叶绿素荧光遥感研究
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摘要
本文详细介绍了叶绿素荧光的原理、测量方法和遥感算法,以及在“基线荧光高度算法”和“荧光量子产量”两个领域的研究成果。
本文使用水体辐射传输数值计算软件Hydrolight 4.2,模拟计算了在不同浓度的黄色物质和悬浮泥沙存在的水体中,MODIS波段的荧光基线高度FLH的变化,研究了黄色物质和悬浮泥沙对FLH的影响。结果显示,FLH随黄色物质变化的相对误差在10%左右。而悬浮泥沙对FLH的影响非常显著,由于悬浮泥沙的散射峰直接覆盖了叶绿素荧光波段,整体抬高了红光和近红外光谱的遥感反射率,且在悬浮泥沙浓度到达20～30mg/L时,荧光信号将完全被淹没,通过基线荧光高度算法已无法获取荧光信息,算法将出现失效。在5mg/L的悬浮泥沙浓度时,FLH受到的影响远远超过了30%。
基于在实验海区(大连湾)现场测量的水面之上光谱数据和实验室测量的同步叶绿素浓度和吸收系数等数据,本文使用回归分析方法获得了基线荧光高度算法FLH与叶绿素浓度的经验关系,结果显示,荧光基线高度FLH与总叶绿素a浓度存在强烈的正相关关系。通过四种模型(线性、二项式、指数模型以及Gower回归模型)回归的结果都非常好,其中线性回归结果为FLH=0.36729+ 0.01788*[Chla],相关系数R2达到0.89。比较了不同传感器(MODIS、MERIS和GLI)计算的FLH与叶绿素浓度回归关系的差异,发现MODIS波段建立的荧光高度FLH与叶绿素a浓度的相关性更高一些,MERIS和GLI相关性相对较低的原因主要来源于靠近荧光峰的右侧基线波段的设置。
通过在实验海区(渤海)现场测量的水面之下光谱数据和实验室测量的同步叶绿素浓度和吸收系数等数据,发现该海区的活体叶绿素荧光量子产量最大值在0.06左右,大部分数值分布在0.001～0.02的范围内,这一结果同国外计算的结果基本一致。此外,在很多邻近站位间,还发现荧光量子产量同光合有效辐射IPAR之间存在明显的负相关关系。本文对平均叶绿素比吸收系数、678nm叶绿素比吸收系数以及光合有效辐射的漫衰减系数等几个重要的生物光学参量进行了回归分析,发现在实验海区叶绿素比吸收系数的回归关系与其它海区的结果相差较大,说明浮游植物的固有光学量存在明显的海区差异。然而,光合有效辐射的漫衰减系数同Kd(490)的相关关系同其它海区的结果相差不大。
基于浮游植物生理学和生物光学原理,本文利用MODIS卫星数据建立了一种估算量子产量的算法——φ算法;通过2006年3月23日渤海和北黄海的MODIS数据计算了荧光量子产量,并与叶绿素荧光效率CFE产品进行了比较。新算法避免了CFE算法存在的几个主要的误差源:包括未考虑浮游植物的“包裹效应”、使用412nm的离水辐亮度反演的浮游植物吸收系数以及积分深度过浅。比较渤海和北黄海MODIS数据的结果表明,φest比CFE存在更小的误差,有效值区域更大,可以提供更多荧光量子产量的信息。CFE在大部分海域出现负值,还出现了某些高估点;在有效数据范围内,两者存在明显的线性相关关系。φ算法估算的量子产量最高值在0.05左右,这与文献给出的在其它海区测量的值域范围基本一致。除辽东湾东北部和部分近岸水域外,大部分离岸水域在0.001～0.02的范围内。通过对φ算法的误差来源分析,认为发展一种新的反演678nm比吸收系数和平均吸收系数的波段比值算法是可行的,也是改进φ算法精度的有效方法。
随着卫星传感器的发展、荧光遥感理论的成熟、现场观测数据和卫星遥感数据的积累与分析,叶绿素荧光遥感将在海洋光学、海洋生态学、浮游植物生理学、水色遥感以及赤潮监测等领域中继续发挥重要的作用。
This study makes some investigations on chlorophyll fluorescence remote sensing. Firstly, the principle, measurement and remote sensing algorithms of chlorophyll fluorescence remote sensing are introduced in detail. Then the results of reseaches concerning fluorescence line height algorithm and fluorescence quantum yield have been presented.
Utilizing Hydrolight 4.2, the famous radiative transfer numerical calculating software, this study first analyses the influences of yellow substance and suspended matter on the fluorescence line height (FLH) in natural waters. The calculations show that the relative errors of FLH resulted from yellow substance reach 10% around, generally. However, the effect of suspended matter on FLH error is more remarkable. The scattering signal of suspended matter covers the chlorophyll fluorescence region, and raises the whole red and infrared spectra of remote sensing reflectance, even may entirely submerge the fluorescence signal to invalidate fluorescence algorithm when the concentration of suspended matter reaches 20~30 mg/L. Even in waters with 5 mg/L suspended matter, the influence on FLH markedly exceeds 30%.
