in microsomal membrane. A study using limited proteolysis and immunoblotting. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1207: 102-108.
Anders H, Darai G. 1985. Genome analysis of fish Lymphocystis disease vius in: Eillis (ed.) fish and shellfish pathology. Acaswmoc Press. Lindin, pp: 301-306.
Aubertin AM, Hirth C, Travo C, Nonnenmacha H, Kirn A. 1973. Preparation and properties of an inhibitory extract from frog virus 3 particles. J Virol. 11: 694-701.
Bain PA, Yoo M, Clarke T, Hammond SH, Payne AH. 1991. Multiple forms of mouse 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4 isomerase and differential expression in gonads, adrenal glands, liver, and kidneys of both sexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 88: 8870-8874.
Baker ME, Blasco R. 1992. Expansion of the mammalian 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/plant dihydroflavonol reductase superfamily to include a bacterial cholesterol dehydrogenase, a bacterial UDP-galactose-4-epimerase, and open reading frames in vaccinia virus and fish lymphocystis disease virus. FEBS lett. 301: 89-93.
Baldo AM, McClure MA. 1999. Evolution and horizontal transfer of dUTPase-encoding genes in viruses and their hosts. J Virol. 73: 7710-7721.
Barboule N, Baldin V, Jozan S, Vidal S, Valette A. 1998. Increased level of p21 in human ovarian tumors is associated with increased expression of CDK2, Cyclin A and PCNA. Int J Cancer. 76: 891-896.
Beckman W, Tham TN, Aubertin AM, Willis DB. 1988. Structure and regulation of the immediate-early frog virus 3 gene that encodes ICR489. J Virol. 62: 1271-1277.
Bjorklund HV, Johansson TR, Rinne A. 1997. Rhabdovirus-induced apoptosis in a fish cell line is inhibited by a human endogenous acid cystine proteinase inhibitor. J Virol. 71: 5658-5662.
Bouchier-Hayes L, Martin SJ. 2002. CARD games in apoptosis and immunity. EMBO Rep. 3: 616-621.
Boumpas DT, Chrousos GP, Wilder RL, Cupps TR, Balow JE. 1993. Glucocorticoid therapy for immunemediated diseases: basic and clinical correlates. Ann Intern Med. 119: 1198-1208.
Boya P, Pauleau AL, Poncet D, Gonzalez-Polo RA, Zamzami N, Kroemer G. 2004. Viral proteins targeting mitochondria: controlling cell death. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1659: 178-189.
Braunwald J, Nonnenmacher H, Tripier-Darcy F. 1985. Ultrastructural and biochemical study of frog virus 3 uptake by BHK-21 cells. J Gen Virol. 66: 283-293.
Caipang CMA, Hirono I, Aoki T. 2005. Induction of antiviral state in fish cells by Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, interferon regulatory factor-1. Fish Shellfish Immun. 19: 79-91.
Campadelli-Fuime G, Costanzo F, Foa-Tanasi L, LaPlaca M. 1975. Modification of cellular RNA polymerase II after infection with frog virus 3. J Gen Virol. 27: 341-394.
Cazzalini O, Perucca P, Riva F, Stivala LA, Bianchi L, Vannini V, Ducommun B, Prosperi E. 2003. p21CDKN1A does not interfere with loading of PCNA at DNA replication sites, but inhibits subsequent binding of DNA polymerase delta at the G1/S phase transition. Cell Cycle. 2: 596-603.
Chan SR, Chandran B. 2000. Characterization of human herpesvirus 8 ORF59 protein (PF8) and mapping of the processivity and viral DNA polymerase-interacting domains. J Virol. 74: 10920-10929.
Chao CB, Chen CY, Lai YY, Lin CS, Huang HT. 2004. Histological, ultrastructural, and in situ hybridization study on enlarged cells in grouper Epinephelus hybrids infected by grouper iridovirus in Taiwan (TGIV). Dis Aquat Organ. 58: 127-142.
Chen LM, Wang F, Song W, Hew CL. 2006. Temporal and differential gene expression of Singapore grouper iridovirus. J Gen Virol. 87: 2907-2915.
Cherradi N, Defaye G, Chambaz EM. 1993. Dual subcellular localization of the 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isomerase: characterization of the mitochondrial enzyme in the bovine adrenal cortex. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 46: 773-779.
Chinchar VG. 2002. Ranaviruses (family Iridoviridae): Emerging cold-blooded killers. Arch Virol. 147: 447-470.
Chinchar VG, Bryan L, Wang J, Long S, Chinchar GD. 2003. Induction of apoptosis in frog virus 3-infected cells. Virology. 306: 303-312.
Chinchar VG, Dholakia JN. 1989. Frog virus 3-induced translational shut-off: Activation of an eIF-2 kinase in virus-infected cells. Virus Res. 14: 207-224.
Chinchar VG, Essbauer S, He JG, Hyatt A, Miyazaki T, Seligy V, Williams T. 2005. Iridoviridae. In “Virus taxonomy: 8th report of the international committee on the taxonomy of viruses” (C.M. Fauquent, M.A. Mayo, J. Maniloff, Ul Desselberger, and L.A. Ball, eds.), Elsevier, London. pp. 163-175.
Chinchar VG, Goorha R, Granoff A. 1984a. Early proteins are required for the formation of frog virus 3 assembly sites. Virology. 135: 148-156.
