冲绳海槽天然气水合物成因及资源潜力评价
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摘要
天然气水合物是近三十多年发展起来的一种新类型能源,由于其分布面积广、储量规模大、能量密度高、燃烧后无污染,被誉为21世纪洁净替代燃料。笔者根据东海陆坡“215”专项采集的717.7km高分辨率地震、800.25km常规多道地震、86个低层大气样品、“126”专项采集的90个浅表层沉积物样品、200个底水样品、400多个海底地壳热流数据以及中国科学院海洋研究所实测的124个站位海底温度数据等资料、以及ODP204航次4个站位共11个样品的烃类气体组分和碳同位素测试分析,在研究区开展了天然气水合物区域地质条件分析、地球化学异常分析、天然气水合物成因探讨、地球物理识别及重点地段的特殊地震资料处理和解释,在综合分析的基础上初步圈出了冲绳海槽天然气水合物战略选区的位置,在前人研究的基础上,对研究区天然气水合物的资源潜力进行了初步的评价。主要成果和认识有:
1.冲绳海槽具有良好的天然气水合物成矿地质条件
冲绳海槽在大地构造上隶属太平洋沟-弧-盆体系中一个典型的弧后盆地,平均水深在1000m以上,沉积厚度大(可达12000m),沉积速率高(最高可达100-400m/Ma),有机质丰富。水深大于500m的海区,海底温度较稳定。虽然海底热流值变化较大,但海槽南部热流值较低。地形地貌多样,断裂、底辟构造等发育,具有良好的天然气水合物成矿背景。
2.天然气水合物地球化学异常主要分布在中南部
90个样品的酸解烃分析结果显示,CH_4异常分布区主要位于北纬27°30′以南和冲绳海槽轴部断裂以西的槽坡或陆坡区。其中,以钓鱼岛附近海域异常值最高,分布最集中。200个底水甲烷的分析结果显示,CH_4异常主要分布在两个区域,一是钓鱼岛附近海域,一是冲绳海槽中部。另据前人对冲绳海槽槽坡沉积物中矿物组分的分析,在海槽中南部见有多处由方解石、高镁方解石组成的碳酸盐结核、姜状结核及黄铁矿富集区。由此可见,冲绳海槽地球化学异常主要集中在中南部,其中钓鱼岛附近海域,各种异常标志显示最好,也最集中,可能是天然气水合物最可能聚积的地方。
3.CO_2水合物可能是冲绳海槽一种重要的水合物类型
经与已知区天然气水合物的成因相比较,笔者认为,冲绳海槽天然气水合物可能具有三套气源:生物成因气、热解成因气和无机成因的CO_2气,其中,有机成因气中,又以生物成因气为主,热解成因气为辅。冲绳海槽低层大气检测结果显示,低层大气中的主要气体成份为CO_2,其含量普遍偏高,约为区域背景值的3倍,同时低层大气中CO_2的碳同位素值偏重。这与前人在海槽槽底发现CO_2水合物相符。由此笔者提出,CO_2水合物可能是冲绳海槽一种重要的水合物类型。
4.天然气水合物地球物理特征明显
根据含天然气水合物沉积层所具有的典型地球物理特征,在东海陆坡-冲绳海槽区的常规地震和高分辨率地震剖面上分别识别出了BSR、振幅空白带、速度反转等异常信息,通过进一步对异常特征明显的地震测线进行特殊处理(如,AVO)和解释,初步圈出了10个天然气水合物有利分布区和战略选区的位置。总体上,研究区由地球物理特征指示的天然气水合物具有如下的分布规律:
1)天然气水合物有利区分布在水深300-2625m的海域,海底埋深70-781m,储层主要为第四系;
2)有利区所处的地貌单元以槽底平原和陆坡为主;
3)有利区所处的构造单元以陆架前缘坳陷为主;
4)天然气水合物异常区主要分布于冲绳海槽南部;
5)有利区多平行于海底地形呈条带状分布,与水深和气源断层有关。
5.天然气水合物甲烷的预测资源量约为4万亿m3天然气水合物资源量的估算方法采用容积法。研究区天然气水合物的分布面积和稳定带厚度按其高分辨率地震剖面资料的实际估算值,孔隙度和孔隙充填率则采用国际上常用的统计值。计算结果显示,东海陆坡天然气水合物有利区的甲烷资源量约为4万亿m~3。
综上所述,不论从区域地质条件、还是地球化学异常和地球物理标志等都可以看出,冲绳海槽具有天然气水合物形成和聚集的条件与可能性,其蕴藏的天然气水合物资源十分丰富,研究区的中南部将很可能是天然气水合物最有利的聚集区。因此,从资源的角度和维护我国海洋权益的角度出发,都应继续加大冲绳海槽天然气水合物的调查和研究工作。
Gas hydrate is a newly developed potential energy source in recent thirty years. Due to its big distribution area, large reservoir scale, intensive energy density, little combustion pollution effect, gas hydrate is believed to be an alternative fuel. Based on 717.7km-long high-resolution seismic data, 800.25km-long conventional multi-channel seismic data, 86 low atmosphere samples from“215”project, 90 subsurface sediment samples, 200 bottom water samples, more than 400 heat flow data from“126”project, and 124 bottom water temperature measurements from the Institute of Oceanography of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and light hydrocarbon test and C isotopic analysis for 11 samples from 4 Sites of ODP204,the regional geological analysis for gas hydrate formation conditions, the geochemical anomaly and geophysical indication analyses for possible gas hydrate occurrence as well as the special seismic data process and interpretation for the key seismic section are conducted in the study area, and discussion for possible origin of gas hydrate. After comprehensive integration, the strategic locations for gas hydrate potentials are preliminarily figured out in the continental slope of the East China Sea. Combined with the predecessors’achievements, the energy resource estimation for gas hydrate potentials is roughly calculated, and the possible gas sources and the formation mechanics are initially discussed. Main points are as fellows:
1. Good geological settings for gas hydrate formation conditions in Okinawa trough
The Okinawa trough belongs to one typical back-arc basin of the pacific trench-arc-basin system in tectonics. Its average water depth is more than 1000m; the sedimentation accumulation is big (reaching 12000m); the sedimentation rate is high (the maximal amounts to 100-400m/Ma); the organic matter is rich. In the area with water depth greater than 500m, the bottom subsurface temperature is stable. Although the heat flow varies largely, the general heat flow is relatively low in the south of the trough. The topographical and morphological characteristics are various, and faults and diapirs are well developed. These characteristics are suitable for gas hydrate formation conditions.