Secondly, an experiential relationship between FLH and total chlorophyll concentration is obtained, based on regression analyses using the in-situ measured data including water-leaving radiance spectra, chlorophyll concentration and absorption coefficient. The result shows a strong positive correlation between FLH and chlorophyll concentration in four regression models, such as linear, binomial, exponential and Gower’s models. Especially, in the linear regression equation of FLH=0.36729+0.01788*[Chla], and the correlation coefficient, R2, reaches 0.89. The comparions among different bands on three sensors , including MODIS, MERIS and GLI, demonstrate that the correlation for MODIS bands appears higher, resulting from the right baseline band close to fluorescence peak on MERIS and GLI.
Sun-induced chlorophyll-a fluorescence signals have been measured in Bohai Sea using an underwater hyperspectral spectroradiometer. This study combines these signals with other apparent and inherent optical properties to derive the in vivo fluorescence quantum yield (FQY), and came to the conclusion that the maximum was around 0.06, the average value reached 0.017, with most values ranging from 0.001 to 0.02, which are consistent with the results obtained in other sea areas. Besides, an obvious negative correlation between FQY and instantaneous photosynthetically available radiance (IPAR) was found among some adjacent stations. Some empirical relationships based on in-situ measurements are established and validated in this study, and compared with the former results. It is shown that the correlation between inherent optical properties and chlorophyll-a concentration is highly different from other sea areas; however, the relationship between diffuse attenuation coefficients is comparatively stable.
On the basis of analyses of phytoplankton physiology and bio-optics, this study proposes that the CFE (chlorophyll fluorescence efficiency) algorithm is not a precision approach to estimate FQY by using moderate resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS) data, and then presents a new MODIS algorithm for more accurate estimation of FQY. The FQY computation was done with the MODIS TERRA data obtained in Bohai and North Yellow Sea on February 23, 2006, and the comparison between the two methods was made. The results show that CFE appeared negative in many areas and distinct overestimate in some points, the new productφest was likely more effective, the maximum was about 0.05, and most values ranged from 0.001 to 0.02, which were consistent with the results obtained in situ. Through a simple error analysis ofφest, the paper holds that, for improving the accuracy, a band-ratio method for directly retrieving optical properties needs to be explored to replace these empirical relationships used in the algorithm.
With the development of satellite sensors, the maturity of fluorescence remote-sensing algorithm, the accumulation and analysis of field and satellite data, chlorophyll fluorescence remote sensing will play an important role in optical oceanography, marine bionomics, phytoplankton physiology, ocean color remote sensing and HABs (harmful algal blooms) monitoring.
本文使用水体辐射传输数值计算软件Hydrolight 4.2,模拟计算了在不同浓度的黄色物质和悬浮泥沙存在的水体中,MODIS波段的荧光基线高度FLH的变化,研究了黄色物质和悬浮泥沙对FLH的影响。结果显示,FLH随黄色物质变化的相对误差在10%左右。而悬浮泥沙对FLH的影响非常显著,由于悬浮泥沙的散射峰直接覆盖了叶绿素荧光波段,整体抬高了红光和近红外光谱的遥感反射率,且在悬浮泥沙浓度到达20～30mg/L时,荧光信号将完全被淹没,通过基线荧光高度算法已无法获取荧光信息,算法将出现失效。在5mg/L的悬浮泥沙浓度时,FLH受到的影响远远超过了30%。
基于在实验海区(大连湾)现场测量的水面之上光谱数据和实验室测量的同步叶绿素浓度和吸收系数等数据,本文使用回归分析方法获得了基线荧光高度算法FLH与叶绿素浓度的经验关系,结果显示,荧光基线高度FLH与总叶绿素a浓度存在强烈的正相关关系。通过四种模型(线性、二项式、指数模型以及Gower回归模型)回归的结果都非常好,其中线性回归结果为FLH=0.36729+ 0.01788*[Chla],相关系数R2达到0.89。比较了不同传感器(MODIS、MERIS和GLI)计算的FLH与叶绿素浓度回归关系的差异,发现MODIS波段建立的荧光高度FLH与叶绿素a浓度的相关性更高一些,MERIS和GLI相关性相对较低的原因主要来源于靠近荧光峰的右侧基线波段的设置。
通过在实验海区(渤海)现场测量的水面之下光谱数据和实验室测量的同步叶绿素浓度和吸收系数等数据,发现该海区的活体叶绿素荧光量子产量最大值在0.06左右,大部分数值分布在0.001～0.02的范围内,这一结果同国外计算的结果基本一致。此外,在很多邻近站位间,还发现荧光量子产量同光合有效辐射IPAR之间存在明显的负相关关系。本文对平均叶绿素比吸收系数、678nm叶绿素比吸收系数以及光合有效辐射的漫衰减系数等几个重要的生物光学参量进行了回归分析,发现在实验海区叶绿素比吸收系数的回归关系与其它海区的结果相差较大,说明浮游植物的固有光学量存在明显的海区差异。然而,光合有效辐射的漫衰减系数同Kd(490)的相关关系同其它海区的结果相差不大。
基于浮游植物生理学和生物光学原理,本文利用MODIS卫星数据建立了一种估算量子产量的算法——φ算法;通过2006年3月23日渤海和北黄海的MODIS数据计算了荧光量子产量,并与叶绿素荧光效率CFE产品进行了比较。新算法避免了CFE算法存在的几个主要的误差源:包括未考虑浮游植物的“包裹效应”、使用412nm的离水辐亮度反演的浮游植物吸收系数以及积分深度过浅。比较渤海和北黄海MODIS数据的结果表明,φest比CFE存在更小的误差,有效值区域更大,可以提供更多荧光量子产量的信息。CFE在大部分海域出现负值,还出现了某些高估点;在有效数据范围内,两者存在明显的线性相关关系。φ算法估算的量子产量最高值在0.05左右,这与文献给出的在其它海区测量的值域范围基本一致。除辽东湾东北部和部分近岸水域外,大部分离岸水域在0.001～0.02的范围内。通过对φ算法的误差来源分析,认为发展一种新的反演678nm比吸收系数和平均吸收系数的波段比值算法是可行的,也是改进φ算法精度的有效方法。
随着卫星传感器的发展、荧光遥感理论的成熟、现场观测数据和卫星遥感数据的积累与分析,叶绿素荧光遥感将在海洋光学、海洋生态学、浮游植物生理学、水色遥感以及赤潮监测等领域中继续发挥重要的作用。
This study makes some investigations on chlorophyll fluorescence remote sensing. Firstly, the principle, measurement and remote sensing algorithms of chlorophyll fluorescence remote sensing are introduced in detail. Then the results of reseaches concerning fluorescence line height algorithm and fluorescence quantum yield have been presented.
Utilizing Hydrolight 4.2, the famous radiative transfer numerical calculating software, this study first analyses the influences of yellow substance and suspended matter on the fluorescence line height (FLH) in natural waters. The calculations show that the relative errors of FLH resulted from yellow substance reach 10% around, generally. However, the effect of suspended matter on FLH error is more remarkable. The scattering signal of suspended matter covers the chlorophyll fluorescence region, and raises the whole red and infrared spectra of remote sensing reflectance, even may entirely submerge the fluorescence signal to invalidate fluorescence algorithm when the concentration of suspended matter reaches 20~30 mg/L. Even in waters with 5 mg/L suspended matter, the influence on FLH markedly exceeds 30%.
Secondly, an experiential relationship between FLH and total chlorophyll concentration is obtained, based on regression analyses using the in-situ measured data including water-leaving radiance spectra, chlorophyll concentration and absorption coefficient. The result shows a strong positive correlation between FLH and chlorophyll concentration in four regression models, such as linear, binomial, exponential and Gower’s models. Especially, in the linear regression equation of FLH=0.36729+0.01788*[Chla], and the correlation coefficient, R2, reaches 0.89. The comparions among different bands on three sensors , including MODIS, MERIS and GLI, demonstrate that the correlation for MODIS bands appears higher, resulting from the right baseline band close to fluorescence peak on MERIS and GLI.
Sun-induced chlorophyll-a fluorescence signals have been measured in Bohai Sea using an underwater hyperspectral spectroradiometer. This study combines these signals with other apparent and inherent optical properties to derive the in vivo fluorescence quantum yield (FQY), and came to the conclusion that the maximum was around 0.06, the average value reached 0.017, with most values ranging from 0.001 to 0.02, which are consistent with the results obtained in other sea areas. Besides, an obvious negative correlation between FQY and instantaneous photosynthetically available radiance (IPAR) was found among some adjacent stations. Some empirical relationships based on in-situ measurements are established and validated in this study, and compared with the former results. It is shown that the correlation between inherent optical properties and chlorophyll-a concentration is highly different from other sea areas; however, the relationship between diffuse attenuation coefficients is comparatively stable.
On the basis of analyses of phytoplankton physiology and bio-optics, this study proposes that the CFE (chlorophyll fluorescence efficiency) algorithm is not a precision approach to estimate FQY by using moderate resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS) data, and then presents a new MODIS algorithm for more accurate estimation of FQY. The FQY computation was done with the MODIS TERRA data obtained in Bohai and North Yellow Sea on February 23, 2006, and the comparison between the two methods was made. The results show that CFE appeared negative in many areas and distinct overestimate in some points, the new productφest was likely more effective, the maximum was about 0.05, and most values ranged from 0.001 to 0.02, which were consistent with the results obtained in situ. Through a simple error analysis ofφest, the paper holds that, for improving the accuracy, a band-ratio method for directly retrieving optical properties needs to be explored to replace these empirical relationships used in the algorithm.
With the development of satellite sensors, the maturity of fluorescence remote-sensing algorithm, the accumulation and analysis of field and satellite data, chlorophyll fluorescence remote sensing will play an important role in optical oceanography, marine bionomics, phytoplankton physiology, ocean color remote sensing and HABs (harmful algal blooms) monitoring.
引文
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