Chinchar VG, Metzger D, Granoff A, Goorha R. 1984b. Localization of frog virus 3 proteins using monoclonal antibodies. Virology. 137: 211-216.
Chinchar VG, Yu W. 1990. Frog virus 3-mediated translational shut-off: Frog virus 3 messages are translationally more efficient than host and heterologous viral messages under conditions of increased translational stress. Virus Res. 16: 163-174.
Chinchar VG, Yu W. 1992. Metabolism of host and viral mRNAs in frog virus 3-infected cells. Virology. 186: 435-443.
Chiou PP, Kim CH, Ormonde P, Leong JA. 2000. Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus matrix protein inhibits host-directed gene expression and induces morphological changes of apoptosis in cell cultures. J Virol. 74: 7619-7627.
Chua FHC, Ng ML, Loo JJ, Wee JY. 1994. Investigation of outbreaks of a novel disease, ‘sleepy grouper disease’ affecting the brown-spotted grouper, epinephelus tauvina forskal. J Fish Dis. 17: 417-427.
Chuang LSH, Ian HI, Koh TW, Ng HH, Xu G, Li BFL. 1997. Human DNA-(Cytosine-5) methyltransferase-PCNA complex as a target for p21WAF1. Science. 277: 1996-2000.
Clarke TR, Bain PA, Greco TL, Payne AH. 1993. A novel mouse kidney 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase complementary DNA encodes a 3-ketosteroid reductase instead of a 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4-isomerase. Mol Endocrinol. 7: 1569-1578.
Darcy-Tripier F, Nermut MV, Braunwald J, Williams LD. 1984. The organization of frog virus 3 as revealed by freeze-etching. Virology. 138: 287-299.
Darzynkiewicz Z, Bedner E, Smolewski P. 2001. Flow cytometry in analysis of cell cycle and apoptosis. Semin Hematol. 389: 179-193
D'Costa SMD, Yao H, Bilimoria SL. 2001. Transcription and temporal cascade in Chilo iridescent virus infected cells. Arch Virol. 146: 2165-2178.
Delhon G, Tulman ER, Afonso CL, Lu Z, Becnel JJ, Moser BA, Kutish GF, Rock DL. 2006. Genome of invertebrate iridescent virus type 3 (mosquito iridescent virus). J Virol. 80: 8439-8449.
Devauchelle G, Stoltz DB, Darcy-Tripier F. 1985. Comparative ultrastructure of iridoviridae. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 116: 1-21.
Doerfler W. 1983. DNA methylation and gene activity. Ann Rev Biochem. 52: 93-124.
Do JW, Moon CH, Kim HJ, Ko MS, Kim SB, Son JH, Kim JS, An EJ, Kim MK, Lee SK, Han MS, Cha SJ, Park MS, Park MA, Kim YC, Kim JW, Park JW. 2004. Complete genomic DNA sequence of rock bream iridovirus. Virology. 325: 351-363.
Drillien R, Spehner D, Kirn A. 1980. Inactivation of the toxicity of frog virus 3 proteins by UV irradiation. FEMS lett. 7: 87-90.
Du C, Zhang Q, Li C, Miao D, Gui J. 2004. Induction of apoptosis in a carp leucocyte cell line infected with turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) rhabdovirus. Virus Res. 101: 119-126.
Eaton BT, Hyatt AD, Hengstberger S. 1991. Epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus: purification and classification. J Fish Dis. 14: 157-169.
Eaton HE, Metcalf J, Penny E, Tcherepanov V, Upton C, Brunetti CR. 2007. Comparative genomic analysis of the family Iridoviridae: re-annotating and defining the core set of iridovirus genes. Virol J. 4:11
Elliott RM, Kelly DC. 1980. Frog virus 3 replication: Induction and intracellular distribution of polypeptides in infected cells. J Virol. 33: 28-51.
Essani K, Granoff A. 1989. Amphibian and piscine iridoviruses proposal for nomenclature and taxonomy based on molecular and biological properties. Intervirology. 30: 187-193.
Essbauer S, Ahne W. 2002. The epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (Iridovoridae) induces apoptosis in vitro. J Vet Med. B. 49: 25-30.
Essbauer S, Fischer U, Bergmann S, Ahne W. 2004. Investigations on the ORF 167L of lymphocystis disease virus (Iridoviridae). Virus Genes. 28: 19-39.
Everett H, McFadden G. 1999. Apoptosis: an innate immune response to virus infection. Trends Microbiol. 7: 160-165.
Felsenstein J. 2005. PHYLIP (Phylogeny Inference Package) version 3.63. Distributed by the author. Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle.
Fisher PA, Moutsiakis DL, McConnell M, Miller H, Mozzherin DJ. 2004. A single amino acid change (E85K) in human PCNA that leads, relative to wild type, to enhanced DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase δ past nueleotide base lesions (TLS) as well as on unmodified templates. Biochemistry. 43: 15915-15921.
Fujise K, Zhang D, Liu JL, Yeh ETH. 2000. Regulation of apoptosis and cell cycle progression by MCL1: differential role of proliferating cell nuclear antigen. J Biol Chem. 275: 39458-39465.
Gary R, Ludwig DL, Cornelius HL, MacInnes MA, Park MS. 1997. The DNA repair endonuclease XPG binds to proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and shares sequence elements with the PCNA-binding regions of FEN-1 and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21. J Biol Chem. 272: 24522-24529.
