海洋环境影响评价的技术范式研究
|
摘要
对于建设项目的海洋环境影响评价,迄今尚缺乏系统性和可操作性的技术范式。与较早开展的其他环境要素的环境影响评价相比,海洋环境影响评价工作仍需在实践中加以完善。海洋环境由海洋水文动力、海洋水质、海洋沉积物、海洋生物与生态等多种环境要素组成,其对人类活动的敏感性因要素而异;同时,环境影响评价应根据建设项目的特点、规模以及工程所在海域的环境敏感程度,确定环境影响评价工作的等级;海洋环境质量现状调查与评价、海洋环境影响预测的范围和程度等,应该依据评价工作等级和建设项目的性质做出明确划分,确定科学合理的评价参数和方法。
本文旨在实际工作基础上,从海洋环境的要素出发,尝试开展海洋环境影响评价的技术范式研究,使之更为成熟、合理,更具实用性和可操作性,为制定海洋环境影响评价技术导则提供理论依据和方法基础,在我国现阶段具有十分重要的现实意义。论文就如何划分海洋水文动力、水质、沉积物、生物和生态等环境要素的敏感区类型;如何划分各单项评价内容的评价工作等级;如何根据评价等级和建设项目的特征,确定环境现状调查内容、环境影响预测内容等方面开展研究。主要研究内容包括:
(1)按照环境要素的不同,选取海洋水文动力环境、海洋水质环境、海洋生态环境这三项评价内容,科学、定性地划分各自的敏感区、亚敏感区和非敏感区。
(2)根据建设项目所在地的环境敏感区类型,以及建设项目的污染排放特征等因素;参考《环境影响评价技术导则》(总则、地面水环境、大气环境、声环境、非污染生态影响等),定量化地确定各单项评价内容的环境影响评价工作等级。
(3)根据不同评价等级和建设项目的特征,规范海洋环境质量现状调查的调查范围、调查断面和站位布设、调查时间和频率,以及调查参数。
(4)根据不同的评价等级,确定海洋环境影响预测范围和内容,以及切实可行的预测方法。
(5)以某干散货堆场建设项目和某货运码头建设项目开展案例研究,根据《海洋工程环境影响评价技术导则》(GB/T19485-2004)的技术方法提出纲要性的环境影响评价概要,再与本论文研究的技术方法做出对比分析。
For marine environmental impact assessment of construction projects, so far we are short of technical paradigms that are systematic and workable. Compared with the earlier environmental impact assessment of other environmental elements, marine environmental impact assessment ought to be perfect in practice. Marine environment includes marine hydrodynamy, seawater quality, marine sediment, marine biology and ecology and other elements of marine environment. Their sensitivity to human activities may vary due to different elements. At the same time, determining the grades of environmental impact assessment should be based on the characters of construction project, the project' scale and the environmental sensitivity of the area. Identifying the investigation of marine environmental quality and the range and extent of marine environmental impact forecast should be based on the grade of environmental impact assessment and the construction project's characters. Then we can identify scientific and rational evaluation parameters and methods.
From the elements of marine environment, this paper attempts to research on the technical paradigms on the basis of practical work to make them more mature and rational, more practical and feasible. It can provide the theoretical and methodical basis for constituting the technical guidelines for marine environmental impact assessment. It has very important practical significance at this stage in our country. The paper's research is how to divide the types of sensitive areas of marine hydrodynamy, seawater quality, marine sediment, marine biology and eco-environment and other elements of marine environment; how to determine the grades of environmental impact assessment of respective evaluation contents; and how to identify the investigation of marine environmental quality and marine environmental impact forecast on the basis of the grades of environmental impact assessment and the construction project's characters. The major contents can be summarized as follows.
①The paper selects three evaluations of marine hydrological dynamic environment, seawater quality environment, and marine eco-environment in accordance with different elements. It tries to give the scientific and qualitative divisions of respective sensitive areas, less sensitive areas and non-sensitive areas.
②The paper consults "Technical guidelines for environmental impact assessment", such as on general programme, surfacewater environment, atmospheric environment, noise environment and ecological environment of nature resource' development. According to the environment sensitive types of the seat of the construction project, and the characters of the construction project's pollution emissions and other factors, it determines each evaluation's grade of environmental impact assessment quantificationally.
③According to different grades of environmental impact assessment and the construction project's characters, it identifies marine environmental investigation, such as the investigation range, the investigation sections and stations, the investigation time and frequency, and the investigation parameters.
④According to different grades of environmental impact assessment, it identifies marine environmental impact forecast.
⑤Taking the construction projects of a dry bulk storage and a freight dock as examples, this paper describes the outlines of environmental impact assessment by "Technical guidelines for environmental impact assessment of marine engineering"(GB/T19485-2004). And it makes comparative analyses with the outlines by the paper's technical methods.
