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关于促进自主创新的税收政策及相关税政管理体制研究
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摘要
创新是一个民族进步的灵魂,是一个国家兴旺发达的不竭动力支持自主创新,促进技术进步,是我国面对全球科技发展日新月异的复杂形势,迎接新时期挑战做出的一项重要战略决策,对于加快经济发展方式转变推动经济结构战略性调整应对国际竞争维护经济社会健康发展具有重要意义
     理论与实践均证明,影响自主创新的因素很多,其中税收政策与自主创新密切相关,好的税收政策,有助于支持和促进自主创新建立健全有效的税收政策激励机制,促进自主创新发展,增强我国科技竞争实力,值得认真研究由于税收政策形成并作用于一定的税政管理体制之中,科学的税政管理体制,有助于发挥税收政策效果,研究促进自主创新税收政策的同时,还应当进一步探究深层次的税政管理体制问题
     本文采用实证分析与规范分析相结合定性分析与定量分析相结合历史分析与国际比较相结合总量分析与典型调查相结合的研究方法,力图实现以下研究目的:从理论上,分析税收政策与自主创新的相互关系和作用机制,进而研究促进自主创新的税收政策和相关税政管理体制的内在联系;从政策上,系统梳理我国促进自主创新税收政策的历史与现实,借鉴国际经验做法,评估分析中关村国家自主创新示范区试点税收政策运行情况,探究我国促进自主创新政策存在的问题和对策建议;从管理上,分析我国税政管理体制现状,分析制约我国促进自主创新税收政策效果的主要税政管理体制障碍,并探索完善我国税政管理体制的对策建议具体章节的内容安排如下:
     第1章是绪论主要内容包括:提出研究的问题研究的背景研究的意义,综述国内外已有文献资料观点,并在此基础上阐述本文研究对象研究目的研究框架和研究方法
     第2章是税收政策激励自主创新的理论分析主要内容包括:自主创新的特点和政府干预的必要性分析,自主创新结果的公共性、效应的外部性过程的风险性决定了政府干预特别是税收激励的必要;通过税收激励政策的作用机制分析,论证税收政策的有效性和局限性;由于税政管理体制中存在利益相关者、税政管理体制影响行政效率和纳税人遵从成本税政管理体制决定着监督机制建设等原因,税收政策与税政管理密切相关
     第3章是国外促进自主创新税收政策的经验与启示主要内容包括:世界各国在激励企业自主研发强化产学研合作激励激励创业和扶持中小企业创新加强人才激励培育和扶持新兴产业鼓励技术转移和引进消化吸收再创新等等方面的经验做法和主要启示
     第4章是我国促进自主创新税收政策的历史与现实主要内容包括:1978年-1993年1994年—2005年2006年以来促进自主创新的税收政策发展情况;我国促进自主创新的制度不断完善,相关税收政策陆续出台,并在宏观总量上呈现大中型企业创新比较活跃、高新技术企业成为创新骨干、企业资金是研发投入主要来源等特点,税收政策促进自主创新发展的成效显著,也存在诸多问题
     第5章是中关村国家自主创新示范区试点税收政策典型调查主要内容包括中关村国家自主创新示范区发展建设背景中关村税收政策的早期探索中关村试点四项税收政策分析,以及中关村试点税收政策运行效果评价对比分析了试点税收政策预期目标和运行结果,政策的实际运行与政策目标偏差很大,很多预期的减免税收激励研发、扩大高新技术企业范围、促进企业增加职工培训和实施股权激励等等目标均未能实现
     第6章是促进自主创新的税收政策问题及其对策主要内容包括:针对现实情况,深入分析我国自主创新税收政策存在的主要问题,进而研究如何把握税收政策优化原则,以及对具体税收政策进行调整完善的对策建议
     第7章是促进自主创新的税政管理体制问题及其对策主要包括:分析我国税收政策与税政管理体制的关系,研究当前制约自主创新税收政策效果的主要税政管理体制问题,并提出了管理体制上的顶层设计、健全税收竞争和税政监督机制,加强税式支出分析评估体系建设等对策建议
     本文主要研究成果和可能的创新之处包括以下几个方面:
     一是基于我国改革发展新形势下的税收政策,特别中关村国家自主创新示范区试点税收政策运行情况,并借鉴国际经验,认为当前促进自主创新税收政策存在政策门槛过高政策设计缺陷政策重心分散以及总体税负较重等问题,并针对性地提出了优化原则和具体税种的改革建议;
     二是在分析我国税政管理体制现状的基础上,从理论上论证了税收政策与税政管理体制的相关性,认为更深层次的税政管理体制问题,在现实中制约了我国自主创新税收政策效果;
     三是具体研究了我国税政管理体制问题,如政策效率低、执行力度差、监督约束弱等等,剖析其如何制约了自主创新税收政策的效果,进而结合公共管理和公共政策理论,提出加强机构职能顶层设计、健全竞争监督机制完善税式支出分析评估体系等对策建议
Innovation is the soul of a nation's progress and an inexhaustible motive force for the prosperity of a country. To support independent innovation and promote technological progress is an important strategic decision which greets a new era challenges by facing the quick changes of the complex situation in global scientific and technological development. Independent innovation has very important meaning for expediting changes of economic development modes, promoting strategic adjustment of economic structure, dealing with international completion, and protecting health development of economy and society.
     Theory and practice have proved that many factors affect innovation, including the closing relationship between tax policy and independent innovation. A good tax policy is to support and promote independent innovation. It is worth of serious study in establishing effective and incentive tax policy, promoting the development of independent innovation, and enhancing the competitive strength of China's science and technology. Due to tax policy is based on the role of the taxation administration system, scientific tax administration system helps to exert tax policy effects. Meanwhile, we should also further explore tax administration system issues.
     In this paper, we use the combination of empirical analysis and normative analysis, qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, historical analysis and international comparisons, aggregate analysis and typical survey research methods to seek to achieve the following research purpose. From theory perspective, we analyze relationship and effect between tax policy and independent innovation. From policy perspective, we systematically analyze the history and reality of our country to promote the independent innovation tax policy. By drawing on international experience and practice, we evaluate pilot operation of tax policy in Zhongguancun National Innovation Demonstration Zone, and thus to explore our country to promote independent innovation policy problems and suggestions. From management perspective, we analyze current situation of Chinese tax administration system, restrict promotion of innovation tax policy effects and tax administration system barriers, and also explore the suggestions for Improvement of taxation administration system. Specific chapter is organized as follows:
     Chapter1is an introduction. The main contents include establishing research problems, research background, significance of the research, review of domestic and foreign literature points of view. And based on that, to expand on the subjects of this study, the research purpose, research framework and research methods.
     Chapter2is theoretical analysis of tax policy to encourage independent innovation. The main contents include the characteristics of the innovation and the need for government intervention, the public nature of the results of independent innovation, the effects of externalities, the process of risk decisions that result in government intervention, especially the need for tax incentives. The mechanism of action of the tax incentive policies demonstrates the effectiveness of the tax policies and limitations. Tax administration system runs impact of administrative efficiency and compliance costs of taxpayer, also determines the oversight mechanisms and other reasons. Therefore, tax policy and the taxation administration are closely related.
     Chapter3is to promote international experience and enlightenment on independent innovation tax policy. The main contents include the experience of the world to encourage independent research and development, strengthen research cooperation incentives, entrepreneurship incentives and SME innovation, strengthen the talent incentive, nurture and support rising industries, and encourage technology transfer and the introduction of digestion and absorption of re-innovation practices and inspiration.
     Chapter4is the history and reality of China to promote independent innovation of tax policy. The main contents include development of tax policy by promoting independent innovation in the periods of1978-1993,1994-2005, and after2006. In China, by constantly improving the independent innovation system, the related tax policies have been put forward, and rendered in the macroscopic total large and medium-sized enterprises to innovate more active, high-tech innovation backbone enterprise fund R&D investment the main source of government funds is an important complement to R&D investment characteristics, tax policy to promote the development of independent innovation with remarkable results, and there are many problems.
     Chapter5is to research on a typical tax policy survey of Zhongguancun National Innovation Demonstration Zone. The main contents include the background of Zhongguancun National Innovation Model development and construction, the early exploration of the of Zhongguancun tax policy, the four pilot tax analysis in Zhongguancun, and the effect evaluation of Zhongguancun pilot tax policy. The comparative analysis of the pilot tax policy targets and operating results, there is a big gap between actual operation and the policy objectives. And also, we have failed to achieve the expected tax reeducation, incentives R&D, and expansion of high-tech enterprises, encourage enterprises to increase staff training and promoting of stock implementation.
     Chapter6is to promote independent innovation tax policy issues and countermeasures. The main contents include the reality-depth analysis of the main problems of China's independent innovation tax policy, and then study how to grasp the principle of tax policy optimization, and optimal adjustment of the suggestions on the specific tax policy.
     Chapter7is to promote independent innovation of the taxation administration system problems and countermeasures, include analyzing the relationship between Chinese tax policy and taxation administration system, researching the main tax administration system problems which currently restrict the effect of independent innovation tax policy. And also, to address that designing the top level of management system, the supervision mechanism of tax competition and tax administration, strengthen the tax expenditure analysis evaluation system and other construction suggestions. In this paper, research results and possible innovations include the following aspects:
     Firstly, based on the new situation of reform and development of Chinese tax policy, in particular, the tax policy operation of Zhongguancun National Innovation Demonstration Zone, we realized that the current innovation tax policy threshold is too high by learning from international experience. And also, the problems of policy design objections, the dispersion of policy focus, as well as the overall heavier tax burden, are lead to put forward proposals for reform of the optimization principles and specific taxes.
     Secondly, analyzing Chinese independent innovation of tax policy, we theoretically demonstrate the relationship between tax policy and tax administration policy. We realize that the deeper tax administration system problems restrict effects of independent innovation on tax policy.
     Last, We concretely research Chinese tax administration systems problems including low efficiency of policies, poor enforcement, weak supervision and restraint. Besides that, we analyze how to restrict the effects of independent innovation on tax policy, and thus to combine public administration and public policy theory, to raise evaluation system suggestions, which include institutional strengthening top-level design, sound competition oversight mechanisms, consummation of the tax expenditure analysis.
引文
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