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拖拉机自动变速及作业机组综合控制研究
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摘要
本文的研究是在拖拉机作业机组仿真试验系统平台上进行,仿真系统的控制系统由上位机监控系统、发动机及换挡控制系统、发动机负荷模拟加载控制系统等三大部分组成,利用本控制系统能对机组进行各种加载试验研究。
     发动机负荷模拟加载控制系统包括彼此独立的作业阻力模拟控制子系统和电涡流测功机控制子系统两部分,应用发动机负荷模拟控制器数学模型,使作业阻力的变化及时转换为发动机负荷的变化,能够满足仿真系统的控制要求。应用VC++6.0为开发工具,采用面向对象的设计思想的上位机实时监控软件具有人工控制和自动控制的两种功能,操作人员可以在自动控制中随时在线调整或修改设定参数,实现不同的控制品质和控制要求。
     拖拉机作业机组在作业过程中,作业环境比较恶劣,作业工况复杂多变,其动力学问题很复杂,不确定性成分较多,此外,机组的机液结构系统惯性较大,响应滞后等非线性问题突出。这些特点很难用精确的数学模型来描述,采用依靠精确数学模型的古典控制理论或建立状态方程的近代控制理论来研究机组的综合控制问题是复杂的。
     本文以典型的犁耕机组为例,在分析拖拉机田间作业工况的基础上,深入研究了拖拉机自动变速系统理论及换档品质的问题,改进了换档执行机构,用模糊控制方法对换档品质进行了优化。试验表明控制具有调节快,稳定性好的特点,符合拖拉机作业的实际要求。
     本文研究了拖拉机机组的综合控制问题及其最佳匹配方法,在深入研究机组动态特性的基础上,根据发动机负荷率、驱动轮滑转率和作业阻力三参数的综合综合控制模型以及三种综合控制策略(最高生产效率的控制策略、燃油经济性的控制策略和兼顾最高生产效率及燃油经济性的控制策略),针对不同的作业目的,采用不同的控制策略,应用混杂动态系统理论,把三种控制策略抽象为三种离散事件,建立了拖拉机机组上层(管理层)离散事件切换模型,并建立了基于神经网络的功能决策层模型,从而实现了拖拉机机组的整机最优控制。
     仿真试验结果表明,本文设计的控制系统、控制模型和控制算法达到了预期的控制要求,为研究行走式作业机组的自动控制提供了一种有实用价值的参考。
In this paper, the study was based on the emulational experience system of the tractor-implement. The emulational control system was composed of three parts: master PC monitor system, transmission and throttle control subsystem, engine load simulated control subsystem. Using the system, many studies and experiments could be carried out on the implement units.
    Engine load simulated control system was consisted of two unattached parts of work resistance simulated control subsystem and electric bow wave dynamometer control subsystem. With the mathematic models of engine load simulation controller, which transferred the work resistance's change to engine load change immediately, the system can met the need of the simulation control system. Real monitor software of the master PC was developed by using VC++6.0 and adopting the method of Object-Oriented Programming. The monitor software has two functions of manual and automatic control. The operator can adjust the setting parameters online in order to meet different quality and needs of the control.
    The dynamics of a tractor-implement combination were complex in the atrocious working environment and fluky work status. A lot of components were not assured. The system had an evident non-linearity problem about large inertial and response lag due to its machine and hydraulic structure. These characteristics were hard to describe by using exact mathematic model. It was difficult to study unit's integrated control by using classic control theory relying on exact mathematic model, or modern control theory relying on status function.
    Based on the analysis of the real work state of the tractor in the field, take the typical plough implement unit as an example; a further study was made in this paper, including the theory of the automatic transmission and the quality of gearshift. In the experiment, we developed the gear shifter and optimized the quality of the gearshift by adopting the theory of fuzzy control. These circuits had the characteristic of quick adjustment and good stabilization, which met the real needs of tractor work.
    It also studied the integrated control problems and optimal matching methods on the Tractor-implement combination in this paper. Based on the further study of dynamic characteristic of the tractor-implement combination, according to the integrated control model, which including the flowing three parameters: the engine load rate, drive wheel slip and work resistance, and the three control strategies, which are: highest production efficiency control strategy, oil consume economic control strategy and give attention to the above control strategy, we can adopt different control strategies according to different purpose of the task. Applying the theory of the hybrid dynamic system to this case, the three control strategies can be abstracted to three discrete matters, and then the exchange model of the discrete matters of the top layer (which called manage layer) of the tractor-implement combination and the function decision model, which based on the nerve network, can be established. Through this way, the best ad
    aptive controlling of the tractor came true.
    The simulated experiment showed that the control system, control model and control arithmetic designed by author in the paper achieve the expected control purpose. It gives a practical and referenced method on study auto-control of walking implement combinations.
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