舰载机起降关键技术仿真研究
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摘要
航空母舰/舰载机系统是现代航母编队作战系统的核心组成部分，作为舰载机的海上活动平台，航空母舰必须具备让舰载机起飞与降落能力，因此必须对舰载机在航空母舰上起飞与降落的关键技术进行研究。舰载机起降关键技术主要包括：滑跃起飞技术、弹射起飞技术、进舰引导技术、LSO技术、进场动力补偿技术以及着舰阻拦技术等。本课题针对其中的弹射起飞技术、进场动力补偿技术以及着舰阻拦技术进行仿真分析与研究，主要包含以下部分内容：
1.介绍了着舰甲板几何尺寸特点、海洋环境的特点与海浪模型，然后给出了工程意义下的甲板运动数学模型。针对着舰安全有重大影响的舰尾气流场，选择了具有工程实际意义的美军标MIL-HDBK-1797中的模型作为研究对象，对其进行了深入的分析与研究，利用空间功率谱和时间功率谱的转换方法，给出了自由大气紊流分量的滤波器形式，对舰尾流随机分量传递函数中含有时变参数的特点，提出了将其转化为状态空间的实现方法，解决了传递函数参数的时变问题。最后建立了舰尾气流场的仿真模型，并对仿真结果进行了深入的分析。
2.对舰载机弹射起飞方式的6个过程：弹射杆预张紧过程、弹射杆加载过程、弹射滑跑过程、前轮和主轮自由滑跑过程、主轮自由滑跑过程以及离舰起飞过程分别进行了分析，建立了一种基于前起落架载荷突卸的弹射起飞的动力学模型。讨论了在甲板弹射阶段的前起落架主要承力构件载荷振荡情况，并分析了其动力学特性，研究了弹射载荷突卸后前起落架突伸特性对弹射起飞性能的影响。讨论了舰载机离舰后起飞规律，分析了影响弹射起飞性能的因素。研究了舰艏气流场对弹射起飞的影响。最后讨论了剩余甲板长度的取值范围问题，并提出了一种剩余甲板长度的设计方法。
3.以舰载机自动着舰系统为例，首先分析了无动力补偿时，舰载机的航迹角无法对姿态角进行有效跟踪的原因。接着分析了舰载机自动着舰的纵向运动状态的特点，并建立其数学模型。由于滑模变结构控制对外部干扰和未建模动态具有很强的鲁棒性,本节采用滑模变结构控制方法设计进场动力补偿系统。为了消除利用离散指数趋近律方法设计控制系统的状态在原点附近的抖振现象，给出了一种改进的离散指数趋近律方法，并对该趋近律的到达性及趋近过程进行了深入的分析。然后使用该改进的趋近律，对进场动力补偿系统进行了设计。最后建立起舰载机纵向自动着舰系统的仿真模型，并将航母舰尾气流场模型加入到自动着舰系统综合仿真模型中，通过仿真分析了进场动力补偿系统的性能。
4.以国外现役航母上一种正在使用的液压缓冲式阻拦装置——Mark7Mod3型阻拦机为研究对象，对其组成及工作原理进行了深入的研究，并重点研究其核心部分——定长冲跑控制阀的工作原理，根据Mark7Mod1型阻拦机的控制凸轮型线等比例扩展设计了Mark7Mod3型阻拦机控制凸轮的型线，分析了质量选择器的作用，建立了舰载机阻拦过程的动力学模型。进行了不同质量、不同着舰初速度的舰载机阻拦仿真实验，并对仿真结果进行分析。根据舰载机阻拦仿真结果，讨论了舰载机阻拦过程的特点及约束条件，最后给出了一种阻拦装置主液压缸压强曲线的设计方法。
The system of aircraft carrier and carrier-based aircraft is the key part of modern aircraftcarrier formation combat system and carrier-based aircraft is the most power weapon of thecombat system. Aircraft carrier which is the activity platform of carrier-based aircraft musthave the abililties of take off and landing. Therefore, it is necessary to study the keytechonology of take off and landing which includes that: slippery jump take-off technology,catapult launch technology, approach guide technology, LSO technology, approach powercompensator technology; landing arresting technology and so on. In this paper, catapultlaunch technology, approach power compensator technology and landing arresting technologyare going to be simulated and studied. The following contents ar researched:
1. The method of simulating stationary random process is introduced. The method oftransforming space power spectrum to time power spectrum is presented. The geometrycharacteristics of landing deck and sea wave model are gived. The model of deck motion withpractical engineering value is provided. In the following, the landing carrier disturbance ofMIL-HDBK-1797is selected as the object to study and analysize. The filters of free-airturbulence components are presented by used of the method which transfers space powerspectrum to time power spectrum. The method of changing transfer function to space state isproposed to solve the problem of time-varying parameters in the random component of carrierairwake. The Simulation model is constructed in Matlab and the simulating result isanalysized.