Gavrieli Y, Sherman Y, Ben-Sasson SA. 1992. Identification of programmed cell death in situ via specific labeling of nuclear DNA fragmentation. J Cell Biol. 119: 493-501.
Goorha R. 1981. Frog virus 3 requires RNA polymerase II for its replication. J Virol. 37: 496-499.
Goorha R. 1982. Frog virus 3 DNA replication occurs in two stages. J Virol. 43: 519-528.
Goorha R, Dixit P. 1984. A temperature-sensitive mutant of frog virus 3 is defective in second stage DNA replication. Virology. 136: 186-195.
Goorha R, Granoff A. 1974. Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus 3. I. Virus-specific protein synthesis and its regulation. Virology. 60: 237-250.
Goorha R, Granoff A. 1979. Icosahedral cytoplasmic deoxyriboviruses. In “ Comprehensive Virology” (Fraenkel-Conrat H, Wagner RR, eds.) Plenum Press, New York. pp. 347-399.
Goorha R, Granoff A. 1999. Frog virus 3 (Iridoviridae), In: Webster RG, Granoff A (eds) Encyclopedia of Virology, Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 582-587.
Goorha R, Willis DB, Granoff A. 1979. Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus 3. XII. Viral regulatory proteins in transcriptional and post-transcriptional controls. J Virol. 32: 442-448.
Gottlieb J, Marcy AI, Coen DM, Challberg MD. 1990. The herpes simplex virus type 1 UL42 gene product: a subunit of DNA polymerase that functions to increase processivity. J Virol. 64: 5976-5987.
Granoff A. 1984. Frog virus 3: A DNA virus with an unusual life-style. Prog Med Virol. 30: 187-198.
Granzow H, Weiland F, Fichtner D, Enzmann PJ. 1997. Studies of the ultrastructure and morphogenesis of fish pathogenic viruses grown in cell culture. J Fish Dis. 20: 1-10.
Gravell M, Naegele RF. 1970. Nongenetic reactivation of frog polyhedral cytoplasmic deoxyribovirus (PCDV). Virology. 40: 170-174.
Gulbis JM, Kelman Z, Hurwitz J, O'Donnell M, Kuriyan J. 1996. Structure of the C-terminal region of p21waf1/cip1 complexed with human PCNA. cell. 87: 297-306.
Hasegawa T, Ishida M, Harigaya T, Ishida N, Mukoyama H. 1998. Molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence and tissue distribution of equine testicular 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4 isomerase messenger ribonucleic acid. J Equine Sci. 9: 45-52.
Haupt S, Berger M, Goldberg Z, Haupt Y. 2003. Apoptosis-the P53 network. J Cell Sci. 116: 4077-4085.
Hay S, Kannoourakis G. 2002. A time to kill: viral manipulation of the cell death program. J Gen Virol. 83: 1547-1564.
He JG, Deng M, Weng SP, Li Z, Zhou SY, Long QX, Wang XZ, Chan SM. 2001. Complete genomic analysis of the mandarin fish infectious spleen and kidney necrosis iridovirus. Virology. 291: 126-139.
He JG, Lu L, Deng M, He HH, Weng SP, Wang XH, Zhou SY, Long QX, Wang XZ, Chan SM. 2002. Sequence analysis of the complete genome of an iridovirus isolated from the tiger frog. Virology. 292: 185-197.
Henderson CW, Johnson CL, Lodhi SA, Bilimoria SL. 2001. Replication of Chilo iridescent virus in the cotton boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis, and development of an infectivity assay. Arch Virol. 146: 767-775.
Hengartner MO. 2000. The biochemistry of apoptosis. Nature. 407(6805): 770-776.
Hengstberger SG, Hyatt AD, Speare R, Coupar BEH. 1993. Comparison of epizootic haematopoietic necrosis and Bohle iridoviruses, recently isolated Australian iridoviruses. Dis Auqat Org. 33: 1-9.
Heylbroeck C, Balachandran S, Servant MJ, Deluca C, Barber GN, Lin R, Hiscott J. 2000. The IRF-3 transcription factor mediates Sendai virus-induced apoptosis. J Virol. 3781-3792.
Hong JR, Lin RJ, Hsu YL, Wu JL. 1998a. Apoptosis precedes necrosis of fish cell line with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus infection. Virology. 250:76-84.
Hong JR, Lin RJ, Hsu YL, Wu JL. 1998b. Induction of apoptosis and secondary necrosis by infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in fish embryonic cells. J Fish Dis. 21: 463-467.
Huang YH, Huang XH, Gui JF, Zhang QY. 2007a. Mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis induced by Rana grylio virus infection in fish cells. Apoptosis. (In press)
Huang Y, Huang X, Zhang J, Gui J, Zhang Q. 2007b. Subcellular Localization and Characterization of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Homolog from Lymphocystis Disease Virus Isolated in China. Viral Immunol. 20: 150-159.
Huang XH, Huang YH, Zhang QY. 2006. Electron microscopic examination of viromatrix of Rana glylio virus in a fish cell line. J Virol Meth. 133: 117-123.
Huang YW, Lu ML, Qi H, Lin SX. 2000. Membrane-bound human 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: overexpression with his-tag uing a baculovirus system and single-step furification. Protein Expres Purif. 18: 169-174.
Hu GB, Cong RS, Fan TJ, Mei XG. 2004. Induction of apoptosis in a flounder gill cell line by lymphocystis disease virus infection. J Fish Dis. 27: 657-662.