本文旨在实际工作基础上,从海洋环境的要素出发,尝试开展海洋环境影响评价的技术范式研究,使之更为成熟、合理,更具实用性和可操作性,为制定海洋环境影响评价技术导则提供理论依据和方法基础,在我国现阶段具有十分重要的现实意义。论文就如何划分海洋水文动力、水质、沉积物、生物和生态等环境要素的敏感区类型;如何划分各单项评价内容的评价工作等级;如何根据评价等级和建设项目的特征,确定环境现状调查内容、环境影响预测内容等方面开展研究。主要研究内容包括:
(1)按照环境要素的不同,选取海洋水文动力环境、海洋水质环境、海洋生态环境这三项评价内容,科学、定性地划分各自的敏感区、亚敏感区和非敏感区。
(2)根据建设项目所在地的环境敏感区类型,以及建设项目的污染排放特征等因素;参考《环境影响评价技术导则》(总则、地面水环境、大气环境、声环境、非污染生态影响等),定量化地确定各单项评价内容的环境影响评价工作等级。
(3)根据不同评价等级和建设项目的特征,规范海洋环境质量现状调查的调查范围、调查断面和站位布设、调查时间和频率,以及调查参数。
(4)根据不同的评价等级,确定海洋环境影响预测范围和内容,以及切实可行的预测方法。
(5)以某干散货堆场建设项目和某货运码头建设项目开展案例研究,根据《海洋工程环境影响评价技术导则》(GB/T19485-2004)的技术方法提出纲要性的环境影响评价概要,再与本论文研究的技术方法做出对比分析。
For marine environmental impact assessment of construction projects, so far we are short of technical paradigms that are systematic and workable. Compared with the earlier environmental impact assessment of other environmental elements, marine environmental impact assessment ought to be perfect in practice. Marine environment includes marine hydrodynamy, seawater quality, marine sediment, marine biology and ecology and other elements of marine environment. Their sensitivity to human activities may vary due to different elements. At the same time, determining the grades of environmental impact assessment should be based on the characters of construction project, the project' scale and the environmental sensitivity of the area. Identifying the investigation of marine environmental quality and the range and extent of marine environmental impact forecast should be based on the grade of environmental impact assessment and the construction project's characters. Then we can identify scientific and rational evaluation parameters and methods.
From the elements of marine environment, this paper attempts to research on the technical paradigms on the basis of practical work to make them more mature and rational, more practical and feasible. It can provide the theoretical and methodical basis for constituting the technical guidelines for marine environmental impact assessment. It has very important practical significance at this stage in our country. The paper's research is how to divide the types of sensitive areas of marine hydrodynamy, seawater quality, marine sediment, marine biology and eco-environment and other elements of marine environment; how to determine the grades of environmental impact assessment of respective evaluation contents; and how to identify the investigation of marine environmental quality and marine environmental impact forecast on the basis of the grades of environmental impact assessment and the construction project's characters. The major contents can be summarized as follows.
①The paper selects three evaluations of marine hydrological dynamic environment, seawater quality environment, and marine eco-environment in accordance with different elements. It tries to give the scientific and qualitative divisions of respective sensitive areas, less sensitive areas and non-sensitive areas.
②The paper consults "Technical guidelines for environmental impact assessment", such as on general programme, surfacewater environment, atmospheric environment, noise environment and ecological environment of nature resource' development. According to the environment sensitive types of the seat of the construction project, and the characters of the construction project's pollution emissions and other factors, it determines each evaluation's grade of environmental impact assessment quantificationally.
③According to different grades of environmental impact assessment and the construction project's characters, it identifies marine environmental investigation, such as the investigation range, the investigation sections and stations, the investigation time and frequency, and the investigation parameters.
④According to different grades of environmental impact assessment, it identifies marine environmental impact forecast.
⑤Taking the construction projects of a dry bulk storage and a freight dock as examples, this paper describes the outlines of environmental impact assessment by "Technical guidelines for environmental impact assessment of marine engineering"(GB/T19485-2004). And it makes comparative analyses with the outlines by the paper's technical methods.
引文
[1]许传玺,臧旺玉.海洋知识与应用[M].海洋出版社,2007.
[2]程刚.海洋生态系统服务功能的研究进展[J].考试周刊,2008,(10):236-237.
[3]MA(Millennium Ecosystem Assessment).Ecosystems and human well-being:A framework for assessment[M].Washing,DC:Island Press,2005.
[4]张朝晖,吕吉斌,丁德文.海洋生态系统服务的分类与计量[J].海岸工程,2007,26(1):57-63.