2. Gas hydrate geochemical anomalies are mainly located in the middle to south of the study area
The ninety subsurface sediment acid-degassing analytical results show that methane anomalies are mainly located in the trough or continental slope, to the south of 27°30′and to the west of the trough axis. The anomalies are the most intensive and extensive around the Diaoyu Island. The 200 bottom-water hydrocarbon analytical results indicate that methane anomalies are mainly located in the two areas: one is around the Diaoyu Island and the other is in the middle of the Okinawa trough. Additionally according to the predecessors’mineral analyses of the trough sediments, carbonate crusts and ginger-shaped crusts, composed of ordinary calcite and high magnesium-content calcite, and sulfides are common in the middle to south of the trough. Hence it is suggested that the geochemical anomalies mainly occur in the middle to south of the trough, especially the intensive and extensive ones around the Diaoyu Island, possibly indicating the gas hydrate potential accumulations.
3.CO_2 hydrate is probably an important type in Okinawa trough
In comparison with the origins of gas hydrate from ODP 204, gas hydrate possibaly has three kinds of gas supply in Okinawa trough: biogenic, pyrolysis and inorganic gas. The low atmosphere gas analytic results show that CO_2 is the major component and its contents are commonly high, about three times of the regional background, and the carbon isotope of CO_2 out of low atmosphere gases is a little heavy. This is coincident with the discovery of CO_2 hydrate near the black chimney by Japanese scientists with the use of deep submersible. Hence, I suggest that CO_2 hydrate probably be an important type of gas hydrate in the Okinawa trough.
4.Geophysical indications for gas hydrate are obvious
In comparison with the typical geophysical characteristics of gas hydrate-bearing sediments, BSR, amplitude-blanking zone, velocity inversion, etc. are identified from the conventional and high-resolution seismic profiles in the continental slope and the Okinawa trough. After the further special seismic process such as AVO analysis on obviously anomalous geophysical profiles, 10 hydrate potentials or strategic prospecting areas are preliminarily selected, whose distribution range is about 410km long (BSR). Generally geophysical-indicated gas hydrate potentials have the following characteristics:
1) The water depth of gas hydrate potentials is about 300-2625m; the deposit occurs 70-781m below seafloor and the quaternary serves as the reservoir;
2) The morphology is characteristic of the trough plain and the continental slope;
3) The major structural unit is the shelf-frontal depression;
4) Gas hydrate-related anomalies are mainly within the south of the trough;
5) Gas hydrate potentials are banded-distributing, parallel with the seafloor topography, which is related to water depth, gas source and faulting.
5.Gas hydrate resource estimation is about 4000 billion cubic methane
The method used for gas hydrate resource estimation is based on the conventional volume calculation. The gas hydrate distribution area and its thickness are figured out from the high-resolution seismic profiles in the study area; the porosity and the saturation are taken from the internationally statistic values. The calculated result indicates that the methane resource out of the gas hydrate potentials is about 4000 billion cubic in the Okinawa trough.