2. The catapult launch which is may divided into6distinct portions: preloading of bridle,catapult force building-up with holdback, power stroke, free deck run with all gears on deck,free deck run with nose only past deck edge and fly away is analysized. A simplifieddynamics model of catapult launch based on fast-extension of nose gear is constructed. Loadoscillations and dynamics charateristics of main load-carrying components of nose gear arediscussed. The influence of fast extension on catapult launch is researched. The law of flyaway of carrier-based aircraft is studied. The influencing factors of catapult launch areanalysized. The influence of the fore disturbance on catapult launch is discussed. The lengthof deck edge distance is analysized. The method of designing deck edge distance is proposed.
3. The cause that track angle can not follow attitude angle of carrier-based aircraft withoutapproach power compensator system is anlysized. The mathematical model of longitudinalmotion of automatic landing carrier system is constructed. The chattering of discrete-time variable structure controller designed by exponent reaching law is studied. In order to reducethis chattering performance, an improved method about reaching law is presented. Theapproach power compensator system is designed by this exponent reaching law. Thelongitudinal motion simulation of automatic landing carrier system is set up in Matlab. Thecapability of approach power compensator system with the role of landing carrier disturbanceis analysized.
4. The Mark7Mod3hydraulic damping arresting gear system is used to recover incomingaircrafts on an aircraft carrier. The control valve of constant runout is the heart of the Mark7system, and its opening is directly adjusted by the cam action. An approach of designing camprofile for the Mark7Mod3system is presented. Mathematical model of the Mark7Mod3system is built up, and the arresting simulation for carrier-based aircrafts with differentweights and different engaging speeds are carried out. The simulation results are analysized.The characterisics of arrestment for carrier-based aircraft are discussed. The technology ofdesigning pressure curve of main hydraulic cylinder is presented.
1.介绍了着舰甲板几何尺寸特点、海洋环境的特点与海浪模型，然后给出了工程意义下的甲板运动数学模型。针对着舰安全有重大影响的舰尾气流场，选择了具有工程实际意义的美军标MIL-HDBK-1797中的模型作为研究对象，对其进行了深入的分析与研究，利用空间功率谱和时间功率谱的转换方法，给出了自由大气紊流分量的滤波器形式，对舰尾流随机分量传递函数中含有时变参数的特点，提出了将其转化为状态空间的实现方法，解决了传递函数参数的时变问题。最后建立了舰尾气流场的仿真模型，并对仿真结果进行了深入的分析。
2.对舰载机弹射起飞方式的6个过程：弹射杆预张紧过程、弹射杆加载过程、弹射滑跑过程、前轮和主轮自由滑跑过程、主轮自由滑跑过程以及离舰起飞过程分别进行了分析，建立了一种基于前起落架载荷突卸的弹射起飞的动力学模型。讨论了在甲板弹射阶段的前起落架主要承力构件载荷振荡情况，并分析了其动力学特性，研究了弹射载荷突卸后前起落架突伸特性对弹射起飞性能的影响。讨论了舰载机离舰后起飞规律，分析了影响弹射起飞性能的因素。研究了舰艏气流场对弹射起飞的影响。最后讨论了剩余甲板长度的取值范围问题，并提出了一种剩余甲板长度的设计方法。
3.以舰载机自动着舰系统为例，首先分析了无动力补偿时，舰载机的航迹角无法对姿态角进行有效跟踪的原因。接着分析了舰载机自动着舰的纵向运动状态的特点，并建立其数学模型。由于滑模变结构控制对外部干扰和未建模动态具有很强的鲁棒性,本节采用滑模变结构控制方法设计进场动力补偿系统。为了消除利用离散指数趋近律方法设计控制系统的状态在原点附近的抖振现象，给出了一种改进的离散指数趋近律方法，并对该趋近律的到达性及趋近过程进行了深入的分析。然后使用该改进的趋近律，对进场动力补偿系统进行了设计。最后建立起舰载机纵向自动着舰系统的仿真模型，并将航母舰尾气流场模型加入到自动着舰系统综合仿真模型中，通过仿真分析了进场动力补偿系统的性能。
4.以国外现役航母上一种正在使用的液压缓冲式阻拦装置——Mark7Mod3型阻拦机为研究对象，对其组成及工作原理进行了深入的研究，并重点研究其核心部分——定长冲跑控制阀的工作原理，根据Mark7Mod1型阻拦机的控制凸轮型线等比例扩展设计了Mark7Mod3型阻拦机控制凸轮的型线，分析了质量选择器的作用，建立了舰载机阻拦过程的动力学模型。进行了不同质量、不同着舰初速度的舰载机阻拦仿真实验，并对仿真结果进行分析。根据舰载机阻拦仿真结果，讨论了舰载机阻拦过程的特点及约束条件，最后给出了一种阻拦装置主液压缸压强曲线的设计方法。