[5]魏爱泓,徐虹,樊祥科,等.海洋生态环境影响、评价与监测管理若干问题的探讨[J].江苏环境科技,2007,20(2):57-60.
[6]刘洪滨,刘康.海洋保护区——概念与应用[M].北京:海洋出版社,2007,11.
[7]陈新军.海洋渔业资源可持续利用评价[D].南京农业大学,2001.
[8]关道明,战秀文.我国沿海水域赤潮灾害及其防治对策[J].海洋环境科学,2003,22(2):60-63.
[9]国家海洋局.20世纪末中国海洋环境质量公报[Z].北京:国家海洋局,2000.
[10]潘耀辉.大规模滩涂围垦对河口海湾水质环境影响及其景观机理的研究[D].浙江大学,2007.
[11]王淼,胡本强,辛万光,等.我国海洋环境污染的现状、成因与治理[J].中国海洋大学学报(社会科学版),2006(5):1-6.
[12]刘海洋,戴志军.中国近海污染现状分析及对策[J].环境保护科学,2001,27(106):6-8.
[13]李桂海.厦门海域现代沉积环境及重金属元素的环境地球化学研究[D].中国海洋大学,2007.
[14]史长义.开展中国近海地球化学调查的设想与建议[J].物探与化探,2007,31(4):289-292.
[15]刘绮,潘伟斌.环境质量评价[M].广州:华南理工大学出版社,2004,8.
[16]曾呈奎.中国海洋科学研究及开发[C].青岛:青岛出版社,1993.
[17]李身铎.长江口潮流的垂直结构[J].海洋与湖沼,1985,16(4):261-273.
[18]李身铎,胡辉.杭州湾流场的研究[J].海洋与湖沼,1987,18(1):28-38.
[19]King,Brain.Predictive model of the currents in Cleveland Bay[J].Proc 2 Int Conf Estuarine Coastal Model,1992:746-758.
[20]Berger,R.C.,Martin,W.D.,McAdory,R.T.,et al.Galveston bay 3-D model study channel deepening circulation and salinity results[J].Proceedings National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering,1993(2):2318-2322.
[21]曹欣中,唐龙妹,张月秀.象山港水文特征及纳污能力的分析[J].东海海洋,1995,13(1):10-19.
[22]曹欣中,唐龙妹,张月秀.宁波、舟山内海域实测海流分析及潮流场的数值模拟[J].东海海洋,1996,14(2):1-9.
[23]陈宝华.虾峙门海域水流泥沙特性分析[J].水运工程,1997,(9):1-4.
[24]陈德春,何衡.浅析台州湾-椒江河口水文特征[J].水文,1998,(5):52-54.
[25]潘存鸿,蔡军.曹娥江河口水文特征[J].河口与海岸工程,1999,(1):32-39.
[26]谢文辉,陈沈良.崎岖列岛临近海域的水文泥沙特征[J].东海海洋,2000,18(2):1-8.
[27]顾圣华.杭州港芦潮港水域潮流特性分析[J].上海水利,2000,(1):37-40.
[28]朱立俊,尤玉明.辽东湾绥中海岸演变及悬沙分布特征的遥感分析[J].海洋工程,2000,18(1):65-69.
[29]蒋国俊,金如义,顾建明,等.舟山马岙峡道的水文泥沙特性和峡道效应[J].海洋通报,2001,20(1):15-22.
[30]恽才兴.渤海湾典型岸段近岸过程研究[J].中国工程科学,2001,(3):42-51.
[31]叶海桃.三沙湾纳潮量及湾内外的水交换[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2007,35(1):96-98.
[32]李甜甜.赣江上游与红枫湖流域水化学特征及溶解碳的研究[D].首都师范大学,2007.
[33]毛兴华.以上海市为例对比分析几种常用水质评价方法[J].上海水务,2006,22(3).50-52
[34]Cerco,Carl F..Simulation of long-term trends in Chesapeake Bay eutrophication[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering,1995,121(4):298-310.
[35]何孟常,王子健.利用综合评价方法和等级模型评价乐安江水体重金属污染[J].生态学报,2002,22(1):80-86.
[36]郭中小,郝伟罡,张生,等.黄旗海水环境质量现状评价[J].中国农学通报,2007,23(11):346-350.
[37]岳平.灰色聚类评价法在海口湾近岸海域水质评价中的应用[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36(11):4365-4366.
[38]Huang W.,Campredom R.,Abrao J.J.,et al.Variation of heavy metals in recent sediments from Piratininga Lagoon(Brazil)-interpretation of geochemical data with the aid of multivariate analysis[J].Environmental Geology,1994,36(4):241-247.