Accordingly, from the regional geological settings, the geochemical anomalies and the geophysical indications, it can be seen that there exist the conditions and the possibility of gas hydrate formation and accumulation in the continental slope of the East China Sea; its potential resource is possibly highly enriched and the middle to south of the study area is probably the accumulation area. Therefore, from both the standpoints of resources and ocean rights and interests, it is necessary to further conduct the investigation and research-related work on gas hydrate in the Okinawa trough.
1.冲绳海槽具有良好的天然气水合物成矿地质条件
冲绳海槽在大地构造上隶属太平洋沟-弧-盆体系中一个典型的弧后盆地,平均水深在1000m以上,沉积厚度大(可达12000m),沉积速率高(最高可达100-400m/Ma),有机质丰富。水深大于500m的海区,海底温度较稳定。虽然海底热流值变化较大,但海槽南部热流值较低。地形地貌多样,断裂、底辟构造等发育,具有良好的天然气水合物成矿背景。
2.天然气水合物地球化学异常主要分布在中南部
90个样品的酸解烃分析结果显示,CH_4异常分布区主要位于北纬27°30′以南和冲绳海槽轴部断裂以西的槽坡或陆坡区。其中,以钓鱼岛附近海域异常值最高,分布最集中。200个底水甲烷的分析结果显示,CH_4异常主要分布在两个区域,一是钓鱼岛附近海域,一是冲绳海槽中部。另据前人对冲绳海槽槽坡沉积物中矿物组分的分析,在海槽中南部见有多处由方解石、高镁方解石组成的碳酸盐结核、姜状结核及黄铁矿富集区。由此可见,冲绳海槽地球化学异常主要集中在中南部,其中钓鱼岛附近海域,各种异常标志显示最好,也最集中,可能是天然气水合物最可能聚积的地方。
3.CO_2水合物可能是冲绳海槽一种重要的水合物类型
经与已知区天然气水合物的成因相比较,笔者认为,冲绳海槽天然气水合物可能具有三套气源:生物成因气、热解成因气和无机成因的CO_2气,其中,有机成因气中,又以生物成因气为主,热解成因气为辅。冲绳海槽低层大气检测结果显示,低层大气中的主要气体成份为CO_2,其含量普遍偏高,约为区域背景值的3倍,同时低层大气中CO_2的碳同位素值偏重。这与前人在海槽槽底发现CO_2水合物相符。由此笔者提出,CO_2水合物可能是冲绳海槽一种重要的水合物类型。
4.天然气水合物地球物理特征明显
根据含天然气水合物沉积层所具有的典型地球物理特征,在东海陆坡-冲绳海槽区的常规地震和高分辨率地震剖面上分别识别出了BSR、振幅空白带、速度反转等异常信息,通过进一步对异常特征明显的地震测线进行特殊处理(如,AVO)和解释,初步圈出了10个天然气水合物有利分布区和战略选区的位置。总体上,研究区由地球物理特征指示的天然气水合物具有如下的分布规律:
1)天然气水合物有利区分布在水深300-2625m的海域,海底埋深70-781m,储层主要为第四系;
2)有利区所处的地貌单元以槽底平原和陆坡为主;
3)有利区所处的构造单元以陆架前缘坳陷为主;
4)天然气水合物异常区主要分布于冲绳海槽南部;
5)有利区多平行于海底地形呈条带状分布,与水深和气源断层有关。
5.天然气水合物甲烷的预测资源量约为4万亿m3天然气水合物资源量的估算方法采用容积法。研究区天然气水合物的分布面积和稳定带厚度按其高分辨率地震剖面资料的实际估算值,孔隙度和孔隙充填率则采用国际上常用的统计值。计算结果显示,东海陆坡天然气水合物有利区的甲烷资源量约为4万亿m~3。
综上所述,不论从区域地质条件、还是地球化学异常和地球物理标志等都可以看出,冲绳海槽具有天然气水合物形成和聚集的条件与可能性,其蕴藏的天然气水合物资源十分丰富,研究区的中南部将很可能是天然气水合物最有利的聚集区。因此,从资源的角度和维护我国海洋权益的角度出发,都应继续加大冲绳海槽天然气水合物的调查和研究工作。
Gas hydrate is a newly developed potential energy source in recent thirty years. Due to its big distribution area, large reservoir scale, intensive energy density, little combustion pollution effect, gas hydrate is believed to be an alternative fuel. Based on 717.7km-long high-resolution seismic data, 800.25km-long conventional multi-channel seismic data, 86 low atmosphere samples from“215”project, 90 subsurface sediment samples, 200 bottom water samples, more than 400 heat flow data from“126”project, and 124 bottom water temperature measurements from the Institute of Oceanography of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and light hydrocarbon test and C isotopic analysis for 11 samples from 4 Sites of ODP204,the regional geological analysis for gas hydrate formation conditions, the geochemical anomaly and geophysical indication analyses for possible gas hydrate occurrence as well as the special seismic data process and interpretation for the key seismic section are conducted in the study area, and discussion for possible origin of gas hydrate. After comprehensive integration, the strategic locations for gas hydrate potentials are preliminarily figured out in the continental slope of the East China Sea. Combined with the predecessors’achievements, the energy resource estimation for gas hydrate potentials is roughly calculated, and the possible gas sources and the formation mechanics are initially discussed. Main points are as fellows:
1. Good geological settings for gas hydrate formation conditions in Okinawa trough
The Okinawa trough belongs to one typical back-arc basin of the pacific trench-arc-basin system in tectonics. Its average water depth is more than 1000m; the sedimentation accumulation is big (reaching 12000m); the sedimentation rate is high (the maximal amounts to 100-400m/Ma); the organic matter is rich. In the area with water depth greater than 500m, the bottom subsurface temperature is stable. Although the heat flow varies largely, the general heat flow is relatively low in the south of the trough. The topographical and morphological characteristics are various, and faults and diapirs are well developed. These characteristics are suitable for gas hydrate formation conditions.