The system of aircraft carrier and carrier-based aircraft is the key part of modern aircraftcarrier formation combat system and carrier-based aircraft is the most power weapon of thecombat system. Aircraft carrier which is the activity platform of carrier-based aircraft musthave the abililties of take off and landing. Therefore, it is necessary to study the keytechonology of take off and landing which includes that: slippery jump take-off technology,catapult launch technology, approach guide technology, LSO technology, approach powercompensator technology; landing arresting technology and so on. In this paper, catapultlaunch technology, approach power compensator technology and landing arresting technologyare going to be simulated and studied. The following contents ar researched:
1. The method of simulating stationary random process is introduced. The method oftransforming space power spectrum to time power spectrum is presented. The geometrycharacteristics of landing deck and sea wave model are gived. The model of deck motion withpractical engineering value is provided. In the following, the landing carrier disturbance ofMIL-HDBK-1797is selected as the object to study and analysize. The filters of free-airturbulence components are presented by used of the method which transfers space powerspectrum to time power spectrum. The method of changing transfer function to space state isproposed to solve the problem of time-varying parameters in the random component of carrierairwake. The Simulation model is constructed in Matlab and the simulating result isanalysized.
2. The catapult launch which is may divided into6distinct portions: preloading of bridle,catapult force building-up with holdback, power stroke, free deck run with all gears on deck,free deck run with nose only past deck edge and fly away is analysized. A simplifieddynamics model of catapult launch based on fast-extension of nose gear is constructed. Loadoscillations and dynamics charateristics of main load-carrying components of nose gear arediscussed. The influence of fast extension on catapult launch is researched. The law of flyaway of carrier-based aircraft is studied. The influencing factors of catapult launch areanalysized. The influence of the fore disturbance on catapult launch is discussed. The lengthof deck edge distance is analysized. The method of designing deck edge distance is proposed.
3. The cause that track angle can not follow attitude angle of carrier-based aircraft withoutapproach power compensator system is anlysized. The mathematical model of longitudinalmotion of automatic landing carrier system is constructed. The chattering of discrete-time variable structure controller designed by exponent reaching law is studied. In order to reducethis chattering performance, an improved method about reaching law is presented. Theapproach power compensator system is designed by this exponent reaching law. Thelongitudinal motion simulation of automatic landing carrier system is set up in Matlab. Thecapability of approach power compensator system with the role of landing carrier disturbanceis analysized.
4. The Mark7Mod3hydraulic damping arresting gear system is used to recover incomingaircrafts on an aircraft carrier. The control valve of constant runout is the heart of the Mark7system, and its opening is directly adjusted by the cam action. An approach of designing camprofile for the Mark7Mod3system is presented. Mathematical model of the Mark7Mod3system is built up, and the arresting simulation for carrier-based aircrafts with differentweights and different engaging speeds are carried out. The simulation results are analysized.The characterisics of arrestment for carrier-based aircraft are discussed. The technology ofdesigning pressure curve of main hydraulic cylinder is presented.
引文
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