Hyatt AD, Gould AR, Zupanovic Z, Cunningham AA, Hengstberger S, Whittington RJ, Kattenbelt J, Coupar BE. 2000. Comparative studies of piscine and amphibian iridoviruses. Arch Virol. 145: 301-331.
Imajoh M, Sugiura H, Oshima S. 2004. Morphological changes contribute to apoptotic cell death and are affected by caspase-3 and caspase-6 inhibitors during red sea bream iridovirus permissive replication. Virology. 322: 220-230.
Jakob N J, Muller K, Bahr U, Darai G. 2001. Analysis of the first complete DNA sequence of an invertebrate iridovirus: coding strategy of the genome of Chilo iridescent virus. Virology. 286: 182-196.
Jancovich JK, Mao J, Chinchar VG, Wyatt C, Case ST, Kumar S, Valente G, Subramanian S, Davidson EW, Collins JP, Jacobs BL. 2003. Genomic sequence of a ranavirus (family Iridoviridae) associated with salamander mortalities in North America. Virology. 316: 90-103.
Johnston JB, McFadden G. 2003. Poxvirus immunomodulatory strategies: Current perspectives. J Virol. 77: 6093-6100.
Joza N, Susin SA, Daugas E, Stanford WL, Cho SK, Li CY, Sasaki T, Elia AJ, Cheng HY, Ravagnan L, Ferri KF, Zamzami N, Wakeham A, Hakem R, Yoshida H, Kong YY, Mak TW, Zuniga-Pflucker JC, Kroemer G, Penninger JM. 2001. Essential role of the mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor in programmed cell death. Nature. 410: 549-554.
Kadenbach B. 2003. Intrinsic and extrinsic uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1604: 77-94.
Kaur K, Rohozinski J, Goorha R. 1995. Identification and characterization of the frog virus 3 DNA methyltransferase. J Gen Virol. 76: 1937-1943.
Kawagishi-Kobayashi M, Siverman JB, Ung TL, Dever TE. 1997. Regulation of the protein kinase PKR by the vaccinia virus pseudosubstrate inhibitor K8L is dependent on residues conserved between the K3L protein and the PKR substrate eIF-2α. Mol Cell Biol. 17: 4146-4158.
Kazeto Y, Ijiri S, Matsubara H, Adachi S, Yamauchi K. 2003. Molecular cloning and characterization of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4 isomerase cDNAs from Japanese eel ovary. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 85: 49-56.
Kelly DC. 1975. Frog virus 3 replication: electron microscope observations on the sequence of infection in chick embryo fibroblasts. J Gen Virol. 26: 71-86.
Kleczkowska HE, Marra G, Lettieri T, Jiricny J. 2001. hMSH3 and hMSH6 interact with PCNA and colocalize with it to replication foci. Genes Dev. 15: 724-736.
Koundrioukoff S, Jonsson ZO, Hasan S, Jong RN, Vliet PC, Hottiger MO, Hubscher U. 2000. A Direct interaction between proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Cdk2 targets PCNA-interacting proteins for phosphorylation. J Biol Chem. 275: 22882-22887.
Kozak M. 1987. An analysis of 5′-noncoding sequences from 699 vertebrate messenger RNAs. Nucleic Acids Res.15: 8125-8148.
Kozak M. 1990. Downstream secondary structure facilitates recognition of initiator codons by eukaryotic ribosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 87: 8301-8305.
Kozak M. 1991. An analysis of vertebrate mRNA sequences: intimations of translational control. J Cell Biol.115: 887-903.
Krishna TS, Kong XP, Gary S, Burgers PM, Kuriyan J. 1994. Crystal structure of the eukaryotic DNA polymerase proeessivity factor PCNA. Cell. 79: 1233-1243.
Langland JO, Jacobs BL. 2002. The role of the PKR-inhibitory genes, E3L and K3L, in determining vaccinia virus host range. Virology. 299: 133-141.
Lau PJ, Kolodner RD. 2003. Transfer of the MSH2-MSH6 complex from proliferating cell nuclear antigen to mispaired bases in DNA.J Biol Chem. 278: 14-17.
Laurent BC, Treitel MA, Carlson M. 1991. Functional interdependence of the yeast SNF2, SNF5, and SNF6 proteins in transcriptional activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 88: 2687-2691.
Liu X, Yang F. 2005. Identification and function of a shrimp white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) gene that encodes a dUTPase. Virus Res. 110: 21-30.
Li YM, Broome JD. 1999. Arsenic targets tubulins to induce apoptosis in myeloid leukemia cells. Cancer Res. 59: 776-780.
Loregian A, Case A, Cancellotti E, Valente C, Marsden HS, Palu G. 2006. Cloning, expression, and functional characterization of the equine herpesvirus 1 DNA polymerase and its accessory subunit. J Virol. 80: 6247-6258.
Lua DT, Yasuike M, Hirono I, Aoki T. 2005. Transcription program of red sea bream iridovirus as revealed by DNA microarrays. J Virol. 79: 15151-15164.
Lu L, Zhou SY, Chen C, Weng SP, Chan SM, He JG. 2005. Complete genome sequence analysis of an iridovirus isolated from the orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coiodes. Virology. 339: 81-100.