[39]Chroneer,Zenitha,Cardenas,et al.Wilbert Sediment and contaminant transport in Green Bay[J].Proceedings of the International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling,1996:313-324.
[40]Kucuksezgin,F..Distribution of heavy metals in the surficial sediments of Zmir Bay(Turkey)[J].Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry,2001,80(3):203-207.
[41]马德毅,王菊英.中国主要河口沉积物污染及潜在生态风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2003,23(5):521-525.
[42]王菊英.海洋沉积物的环境质量评价研究[D].中国海洋大学,2004.
[43]陈江麟,刘文新,刘书臻,等.渤海表层沉积物重金属污染评价[J].海洋科学,2004,28(12):16-21.
[44]朱广伟,秦伯强,高光,等.太湖近代沉积物中重金属元素的累积[J].湖泊科学,2005,17(2):143-150.
[45]吴建政,余晓玲,鲍鹏,等.芝罘湾近期沉积物中重金属元素记录[J].中国海洋大学学报,2006,36(1):141-144.
[46]沈敏.长江下游沉积物中重金属污染现状与特征[J].环境监测管理与技术,2006,18(5):15-18.
[47]向友权,韩建波,韩庚辰.海洋沉积物的质量评价与管理[J].海洋环境科学,2006,25(2):96-100.
[48]刘登国,张明旭,韩中豪.沉积物监测技术规范与评价初步探讨[J].中国环境监测,2007,23(5):34-38.
[49]吴国文.三亚六道湾海洋生态现状调查与初步研究[J].海南师范学院学报(自然科学版),2005,18(1):66-70.
[50]王金宝,李新正,王洪法.胶州湾多毛类环节动物优势种的生态特点[J].动物学报,2005,52(1):63-69.
[51]陈兴群.福建北部主要港湾的初级生产力[J].台湾海峡,2006,25(2):234-242.
[52]戴明,李纯厚,张汉华,等.海南岛以南海域浮游植物群落特征研究[J].生物多样 性,2007,15(1):23-30.
[53]蔡清海,杜琦,钱小明,等.福建省三沙湾海洋生态环境质量综合评价[J].海洋学报,2007,29(2):156-160.
[54]Folke C,Hammer M,Jansson AM.Life-support value of ecosystems:A case study of the Baltic Ses Region[J].Ecological Economics:1991,3(2):123-137.
[55]陈仲新,张新时.中国生态系统效益的价值[J].科学通报,2000,45(1):17-22.
[56]辛琨,肖笃宁.盘锦地区湿地生态系统服务功能价值估算[J].生态学报,2002,22(8):1345-1349.
[57]杨清伟,蓝崇钰,辛琨.广东-海南海岸带生态系统服务价值评估[J].海洋环境科学,2003,22(4):25-29.
[58]陈彬,王金坑,张玉生,等.泉州湾围海工程对海洋环境的影响[J].台湾海峡,2004,23(2):192-198.
[59]黄海涛,黄明华.深圳湾填海工程对大沙河泄洪能力的影响和对策[J].广东水利水电,2005,(2):8-10.
[60]李孟国,蒋厚武,吴以喜.温州浅滩围涂工程对港口航道的影响研究[J].港工技术,2006,(1):1-4.
[61]夏华永,林迪洋,钮智旺.湛江湾填海工程对海床冲淤的影响预测[J].海洋通报,2007,26(1):61-66.
[62]俞炜炜,陈彬,张珞平.海湾围填海对滩涂湿地生态服务累积影响研究[J].海洋通报,2008,27(1):88-94.
[63]王极刚.华能丹东发电厂温排水和灰水对近海海域水环境的影响[J].辽宁城乡环境科技,1998,18(6):52-58.
[64]张穗,黄洪辉,陈浩如,等.大亚湾核电站余氯排放对邻近海域环境的影响[J].海洋环境科学,2000,19(2):14-18.
[65]金腊华,黄报远,刘慧璇,等.湛江电厂对周围水域生态的影响分析[J].生态科学,2003,22(2):165-167.
[66]王传崑.沿海火电厂工程建设对海洋环境影响的评价[J].发电设备,2004,6:39-342.
[67]郭娟,袁东星,陈进生,等.燃煤电厂海水脱硫工艺的排水对海域环境的影响[J].环境工程学报,2008,2(5):707-711.
[68]马媛,高振会,杨应斌,等.海上石油开采导致生态环境变化实例研究[J].海洋学 报,2005,27(5):54-59.
[69]沈南南,李纯厚,王晓伟.石油污染对海洋浮游生物的影响[J].生物技术通报,2006:95-99.
[70]杨晓霞,周启星,王铁良.海上石油生产水的水生生态毒性[J].环境科学学报,2008,28(3):544-549.
