多点电控液态LPG喷射发动机燃料喷雾的可视化试验研究
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摘要
液化石油气(LPG)因其良好的经济性和低污染排放已成为优良的汽车代用燃料之一。但目前广泛应用的采用气态LPG燃料供应方式的发动机与原汽油机相比,普遍存在动力性下降的缺点,而采用进气道多点液态LPG喷射(MPLI)可有效地解决这个问题。但是液态LPG在喷出后会产生闪急沸腾现象,导致LPG的喷雾过程和汽油的有较大差别,而燃油喷雾混合过程是发动机缸内热力过程的基础,因此,研究掌握燃料的喷雾特性对研究混合气形成、优化燃烧和排放性能具有重要的意义。为此,本文使用可视化方法研究了液态LPG的喷雾特性。
伴随着液态LPG的闪急沸腾,在喷雾体周围会有大量LPG蒸气产生。为观察到蒸气的存在,更全面地了解LPG喷雾的发展状况,基于对由密度梯度引起的折射率梯度敏感的纹影方法建立了光学纹影可视化试验台,并设计、制作了控制装置控制使液态LPG喷嘴和高速CCD相机按照一定的脉冲时序工作以拍摄特定时刻的喷雾图像。通过对试验系统中存在的误差的分析,提出了减小误差的措施,提高了试验结果的可信度。在此基础上分别获得了单、双孔喷嘴在0.5Mpa、1.0Mpa、2.0Mpa喷射压力下时间间隔为0.1ms的喷雾图像序列。
为全面衡量比较不同喷射条件下的喷雾的发展过程,在喷雾贯穿距离和喷雾锥角之外,又提出了投影喷雾面积和喷雾体积两个参数并给出了相应的定义和计算方法。并根据获得的液态LPG的喷雾图像重新定义了喷雾锥角。
利用计算机图像处理技术获取了不同喷射时刻液态LPG喷雾的形状、贯穿距离、喷雾锥角等特征参数,与手工测量的结果对比显示,两种测量结果的相差百分率仅有一个时刻超过了5%,为5.01%,其余绝大部分均在±3%以内,从而验证了计算方法的准确性和通过图像处理技术获得的喷雾轮廓的可靠性。对比结果还显示采用计算机图像处理技术获取液态LPG喷雾特征的测量效率比单纯的手工方法测量至少提高25倍以上。
由上述的研究表明:随喷射压力的增加,液态LPG喷雾的贯穿距离、投影喷雾面积和喷雾体积增加,而喷雾锥角减小;而4气门发动机采用的双孔喷嘴的雾化效果更好,有利于混合气的形成;这是由于在较高的喷射压力下喷出的液态LPG喷流首先与双孔喷嘴头部的分流套碰撞后,被分流成两油束,经分流孔导流喷出。这个过程也加速了喷雾的蒸发,因此在光学纹影方法下可以观察到经双孔喷嘴喷出的液态LPG的喷雾贯穿距离在喷射开始的一段时间内比单孔喷嘴的喷雾贯穿距离要大一些。
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) has been considered one of the excellent alternative vehicle fuels for its lower fuel cost and emissions compared with the traditional petroleum fuels. Comparing to the original gasoline engine, a main problem of the most common being used LPG engines which are converted from the gasoline engine with a mixer or a gaseous phase injection fuel supply system, is the power loss. In contrast, multi-port liquid phase LPG injection (MPLI) seems to be a better choice of the fuel supply system since it will not bring such a problem. However, the flashing of the liquid phase LPG makes the spray characteristics widely different from the gasoline’s. Spray process has significant effect on combustion and emissions of the engine, so it is very necessary and important to understand the LPG’s spray characteristics to control the fuel injection, optimize the combustion, improve the emissions and then exerts the fuel’s potential. Therefore, the spray characteristics of LPG are investigated in this thesis using visualization method.
With the flashing of liquid phase LPG, a gaseous LPG layer will be formed around the LPG spray body. To observe this layer as well as the spray behavior, the schlieren photography, a method that is very sensitive to refraction index gradient caused by density gradient in a transparent medium, is employed to set up a visualization test apparatus to capture spray images. A control device is designed to trigger the injector and the CCD camera according to a certain time sequence to obtain the spray image at a certain instant. The error analysis is also done to improve the reliability of the experimental results. Based on these, the spray image sequences, with a time interval of 0.1ms, are obtained for two injectors, a single-hole one and a double-hole one, under three injection pressures, 0.5Mpa, 1.0Mpa and 2.0Mpa, respectively.
In addition to spray tip penetration and spray angle, another two parameters, projected spray area and spray volume, are also presented to describe the spray. The definitions and calculation algorithms of the two new parameters are given, too. Besides, according to the actual configuration of the spray, the spray angle for LPG spray is redefined.
To calculate the four parameters in terms of the given calculation algorithms, the spray outline is obtained and then coordinatized using digital image processing techniques. Comparing the calculation results to manual measurement results, the maximum difference between the two methods is 5.01%, and the most of the differences are within±3%. This proves the accuracy of the calculation algorithms and the creditability of the obtained spray outline. In addition, the comparison also shows that the digital calculation method has efficiency that at least 25 times more than the manual method.