Luu-The V, Lachance Y, Labrie C, Leblanc G, Thomas JL, Strickler RC, Labrie F. 1989 Full length cDNA structure and deduced amino acid sequence of human 3β-hydroxy-5-ene steroid dehydrogenase. Mol Endocrinol. 3:1310-1312.
Maes R, Granoff A. 1967. Viruses and renal carcinoma of Rana pipiens. III. Nucleic acid synthesis in frog virus 3-infected BHK 21/13 cells. Virology. 33: 491-502.
Maga G, Hfibseher U. 2003. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA): A dancer with many partners. J Cell Sci. l16: 3051-3060.
Mao J, Green DE, Fellers G, Chinchar VG. 1999. Molecular characterization of iridoviruses from sympatric amphibians and fish. Virus Res. 63: 45-52.
Mao JH, Hedrick RP, Chinchar VG. 1997. Molecular characterization, sequence analysis, and taxonomic position of newly isolated fish iridoviruses. Virology. 229: 212-220.
Mao J, Tham TN, Gentry GA, Aubertin A, Chinchar VG. 1996. Cloning, sequence analysis, and expression of the major capsid protein of the iridovirus Frog Virus 3. Virology. 216: 431-436.
Marsden HS, M. Campbell EM, Haarr L, Frame MC, Parris DS, Murphy M, Hope RG,
Muller MT, Preston CM. 1987. The 65,000-Mr DNA-binding and virion trans-inducing proteins of herpes simplex virus type 1. J Virol. 61: 2428-2437.
Martin JP, Aubertin AM, Kirn A. 1982. Expression of frog virus 3 early genes after ultraviolet irradiation. Virology. 122: 402-410.
Martin JP, Aubertin AM, Lecerf F, Kirn A. 1981. Intracellular distribution and phosphorylation of virus-induced polypeptides in frog virus 3-infecte cells. Virology. 110: 349-365.
Martin JP, Aubertin AM, Londre L, Kirn A. 1984. Fate of frog virus 3 DNA replicated in the nucleus of arginine-deprived CHO cells. J Gen Virol. 721-732.
Mathur A, Hong Y, Kemp BK, Barrientos AA, Erusalimsky JD. 2000. Evaluation of fluorescent dyes for the detection of mitochondrial membrane potential changes in cultured cardiomyocytes. Cardiovasc Res. 46: 126-138.
McClure MA. 2001. Evolution of the DUT gene: horizontal transfer between host and pathogen in all three domains of life. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2: 313-324.
McConnell M, Miller H, Mozzherin DJ, Tan CK, Downey KM, Fisher PA. 1996. The mammalian DNA polymerase delta-proliferating cell nuclear antigen template-primer complex: molecular characterization by direct binding. Biochemistry. 35: 8268-8274.
Miura M, Sasaki T. 1996. Effect of XPA gene mutations on UV-induced immunostaining of PCNA in fibroblasts from xeroderma pigmentosum group A patients. Mutat Res. 364: 51-56.
Miyachi K, Fritzler MJ, Tan EM. 1978. Autoantibody to a nuclear antigen in proliferating cells. J Immunol. 121: 2228-2234.
Moarefi I, Jeruzalmi D, Turner J, O'Donnell M, Kuriyan J. 2000. Crystal structure of the DNA polymerase proeessivity factor of T4 bacteriophage. J Mol Biol. 296: 1215-1223.
Moore JB, Smith GL. 1992. Steroid hormone synthesis by a vaccinia enzyme: a new type of virus virulence factor. EMBO J. 11: 1973-1980 [published erratum at 11, 3490].
Mozzherin DJ, Shibutani S, Tan CK, Downey KM, Fisher PA. 1997. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen promotes DNA synthesis past template lesions by mammalian DNA polymerase delta. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94: 6126-6131.
Murti KG, Chen M, Goorha R. 1985a. Interaction of frog virus 3 with the cytomatrix. III. Role of microfilaments in virus release. Virology. 142: 317-325.
Murti KG, Goorha R. 1983. Interaction of frog virus-3 with the cytoskeleton. I. Altered organization of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments. J Cell Biol. 96: 1248-1257.
Murti KG, Goorha R. 1989. Synthesis of frog virus 3 proteins occurs on intermediate filament-bound polyribosomes. Biol Cell. 65: 205-214.
Murti KG, Goorha R, Chen M. 1985b. Interaction of frog virus 3 with the cytoskeleton. Curr Topics Microbiol Immunol. 116: 107-131.
Murti KG, Goorha R, Granoff A. 1985c. An unusual replication strategy of an animal iridovirus. Adv Virus Res. 30: 1-19.
Murti KG, Goorha R, Klymkowsky MW. 1988. A functional role for intermediate filaments in the formation of frog virus 3 assembly sites. Virology. 162: 264-269.
Murti KG, Porter KP, Goorha R, Ulrich M, Wray G. 1984. Interaction of frog virus 3 with the cytomatrix. II. Structure and composition of the virus assembly site. Exp Cell Res. 154: 270-282.
Nagata S. 1997. Apoptosis by death factor. cell. 88: 355-365.
Nakabayashi O, Nomura O, Nishimori K, Mizuno S 1995 The cDNA cloning and transient expression of a chicken gene encoding a 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/ Δ5-Δ4 isomerase unique to major steroidogenic tissues. Gene. 162: 261-265.