[71]王超,张伶.航道疏浚对珠江口附近海洋生态环境影响及预防措施[J].海洋环境科学,2001,20(4):58-60.
[72]吴祥华,陈凤玉.长江武穴水道航道整治工程影响分析[J].水利水运工程学报,2005,(4):61-65.
[73]刘俊勇,徐峰俊.广州港出海航道疏浚工程对珠江口水动力及河势稳定影响研究[J].人民珠江,2006(4):11-14.
[74]周斌,周然,赵益栋.白坭水道航道整治工程环境影响研究[J].水道港口,2007,28(1):57-60.
[75]郁微微,杨洪林,刘曙光,等.深水航道工程对长江口流场的影响[J].水动力学研究与进展,2007,22(6):709-715.
[76]李万正,万仁芳,陈洪艳.二维数模研究拆船码头工程对航道的影响[J].水运工程,2004,(2):66-70.
[77]黄东,郑国栋,徐林春,等.同舟码头工程行洪纳潮影响计算和评价[J].中国农村水利水电,2005,(9):42-45.
[78]张益民,凌成健.海洋工程对海洋生态影响及渔业资源损失的定量分析[J].海洋环保,2006,3:108-113.
[79]李红,王平义,郑惊涛.江津港区石门散货码头工程对航道的影响研究[J].中国水运,2007,7(3):23-25.
[80]钟伟强,唐造造,陈灿辉.西江金鱼沙游艇码头工程防洪影响分析[J].红水河,2008,27(2):44-47.
[81]冯士筰,李凤岐,李少菁.海洋科学导论[M].高等教育出版社,1999,6.
[82]陈则实,王文海,吴桑云.中国海湾引论[M].海洋出版社,2007.
[83]李勇胜.江河入海口界定探讨[J].水利科技,2007,(4):19-21.
[84]任福安.海洋动力学[M].大连海事大学出版社,2001.
[85]曾一非.海洋工程环境[M].上海交通大学出版社,2007.
[86]王健国,向友权,王菊英,等.海洋工程环境影响评价培训教材[M].国家海洋局海洋咨询中心,2006.
[87]李团胜,石铁矛,肖笃宁.大城市区域的景观生态规划理论与方法[J].地理学与国土研究,1999,15(2):52-55.
[88]Walter M.T.,Walter,M.F.,Brooks,E.S.,et al.Hydrologically sensitive areas:variable source area hydrology implication for water quality risk assessment.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2000(3):277-284.
[89]张继宁,黄毅,王淑清.美国有关水文敏感区水质评估的研究[J].水土保持科技情报,2002,(4):19-22.
[90]白雪,马克明,杨柳,等.三江平原湿地保护区内外的生态功能差异[J].生态学报,2008,28(2):620-626.
[91]付伟章,史衍玺.美国有关可溶性磷的流失评价模型[J].水土保持科技情报,2003,(3):23-25.
[92]车越,吴阿娜,杨凯.纽约对城市饮用水源保护的实践及其借鉴[J].中国给水排水,2006,(20):5-8.
[93]房庆方,杨细平,蔡瀛.区域协调和可持续发展——珠江三角洲经济区城市群规划及其实施[J].城市规划,1997,22(1):7-10.
[94]徐留福,曹军,陶澍,等.区域生态系统可持续发展敏感因子及敏感区分析[J].中国环境科学,2000,20(4):361-365.
[95]达良俊,李丽娜,李万莲.城市生态敏感区定义、类型与应用实例[J].华东师范大学学报(自然科学版),2004,(2):97-103.
[96]张治华,徐建华,韩贵锋.生态敏感区划分指标体系研究[J].生态科学,2007,26(2):79-83.
[97]福建省海洋开发管理领导小组办公室,福建省海洋与渔业局.福建省大比例尺海洋功能区划报告[R].海洋出版社,2003.
[98]张宏声.全国海洋功能区划[M].海洋出版社,2003.
[99]HJ/T 2.3-1993.环境影响评价技术导则,地面水环境[S].
[100]陆雍森.环境评价[M].同济大学出版社,1999,9.
[101]蔡艳荣.环境影响评价[M].中国环境科学出版社,2004.
[102]HJ/T2.1～2.3-1993.环境影响评价技术导则,总纲[S].
[103]GB/T19485-2004.海洋工程环境影响评价技术导则[S].
[104]徐新阳,于庆波,孙丽娜.环境评价教程[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004.
[105]陆书玉,栾胜基,朱坦.环境影响评价[M].高等教育出版社,2001,7.
[2]程刚.海洋生态系统服务功能的研究进展[J].考试周刊,2008,(10):236-237.
[3]MA(Millennium Ecosystem Assessment).Ecosystems and human well-being:A framework for assessment[M].Washing,DC:Island Press,2005.