2. Gas hydrate geochemical anomalies are mainly located in the middle to south of the study area
The ninety subsurface sediment acid-degassing analytical results show that methane anomalies are mainly located in the trough or continental slope, to the south of 27°30′and to the west of the trough axis. The anomalies are the most intensive and extensive around the Diaoyu Island. The 200 bottom-water hydrocarbon analytical results indicate that methane anomalies are mainly located in the two areas: one is around the Diaoyu Island and the other is in the middle of the Okinawa trough. Additionally according to the predecessors’mineral analyses of the trough sediments, carbonate crusts and ginger-shaped crusts, composed of ordinary calcite and high magnesium-content calcite, and sulfides are common in the middle to south of the trough. Hence it is suggested that the geochemical anomalies mainly occur in the middle to south of the trough, especially the intensive and extensive ones around the Diaoyu Island, possibly indicating the gas hydrate potential accumulations.
3.CO_2 hydrate is probably an important type in Okinawa trough
In comparison with the origins of gas hydrate from ODP 204, gas hydrate possibaly has three kinds of gas supply in Okinawa trough: biogenic, pyrolysis and inorganic gas. The low atmosphere gas analytic results show that CO_2 is the major component and its contents are commonly high, about three times of the regional background, and the carbon isotope of CO_2 out of low atmosphere gases is a little heavy. This is coincident with the discovery of CO_2 hydrate near the black chimney by Japanese scientists with the use of deep submersible. Hence, I suggest that CO_2 hydrate probably be an important type of gas hydrate in the Okinawa trough.
4.Geophysical indications for gas hydrate are obvious
In comparison with the typical geophysical characteristics of gas hydrate-bearing sediments, BSR, amplitude-blanking zone, velocity inversion, etc. are identified from the conventional and high-resolution seismic profiles in the continental slope and the Okinawa trough. After the further special seismic process such as AVO analysis on obviously anomalous geophysical profiles, 10 hydrate potentials or strategic prospecting areas are preliminarily selected, whose distribution range is about 410km long (BSR). Generally geophysical-indicated gas hydrate potentials have the following characteristics:
1) The water depth of gas hydrate potentials is about 300-2625m; the deposit occurs 70-781m below seafloor and the quaternary serves as the reservoir;
2) The morphology is characteristic of the trough plain and the continental slope;
3) The major structural unit is the shelf-frontal depression;
4) Gas hydrate-related anomalies are mainly within the south of the trough;
5) Gas hydrate potentials are banded-distributing, parallel with the seafloor topography, which is related to water depth, gas source and faulting.
5.Gas hydrate resource estimation is about 4000 billion cubic methane
The method used for gas hydrate resource estimation is based on the conventional volume calculation. The gas hydrate distribution area and its thickness are figured out from the high-resolution seismic profiles in the study area; the porosity and the saturation are taken from the internationally statistic values. The calculated result indicates that the methane resource out of the gas hydrate potentials is about 4000 billion cubic in the Okinawa trough.
Accordingly, from the regional geological settings, the geochemical anomalies and the geophysical indications, it can be seen that there exist the conditions and the possibility of gas hydrate formation and accumulation in the continental slope of the East China Sea; its potential resource is possibly highly enriched and the middle to south of the study area is probably the accumulation area. Therefore, from both the standpoints of resources and ocean rights and interests, it is necessary to further conduct the investigation and research-related work on gas hydrate in the Okinawa trough.
引文
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