Nash P, Barrett J, Cao JX, Hota-Mitchell S, Lalani AS, Everett H, Xu XM, Robichaud J, Hnatiuk S, Ainslie C, Seet BT, McFadden G. 1999. Immunomodulation by viruses: The myxoma virus story. Immunol Rev. 168: 103-120.
Nicholas KB, Nicholas HBJr, Deerfield DWII. 1997. GeneDoc: Analysis and visualization of genetic variation. EMBNET news. 4: 1-4.
O’Brien V. 1998. Viruses and apoptosis. J Gen Virol. 79: 1833-1845.
Ohta S, Shiomi Y, Sugimoto K, Obuse C, Tsurimoto. 2002. A proteomics approach to identify proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-binding proteins in human cell lysates. Identification of the human CHL12/RFCs2-5 complex as a novel PCNA-binding protein. J Biol Chem. 277: 40362-40367.
Pallister J, Goldie S, Coupar B, Hyatt A. 2005. Promoter activity in the 5' flanking regions of the Bohle iridovirus ICP 18, ICP 46 and major capsid protein genes. Arch Virol. 150: 1911-1919.
Parekh AB, Putney JWJr. 2005. Store-operated calcium channels. Physiol Rev. 85: 757-810.
Parris DS, Cross A, Haarr L, Orr A, Frame MC, Murphy M, McGeoch DJ, Marsden HS. 1988. Identification of the gene encoding the 65-kilodalton DNA-binding protein of herpes simplex virus type 1. J Virol. 62:818-825.
Pelletier, G., Li, S., Luu-The, V., Tremblay, Y., Belanger, A., Labrie, F., 2001. Immunoelectron microscopic localization of three key steroidogenic enzymes (cytochrome P450(scc), 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and cytochrome P450(c17)) in rat adrenal cortex and gonads. J. Endocrinol. 171, 373-383.
Qin QW, Lam TJ, Sin YM, Shen H, Chang SF, Ngoh GH, Chen CL. 2001. Electron microscopic observations of a marine fish iridovirus isolated from brown-spotted grouper, Epinephelus tauvina. J Virol Methods. 98: 17-24.
Raghow R, Granoff A. 1979. Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus 3. X. Inhibition of cell protein synthesis by heat-inactivated frog virus 3. Virology. 98: 319-327.
Raghow R, Granoff A. 1980. Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus 3. XIV. Characterization of the methylated nucleotide sequences in viral messenger RNAs. Virology. 107: 283-294.
Raghow R, Granoff A. 1983. Cell-free translation of frog virus 3 messenger RNAs: Initiation factors from infected cells discriminate between early and late viral mRNA. J Biol Chem. 258: 511-578.
Raghow R, Willis DB, Granoff A. 1980. Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus 3. XIII. Cell-free translation of immediate early mRNAs. Virology. 100: 495-497.
Ramachandran R, Hartmann C, Song HK, Huber R, Bochtler M. 2002. Functional interactions of HslV (ClpQ) with the ATPase HslU (ClpY). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 99: 7396-7401.
Reading PC, Moore JB, Smith GL. 2003. Steroid hormone synthesis by vaccinia virus suppresses the inflammatory response to infection. J Exp Med. 197: 1269-1278.
Rheaume E, Lachance Y, Zhao HF, Breton N, Dumont M, deLaunoit Y, Trudel C, Luu-The V, Simard J, Labrie F. 1991. Structure and expression of a new complementary DNA encoding the almost exclusive 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4-isomerase in human adrenals and gonads. Mol Endocrinol. 5: 1147-1157.
Roeckel D, Mueller-Lantzsch N. 1985. Biochemical characterization of two Epstein-Barr virus early antigen-associated phosphopolypeptides. Virology. 147: 253-263.
Rogerson FM, LeHoux JG, Mason JI. 1995. Expression and characterization of isoforms of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4 isomerase in the hamster. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 55: 481-487.
Rohozinski J, Goorha R. 1992. A frog virus 3 protein codes for a protein containing the motif characteristic of the INT family of integrases. Virology. 186: 693-700.
Roulston A, Marcellus RC, Branton PE. 1999. Viruses and apoptosis. Annu Rev Microbiol. 53: 577-628.
Sakai N, Tanaka M, Takahashi M, Fukada S, Mason JI, Nagahama Y 1994 Ovarian 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4-isomerase of rainbow trout: its cDNA cloning and properties of the enzyme expressed in a mammalian cell. FEBS Lett. 350: 309-313.
Sample R, Bryan L, Long S, Majji S, Hoskins G, Sinning A, Olivier J, Chinchar VG. 2007. Inhibition of iridovirus protein synthesis and virus replication by antisense morpholino oligonucleotides targeted to the major capsid protein, the 18 kDa immediate-early protein, and a viral homolog of RNA polymerase II. Virology. 358: 311-320.
Saraste A, Pulkki K. 2000. Morphologic and biochemical hallmarks of apoptosis. Cardiovasc Res. 45: 528-537.
Sauer LA, Chapman JC, Dauchy RT. 1994. Topology of 3β-hydroxy-5-ene-steroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4isomerase in adrenal cortex mitochondria and microsomes. Endocrinology. 134: 751-759.
Schibler U, Kelley DE, Perry RP. 1977. Comparison of methylated sequences in messenger RNA and heterogeneous nuclear RNA from mouse L cells. J Mol Biol. 115: 695-714.
Schutte B, Nuydens R, Geerts H, Ramaekers F. Annexin V binding assay as a tool to measure apoptosis in differentiated neuronal cells. J Neurosci Methods. 86: 63-69.
Schwartz LM, Ashwell JD. 2001. Methods Cell Biology: Apoptosis. USA: Academic Press. 66: 49-246.
Scottl M, Bonnefin P, Vieyra D, Boisvert FM, Young D, Bazett-Jones DP, Riabowol K. 2001. UV-induced binding of ING1 to PCNA regulates the induction of apoptosis. J Cell Sci. 114: 3455-3462.
Shiomi Y, Shinozaki A, Sugimoto K, Usukura J, Obuse C, Tsurimoto T. 2004. The reconstituted human Chl12-RFC complex functions as a second PCNA loader. Genes Cells. 9: 279-290.
Simard J, Couet J, Durocher F, Labrie Y, Sanchez R, Breton N, Turgeon C, Labrie F. 1993. Structure and tissue-specific expression of a novel member of the rat 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4 isomerase (3β-HSD) family. The exclusive 3β-HSD gene expression in the skin. J Biol Chem. 268: 19659-19668.
Simard J, Melner MH, Breton N, Low KG, Zhao HF, Periman LM,Labrie F 1991 Characterization of macaque 3β-hydroxy-5-ene steroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4 isomerase: structure and expression in steroidogenic and peripheral tissues in primate. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 75:101-110.
Simard J, Recketts ML, Gingras S, Soucy P, Feltus FA, Melner MH. 2005. Molecular biology of the 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4 isomerase gene family. Endocr Rev. 26: 525-582.
Skibbens RV, Corson LB, Koshland D, Hieter P. 1999. Ctf7p is essential for sister chromatid cohesion and links mitotic chromosome structure to the DNA replication machinery. Genes Dev. 13: 307-319.
Song WJ, Qin QW, Qiu J, Huang CH, Wang F, Hew CL. 2004. Functional genomics analysis of Singapore grouper iridovirus: complete sequence determination and proteomic analysis. J Virol. 78: 12576-12590.
Sroller V, Kutinova L, Nemeckova S, Simonova V, Vonka V. 1998. Effect of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase gene deletion on virulence and immunogenicity of different vaccinia viruses and their recombinants. Arch Virol. 143:1311-1320.
Strasser A, O’Connor L, Dixit VM. 2000. Apoptosis signaling. Annu Rev Biochem. 69: 217-245.
Sun W, Huang Y, Zhao Z, Gui J, Zhang Q. 2006. Characterization of the Rana grylio virus 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and its novel role in suppressing virus-induced cytopathic effect. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 351: 44-50.
Tan WGH, Barkman TJ, Chinchar VG, Essani K. 2004. Comparative genomic analysis of frog virus 3, type species of the genus Ranavirus (family Iridoviridae). Virology. 323: 70-84.
Tao JJ, Gui JF, Zhang QY. 2007. Isolation and characterization of a rhabdovirus from co-infection of two viruses in mandarin fish. Aquaculture. 262: 1-9.
Thomas JL, Duax WL, Addlagatta A, Brandt S, Fuller RR, Norris W. 2003. Structure/function relationships responsible for conenzyme specificity and the isomerase activity of human type 1 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase. J Biol Chem. 278: 35483-35490.
Thomas JL, Mason JI, Brandt S, Spencer BR, Norris W. 2002. Structure/function relationships responsible for the kinetic difference between human type 1 and type 2 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and for the catalysis of the type 1 activity. J Biol Chem. 277: 42795-42801.
Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jeanmougin F, Higgins DG. 1997. The ClustalX windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res. 24: 4876-4882.
Thompson JP, Granoff A, Willis DB. 1986. Trans-activation of a methylated adenovirus promoter by a frog virus 3 protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 83:7688-7692.
Thompson JP, Granoff A, Willis DB. 1988. Methylation of the promoter for the immediate-early gene does not inhibit transcription. J Virol. 62:4680-4685.
Tidona CA, Darai G. 1997. The complete DNA sequence of lymphocystis disease virus. Virology. 230: 207-216.
Ting JW, Wu MF, Tsai CT, Lin CC, Guo IC, Chang CY. 2004. Identification and characterization of a novel gene of grouper iridovirus encoding a purine nucleoside phophorylase. J Gen Virol. 85: 2883-2892.
Tsai CT, Ting JW, Wu MH, Wu MF, Guo IC, Chang CY. 2005. Complete genomic sequence of the grouper iridovirus and comparison of genomic organization with those of other iridoviruses. J Virol. 79: 2010-2023.
Vairapandi M, Azam N, Balliet AG, Hoffman B, Liebermann. 2000. Characterization of MyD118, Gadd45, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) interacting domains. PCNA impedes MyD118 and Gadd45-mediated negative growth control. J Biol Chem. 275: 1681O-16819.
Van Heerde WL, de Groot PG, Reutelingsperger CP. 1995. The complexity of the phospholipid binding protein Annexin V. Thromb Haemost. 73: 172-179.
Vermes I, Haanen C, Reutelingsperger C. 2000. Flow cytometry of apoptotic cell death. J Immuno Methods. 243: 167-190.
Williams T. 1996. The iridoviruses. Adv Virus Res. 46: 347-412.
Williams T, Barbosa-Solomieu V, Chinchar VG. 2005. A decade of advances in iridovirus research. Adv Virus Res. 65,173-248.
Willis DB. 1987. DNA sequences required for trans-activation of an immediate-early frog virus 3 gene. Virology. 161: 1-7.
Willis DB, Essani K, Goorha R, Thompson JP, Granoff A. 1990a. Transcription of a methylated DNA virus. Nucleic Acid Methylation. UCLA Symp Mol Cell Biol. 128: 139-151.
Willis DB, Goorha R, Chinchar VG. 1985. Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus 3. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 116: 77-106.
Willis DB, Foglesong D, Granoff A. 1984a. Nucleotide sequence of an immediate-early frog virus 3 gene. J Virol. 53: 905-912.
Willis DB, Goorha R, Granoff A. 1979. Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus 3. XI. A ts mutant of frog virus 3 that is defective in late transcription. Virology. 98: 328-335.
Willis DB, Goorha R, Granoff A. 1984b. DNA methyltransferase induced by frog virus 3. J Virol. 49: 86-91.
Willis DB, Goorha R, Miles M, Granoff A. 1977. Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus 3. VII. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of virus gene expression. J Virol. 24: 326-342.
Willis D, Granoff A. 1976a. Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus 3. V. The absence of polyadenylic acid in the majority of virus-specific RNA species. Virology. 73: 543-547.
Willis DB, Granoff A. 1976b. Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus 3. IV. Regulation of virus-specific RNA synthesis. Virology. 70: 397-410.
Willis D, Granoff A. 1978. Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus 3. IX. Two temporal classes of early viral RNA. Virology. 86: 443-453.
Willis DB, Granoff A. 1980. Frog virus 3 DNA is heavily methylated at CpG sequence. Virology. 107: 250-257.
Willis DB, Granoff A. 1985. Trans-activation of an immediate-early frog virus 3 promoter by a virion protein. J Virol. 56:495-501.
Willis DB, Thompson JP, Beckman W. 1990b. Transcription of frog virus 3. In: Darai G (ed) Molecular biology of iridoviruses. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 173-185.
Willis DB, Thompson JP, Essani K, Goorha R. 1989. Transcription of mehtylated viral DNA by eukaryotic RNA polymerase. Cell Biophys. 15: 97-111.
Wrigley NG. 1969. An electron microscope study of the structure of Sericesthis iridescent virus. J Gen Virol. 5: 123-134.
Xie J, Lu L, Deng M,Weng S, Zhu J,Wu Y, Gan L, Chan SM, He J. 2005. Inhibition of reporter gene and iridovirus-tiger frog virus in fish cell by RNA interference. Virology. 338, 43-52.
Yu YX, Bearzotti M, Vende P, Ahne W, Bremont M. 1999. Partial mapping and sequencing of a fish iridovirus genome reveals genes homologous to the frog virus 3 p31, p40 and human eIF2 alpha. Virus Res. 63: 53-63.
Zhang H, Xiong Y, Beach D. 1993. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen and p21 are components of multiple cell cycle kinase complexes. Mol Biol Cell. 4: 897-9O6.
Zhang QY, Li ZQ, Gui JF. 1999. Studies on morphogenesis and cellular interactions of Rana grylio virus (RGV) in an infected fish cell line. Aquaculture. 175: 185-197.
Zhang QY, Tao JJ, Gui L, Zhou GZ, Li ZQ, Gui JF. 2007. Isolation and characterization of Scophthalmus maximus rhabdovirus. Dis Aquat Org. 74: 95-105.
Zhang QY, Xiao F, Li ZQ, Gui JF, Mao JH, Chinchar VG. 2001. Characterization of an iridovirus from the cultured pig frog (Rana grylio) with lethal syndrome. Dis Aquat Org. 48: 27-36.
Zhang QY, Xiao F, Xie J, Li ZQ, Gui JF. 2004. Complete genomic sequence of lymphocystis disease virus isolated from China. J Virol. 78: 6982-6994.
Zhang QY, Zhao Z, Xiao F, Li ZQ, Gui JF. 2006. Molecular characterization of three Rana grylio virus (RGV) isolates and Paralichthys olivaceus lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV-C) in iridoviruses. Aquaculture. 251: 1-10.
Zhao HF, Labrie C, Simard J, de Launoit Y, Trudel C, Martel C,Rheaume E, Dupont E, Luu-The V, Pelletier G. 1991. Characterization of rat 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4 isomerase cDNAs and differential tissue-specific expression of the corresponding mRNAs in steroidogenic and peripheral tissues. J Biol Chem. 266: 583-593.
Zhao HF, Rheaume E, Trudel C, Couet J, Labrie F, Simard J. 1990. Structure and sexual dimorphic expression of a liver-specific rat 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/ isomerase. Endocrinology. 127: 3237-3239.
Zhao HF, Simard J, Labrie C, Breton N, Rheaume E, Luu-The V, Labrie F. 1989. Molecular cloning, cDNA structure and predicted amino acid sequence of bovine 3β-hydroxy-5-ene steroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4 isomerase. FEBS Lett. 259:153-157.
Zhao Z, Ke F, Gui J, Zhang Q. 2007. Characterization of an early gene encoding for dUTPase in Rana grylio virus. Virus Res. 123: 128-137.
Zhi-Jun Y, Sriranganathan N, Vaught T, Arastu SK, Ahmed SA. 1997. A dye-based lymphocyte proliferation assay that permits multiple immunological analyses: mRNA, cytogenetic, apoptosis, and immunophenotyping studies. J Immunol Meth. 210: 25-39.