[4]张朝晖,吕吉斌,丁德文.海洋生态系统服务的分类与计量[J].海岸工程,2007,26(1):57-63.
[5]魏爱泓,徐虹,樊祥科,等.海洋生态环境影响、评价与监测管理若干问题的探讨[J].江苏环境科技,2007,20(2):57-60.
[6]刘洪滨,刘康.海洋保护区——概念与应用[M].北京:海洋出版社,2007,11.
[7]陈新军.海洋渔业资源可持续利用评价[D].南京农业大学,2001.
[8]关道明,战秀文.我国沿海水域赤潮灾害及其防治对策[J].海洋环境科学,2003,22(2):60-63.
[9]国家海洋局.20世纪末中国海洋环境质量公报[Z].北京:国家海洋局,2000.
[10]潘耀辉.大规模滩涂围垦对河口海湾水质环境影响及其景观机理的研究[D].浙江大学,2007.
[11]王淼,胡本强,辛万光,等.我国海洋环境污染的现状、成因与治理[J].中国海洋大学学报(社会科学版),2006(5):1-6.
[12]刘海洋,戴志军.中国近海污染现状分析及对策[J].环境保护科学,2001,27(106):6-8.
[13]李桂海.厦门海域现代沉积环境及重金属元素的环境地球化学研究[D].中国海洋大学,2007.
[14]史长义.开展中国近海地球化学调查的设想与建议[J].物探与化探,2007,31(4):289-292.
[15]刘绮,潘伟斌.环境质量评价[M].广州:华南理工大学出版社,2004,8.
[16]曾呈奎.中国海洋科学研究及开发[C].青岛:青岛出版社,1993.
[17]李身铎.长江口潮流的垂直结构[J].海洋与湖沼,1985,16(4):261-273.
[18]李身铎,胡辉.杭州湾流场的研究[J].海洋与湖沼,1987,18(1):28-38.
[19]King,Brain.Predictive model of the currents in Cleveland Bay[J].Proc 2 Int Conf Estuarine Coastal Model,1992:746-758.
[20]Berger,R.C.,Martin,W.D.,McAdory,R.T.,et al.Galveston bay 3-D model study channel deepening circulation and salinity results[J].Proceedings National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering,1993(2):2318-2322.
[21]曹欣中,唐龙妹,张月秀.象山港水文特征及纳污能力的分析[J].东海海洋,1995,13(1):10-19.
[22]曹欣中,唐龙妹,张月秀.宁波、舟山内海域实测海流分析及潮流场的数值模拟[J].东海海洋,1996,14(2):1-9.
[23]陈宝华.虾峙门海域水流泥沙特性分析[J].水运工程,1997,(9):1-4.
[24]陈德春,何衡.浅析台州湾-椒江河口水文特征[J].水文,1998,(5):52-54.
[25]潘存鸿,蔡军.曹娥江河口水文特征[J].河口与海岸工程,1999,(1):32-39.
[26]谢文辉,陈沈良.崎岖列岛临近海域的水文泥沙特征[J].东海海洋,2000,18(2):1-8.
[27]顾圣华.杭州港芦潮港水域潮流特性分析[J].上海水利,2000,(1):37-40.
[28]朱立俊,尤玉明.辽东湾绥中海岸演变及悬沙分布特征的遥感分析[J].海洋工程,2000,18(1):65-69.
[29]蒋国俊,金如义,顾建明,等.舟山马岙峡道的水文泥沙特性和峡道效应[J].海洋通报,2001,20(1):15-22.
[30]恽才兴.渤海湾典型岸段近岸过程研究[J].中国工程科学,2001,(3):42-51.
[31]叶海桃.三沙湾纳潮量及湾内外的水交换[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2007,35(1):96-98.
[32]李甜甜.赣江上游与红枫湖流域水化学特征及溶解碳的研究[D].首都师范大学,2007.
[33]毛兴华.以上海市为例对比分析几种常用水质评价方法[J].上海水务,2006,22(3).50-52
[34]Cerco,Carl F..Simulation of long-term trends in Chesapeake Bay eutrophication[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering,1995,121(4):298-310.
[35]何孟常,王子健.利用综合评价方法和等级模型评价乐安江水体重金属污染[J].生态学报,2002,22(1):80-86.
[36]郭中小,郝伟罡,张生,等.黄旗海水环境质量现状评价[J].中国农学通报,2007,23(11):346-350.
[37]岳平.灰色聚类评价法在海口湾近岸海域水质评价中的应用[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36(11):4365-4366.