By analyzing the calculation results, the following conclusions are made. (1) With the injection pressure increasing, the spray tip penetration, the projected spray area and the spray volume are all increased while the spray angle is decreased. (2) Double-hole injector has better atomization effect than single-hole injector on the fuel spray because the impingement of spray with flow split head of double-hole injector has promoted the atomization and evaporation of liquid phase LPG. Therefore, it will produce a more homogeneous air-fuel mixture. (3) For the same reason of impingement, under the observation with schlieren technique, the spray tip penetration of double-hole injector is longer than that of single-hole injector in a period at the early injection stage.
伴随着液态LPG的闪急沸腾,在喷雾体周围会有大量LPG蒸气产生。为观察到蒸气的存在,更全面地了解LPG喷雾的发展状况,基于对由密度梯度引起的折射率梯度敏感的纹影方法建立了光学纹影可视化试验台,并设计、制作了控制装置控制使液态LPG喷嘴和高速CCD相机按照一定的脉冲时序工作以拍摄特定时刻的喷雾图像。通过对试验系统中存在的误差的分析,提出了减小误差的措施,提高了试验结果的可信度。在此基础上分别获得了单、双孔喷嘴在0.5Mpa、1.0Mpa、2.0Mpa喷射压力下时间间隔为0.1ms的喷雾图像序列。
为全面衡量比较不同喷射条件下的喷雾的发展过程,在喷雾贯穿距离和喷雾锥角之外,又提出了投影喷雾面积和喷雾体积两个参数并给出了相应的定义和计算方法。并根据获得的液态LPG的喷雾图像重新定义了喷雾锥角。
利用计算机图像处理技术获取了不同喷射时刻液态LPG喷雾的形状、贯穿距离、喷雾锥角等特征参数,与手工测量的结果对比显示,两种测量结果的相差百分率仅有一个时刻超过了5%,为5.01%,其余绝大部分均在±3%以内,从而验证了计算方法的准确性和通过图像处理技术获得的喷雾轮廓的可靠性。对比结果还显示采用计算机图像处理技术获取液态LPG喷雾特征的测量效率比单纯的手工方法测量至少提高25倍以上。
由上述的研究表明:随喷射压力的增加,液态LPG喷雾的贯穿距离、投影喷雾面积和喷雾体积增加,而喷雾锥角减小;而4气门发动机采用的双孔喷嘴的雾化效果更好,有利于混合气的形成;这是由于在较高的喷射压力下喷出的液态LPG喷流首先与双孔喷嘴头部的分流套碰撞后,被分流成两油束,经分流孔导流喷出。这个过程也加速了喷雾的蒸发,因此在光学纹影方法下可以观察到经双孔喷嘴喷出的液态LPG的喷雾贯穿距离在喷射开始的一段时间内比单孔喷嘴的喷雾贯穿距离要大一些。
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) has been considered one of the excellent alternative vehicle fuels for its lower fuel cost and emissions compared with the traditional petroleum fuels. Comparing to the original gasoline engine, a main problem of the most common being used LPG engines which are converted from the gasoline engine with a mixer or a gaseous phase injection fuel supply system, is the power loss. In contrast, multi-port liquid phase LPG injection (MPLI) seems to be a better choice of the fuel supply system since it will not bring such a problem. However, the flashing of the liquid phase LPG makes the spray characteristics widely different from the gasoline’s. Spray process has significant effect on combustion and emissions of the engine, so it is very necessary and important to understand the LPG’s spray characteristics to control the fuel injection, optimize the combustion, improve the emissions and then exerts the fuel’s potential. Therefore, the spray characteristics of LPG are investigated in this thesis using visualization method.
With the flashing of liquid phase LPG, a gaseous LPG layer will be formed around the LPG spray body. To observe this layer as well as the spray behavior, the schlieren photography, a method that is very sensitive to refraction index gradient caused by density gradient in a transparent medium, is employed to set up a visualization test apparatus to capture spray images. A control device is designed to trigger the injector and the CCD camera according to a certain time sequence to obtain the spray image at a certain instant. The error analysis is also done to improve the reliability of the experimental results. Based on these, the spray image sequences, with a time interval of 0.1ms, are obtained for two injectors, a single-hole one and a double-hole one, under three injection pressures, 0.5Mpa, 1.0Mpa and 2.0Mpa, respectively.
In addition to spray tip penetration and spray angle, another two parameters, projected spray area and spray volume, are also presented to describe the spray. The definitions and calculation algorithms of the two new parameters are given, too. Besides, according to the actual configuration of the spray, the spray angle for LPG spray is redefined.
To calculate the four parameters in terms of the given calculation algorithms, the spray outline is obtained and then coordinatized using digital image processing techniques. Comparing the calculation results to manual measurement results, the maximum difference between the two methods is 5.01%, and the most of the differences are within±3%. This proves the accuracy of the calculation algorithms and the creditability of the obtained spray outline. In addition, the comparison also shows that the digital calculation method has efficiency that at least 25 times more than the manual method.
By analyzing the calculation results, the following conclusions are made. (1) With the injection pressure increasing, the spray tip penetration, the projected spray area and the spray volume are all increased while the spray angle is decreased. (2) Double-hole injector has better atomization effect than single-hole injector on the fuel spray because the impingement of spray with flow split head of double-hole injector has promoted the atomization and evaporation of liquid phase LPG. Therefore, it will produce a more homogeneous air-fuel mixture. (3) For the same reason of impingement, under the observation with schlieren technique, the spray tip penetration of double-hole injector is longer than that of single-hole injector in a period at the early injection stage.
引文
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