[38]Huang W.,Campredom R.,Abrao J.J.,et al.Variation of heavy metals in recent sediments from Piratininga Lagoon(Brazil)-interpretation of geochemical data with the aid of multivariate analysis[J].Environmental Geology,1994,36(4):241-247.
[39]Chroneer,Zenitha,Cardenas,et al.Wilbert Sediment and contaminant transport in Green Bay[J].Proceedings of the International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling,1996:313-324.
[40]Kucuksezgin,F..Distribution of heavy metals in the surficial sediments of Zmir Bay(Turkey)[J].Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry,2001,80(3):203-207.
[41]马德毅,王菊英.中国主要河口沉积物污染及潜在生态风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2003,23(5):521-525.
[42]王菊英.海洋沉积物的环境质量评价研究[D].中国海洋大学,2004.
[43]陈江麟,刘文新,刘书臻,等.渤海表层沉积物重金属污染评价[J].海洋科学,2004,28(12):16-21.
[44]朱广伟,秦伯强,高光,等.太湖近代沉积物中重金属元素的累积[J].湖泊科学,2005,17(2):143-150.
[45]吴建政,余晓玲,鲍鹏,等.芝罘湾近期沉积物中重金属元素记录[J].中国海洋大学学报,2006,36(1):141-144.
[46]沈敏.长江下游沉积物中重金属污染现状与特征[J].环境监测管理与技术,2006,18(5):15-18.
[47]向友权,韩建波,韩庚辰.海洋沉积物的质量评价与管理[J].海洋环境科学,2006,25(2):96-100.
[48]刘登国,张明旭,韩中豪.沉积物监测技术规范与评价初步探讨[J].中国环境监测,2007,23(5):34-38.
[49]吴国文.三亚六道湾海洋生态现状调查与初步研究[J].海南师范学院学报(自然科学版),2005,18(1):66-70.
[50]王金宝,李新正,王洪法.胶州湾多毛类环节动物优势种的生态特点[J].动物学报,2005,52(1):63-69.
[51]陈兴群.福建北部主要港湾的初级生产力[J].台湾海峡,2006,25(2):234-242.
[52]戴明,李纯厚,张汉华,等.海南岛以南海域浮游植物群落特征研究[J].生物多样 性,2007,15(1):23-30.
[53]蔡清海,杜琦,钱小明,等.福建省三沙湾海洋生态环境质量综合评价[J].海洋学报,2007,29(2):156-160.
[54]Folke C,Hammer M,Jansson AM.Life-support value of ecosystems:A case study of the Baltic Ses Region[J].Ecological Economics:1991,3(2):123-137.
[55]陈仲新,张新时.中国生态系统效益的价值[J].科学通报,2000,45(1):17-22.
[56]辛琨,肖笃宁.盘锦地区湿地生态系统服务功能价值估算[J].生态学报,2002,22(8):1345-1349.
[57]杨清伟,蓝崇钰,辛琨.广东-海南海岸带生态系统服务价值评估[J].海洋环境科学,2003,22(4):25-29.
[58]陈彬,王金坑,张玉生,等.泉州湾围海工程对海洋环境的影响[J].台湾海峡,2004,23(2):192-198.
[59]黄海涛,黄明华.深圳湾填海工程对大沙河泄洪能力的影响和对策[J].广东水利水电,2005,(2):8-10.
[60]李孟国,蒋厚武,吴以喜.温州浅滩围涂工程对港口航道的影响研究[J].港工技术,2006,(1):1-4.
[61]夏华永,林迪洋,钮智旺.湛江湾填海工程对海床冲淤的影响预测[J].海洋通报,2007,26(1):61-66.
[62]俞炜炜,陈彬,张珞平.海湾围填海对滩涂湿地生态服务累积影响研究[J].海洋通报,2008,27(1):88-94.
[63]王极刚.华能丹东发电厂温排水和灰水对近海海域水环境的影响[J].辽宁城乡环境科技,1998,18(6):52-58.
[64]张穗,黄洪辉,陈浩如,等.大亚湾核电站余氯排放对邻近海域环境的影响[J].海洋环境科学,2000,19(2):14-18.
[65]金腊华,黄报远,刘慧璇,等.湛江电厂对周围水域生态的影响分析[J].生态科学,2003,22(2):165-167.
[66]王传崑.沿海火电厂工程建设对海洋环境影响的评价[J].发电设备,2004,6:39-342.
[67]郭娟,袁东星,陈进生,等.燃煤电厂海水脱硫工艺的排水对海域环境的影响[J].环境工程学报,2008,2(5):707-711.
[68]马媛,高振会,杨应斌,等.海上石油开采导致生态环境变化实例研究[J].海洋学 报,2005,27(5):54-59.
[69]沈南南,李纯厚,王晓伟.石油污染对海洋浮游生物的影响[J].生物技术通报,2006:95-99.
[70]杨晓霞,周启星,王铁良.海上石油生产水的水生生态毒性[J].环境科学学报,2008,28(3):544-549.
[71]王超,张伶.航道疏浚对珠江口附近海洋生态环境影响及预防措施[J].海洋环境科学,2001,20(4):58-60.
[72]吴祥华,陈凤玉.长江武穴水道航道整治工程影响分析[J].水利水运工程学报,2005,(4):61-65.
[73]刘俊勇,徐峰俊.广州港出海航道疏浚工程对珠江口水动力及河势稳定影响研究[J].人民珠江,2006(4):11-14.
[74]周斌,周然,赵益栋.白坭水道航道整治工程环境影响研究[J].水道港口,2007,28(1):57-60.
[75]郁微微,杨洪林,刘曙光,等.深水航道工程对长江口流场的影响[J].水动力学研究与进展,2007,22(6):709-715.
[76]李万正,万仁芳,陈洪艳.二维数模研究拆船码头工程对航道的影响[J].水运工程,2004,(2):66-70.
[77]黄东,郑国栋,徐林春,等.同舟码头工程行洪纳潮影响计算和评价[J].中国农村水利水电,2005,(9):42-45.
[78]张益民,凌成健.海洋工程对海洋生态影响及渔业资源损失的定量分析[J].海洋环保,2006,3:108-113.
[79]李红,王平义,郑惊涛.江津港区石门散货码头工程对航道的影响研究[J].中国水运,2007,7(3):23-25.
[80]钟伟强,唐造造,陈灿辉.西江金鱼沙游艇码头工程防洪影响分析[J].红水河,2008,27(2):44-47.
[81]冯士筰,李凤岐,李少菁.海洋科学导论[M].高等教育出版社,1999,6.
[82]陈则实,王文海,吴桑云.中国海湾引论[M].海洋出版社,2007.
[83]李勇胜.江河入海口界定探讨[J].水利科技,2007,(4):19-21.
[84]任福安.海洋动力学[M].大连海事大学出版社,2001.
[85]曾一非.海洋工程环境[M].上海交通大学出版社,2007.
[86]王健国,向友权,王菊英,等.海洋工程环境影响评价培训教材[M].国家海洋局海洋咨询中心,2006.
[87]李团胜,石铁矛,肖笃宁.大城市区域的景观生态规划理论与方法[J].地理学与国土研究,1999,15(2):52-55.
[88]Walter M.T.,Walter,M.F.,Brooks,E.S.,et al.Hydrologically sensitive areas:variable source area hydrology implication for water quality risk assessment.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2000(3):277-284.
[89]张继宁,黄毅,王淑清.美国有关水文敏感区水质评估的研究[J].水土保持科技情报,2002,(4):19-22.
[90]白雪,马克明,杨柳,等.三江平原湿地保护区内外的生态功能差异[J].生态学报,2008,28(2):620-626.
[91]付伟章,史衍玺.美国有关可溶性磷的流失评价模型[J].水土保持科技情报,2003,(3):23-25.
[92]车越,吴阿娜,杨凯.纽约对城市饮用水源保护的实践及其借鉴[J].中国给水排水,2006,(20):5-8.
[93]房庆方,杨细平,蔡瀛.区域协调和可持续发展——珠江三角洲经济区城市群规划及其实施[J].城市规划,1997,22(1):7-10.
[94]徐留福,曹军,陶澍,等.区域生态系统可持续发展敏感因子及敏感区分析[J].中国环境科学,2000,20(4):361-365.
[95]达良俊,李丽娜,李万莲.城市生态敏感区定义、类型与应用实例[J].华东师范大学学报(自然科学版),2004,(2):97-103.
[96]张治华,徐建华,韩贵锋.生态敏感区划分指标体系研究[J].生态科学,2007,26(2):79-83.
[97]福建省海洋开发管理领导小组办公室,福建省海洋与渔业局.福建省大比例尺海洋功能区划报告[R].海洋出版社,2003.
[98]张宏声.全国海洋功能区划[M].海洋出版社,2003.
[99]HJ/T 2.3-1993.环境影响评价技术导则,地面水环境[S].
[100]陆雍森.环境评价[M].同济大学出版社,1999,9.
[101]蔡艳荣.环境影响评价[M].中国环境科学出版社,2004.
[102]HJ/T2.1～2.3-1993.环境影响评价技术导则,总纲[S].
[103]GB/T19485-2004.海洋工程环境影响评价技术导则[S].
[104]徐新阳,于庆波,孙丽娜.环境评价教程[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004.
[105]陆书玉,栾胜基,朱坦.环境影响评价[M].高等教育出版社,2001,7.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |