国际海底区域资源开发制度研究
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摘要
国际海底区域法律制度是海洋法的一项重要制度,也是国际资源开发与保护制度的重要部分。这项制度从萌芽到成形是与人类认识海洋、开发海洋的脚步同步的,是不断完善和发展的。本文首先将探讨国际海底区域法律制度发展的法律原则与产生背景。起初,传统海洋法理论认为海底资源属无主物或共有物,而且公海海底活动属于“公海自由原则”的适用范围。后来,在1968年马耳他建议中首次提出“人类共同继承财产”的概念,并于1970年《原则宣言》中确定“人类共同继承财产原则”为一项国际法的普遍原则。至此,国际海底的法律制度的主体框架已渐渐成形,并出现了“人类共同继承财产原则”与“公海自由原则”对抗的局面。
1973年召开的第三次联合国海洋法会议,就公海海底区域及其资源建立一项公平的国际制度的议题达成了一致。文章除了对会议期间国际海底法律制度发展的争议、讨论过程与得出结论做了回顾与论述,还谈到《海洋法公约》中有关区域的规定与法律制度架构,发达国家之间的互惠国制度,以及在《海洋法公约》刚制定时订立的一系列条约。还重点讨论了《海洋法公约》的先驱投资者制度和解决先驱投资者制度的一系列“谅解”与“协议”的内容。
美国海洋政策在整个《海洋法公约》制定过程中占举足轻重地位。在海洋法会议召开的前、中、后期美国出台了许多重要政策,并且这些政策所反映出的美国政府的立场和态度差别很大。这与当时美国政府总统更替所引起的政策转变是密不可分的。尽管使美国接受《海洋法公约》和《执行协议》还存在诸多困难,但随着国际关系格局的变化和平衡各方利益的需要,克林顿政府面临《海洋法公约》与执行协议签署的可能性问题,受到美国最新的海洋法政策走向影响的国际海底区域资源开发制度将向乐观的方向发展。
1990年至1994年联合国秘书长召集的非正式协商会议,促成最后1994年执行协议的制定。除谈到《执行协议》的内容与争议外,还着重讨论了《执行协议》对互惠国制度的影响。接下来针对《执行协议》与先驱投资者制度之间的关系、2000年《采矿法典》的内容,以及国际海底管理局大会最近的工作进展展开论述。
在中国对国际海底区域资源开发制度的实践部分,首先论述了中国对国际海底区域制度的态度和立场。我国为首批先驱投资者之一;国务院批准成立国际海底区域资源开发的国内管理机构——中国大洋矿产资源研究开发协会;我国拥有主要投资国和主要消费国双重身份,在国际管理局中的地位和作用显著提高。其次阐述了中国开发国际海底区域资源活动进程。包括以大洋开发协会为主导的区域活动以及我国在国际海底区域开发工作中取得的成就。最后部分为中国与国际海底开发制度的完善和发展。讲述了确立区域资源开发法制建设需要坚持的几项基本原则,全面推进国际海底区域资源开发活动的措施方案。包括加大在海洋资源勘探开发的资金投入,全面参与国际海底区域的合作研究,在处理区域的国际纠纷中利用大国身份维护发展中国家利益。
结语部分通过上文对国际海底区域资源开发制度的整体分析和重点讨论,结合我国及其他先驱投资者在实践中遇到的技术和制度方面的情况,对区域资源开发制度的发展做出预测,并对制度的欠合理之处提出完善和改进的建议。
First, we reviewed the history and development of the position of deep sea-bed, including some theories : res nullius, res communis and Freedom of High Seas. Until the initiative of“the common heritage of mankind”brought by Dr. Arvid Pardo in 1967, it has become a formal principle of International Law. Then we discussed a conflict between Freedoms of the seas and common heritage of mankind.
In chapter 2 we reviewed the process and arguments of 3rd UN Conference of the Law of the Sea (3rd UNCLOS). Then we stated the legal framework of UN Convention of sea-bed mining (part XI) and the Reciprocating State Regime (Mini-treaties) between industrial countries. At last of this chapter, we viewed the pioneer investor scheme and a series of understandings and agreements among pioneer investors.
In chapter 3 we debated the U.S. ocean policy in the period of 3rd UNCLOS, especially the U.S. Presidents’decisions. The most important statement is“Why America didn’t sign the 1982 UN regime?”U.S. ocean policy and the possibility to Clinton Government will sign the UNCLOS III and 1994 Implement Agreement or not.
In 1990 to 1994, the UN Secretary-General made Informal consultations and it caused the Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the Untied Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 (1994 Implement Agreement). In this page, we discussed the influence of 1994 Implement Agreement with Reciprocating State Regime and the pioneer investor scheme.
Chapter 5 of the International Seabed regional resource development for the Chinese system of practice. Section I of the international seabed area system in China, and Chinese attitude and position. Chinese first batch of one of the pioneer investors. Development of the State Council approved the establishment of the international seabed area of domestic resource management agencies -- the China Ocean Mineral Resources Research and Development ; With a double major investor and consumer countries, in his capacity as the status and role of the International Board has been remarkably improved. Section II describes the process of Chinese development activities in the international seabed area resources. IDA led to the ocean, including the regional activities in the international seabed area and the development of Chinese achievements in the work. Section III system with the sound development of the international seabed and development.On the establishment of regional resource development is necessary to adhere to the fundamental principles of the legal system. comprehensive resource development activities in the international seabed area of a future trend. Exploration and exploitation of marine resources, including an increase in the capital input to fully participate in the international seabed area of research, International disputes in the region to use a great power to safeguard the interests of developing countries.
Chapter 6 of the conclusion, through the development of resources in the international seabed area and focused analysis of the overall system. and other pioneer investor in China's practice of the technical and institutional aspects. Development of the system of regional resources to the development of prediction, the less reasonable Office to refine and improve the proposal.
1973年召开的第三次联合国海洋法会议,就公海海底区域及其资源建立一项公平的国际制度的议题达成了一致。文章除了对会议期间国际海底法律制度发展的争议、讨论过程与得出结论做了回顾与论述,还谈到《海洋法公约》中有关区域的规定与法律制度架构,发达国家之间的互惠国制度,以及在《海洋法公约》刚制定时订立的一系列条约。还重点讨论了《海洋法公约》的先驱投资者制度和解决先驱投资者制度的一系列“谅解”与“协议”的内容。
美国海洋政策在整个《海洋法公约》制定过程中占举足轻重地位。在海洋法会议召开的前、中、后期美国出台了许多重要政策,并且这些政策所反映出的美国政府的立场和态度差别很大。这与当时美国政府总统更替所引起的政策转变是密不可分的。尽管使美国接受《海洋法公约》和《执行协议》还存在诸多困难,但随着国际关系格局的变化和平衡各方利益的需要,克林顿政府面临《海洋法公约》与执行协议签署的可能性问题,受到美国最新的海洋法政策走向影响的国际海底区域资源开发制度将向乐观的方向发展。
1990年至1994年联合国秘书长召集的非正式协商会议,促成最后1994年执行协议的制定。除谈到《执行协议》的内容与争议外,还着重讨论了《执行协议》对互惠国制度的影响。接下来针对《执行协议》与先驱投资者制度之间的关系、2000年《采矿法典》的内容,以及国际海底管理局大会最近的工作进展展开论述。
在中国对国际海底区域资源开发制度的实践部分,首先论述了中国对国际海底区域制度的态度和立场。我国为首批先驱投资者之一;国务院批准成立国际海底区域资源开发的国内管理机构——中国大洋矿产资源研究开发协会;我国拥有主要投资国和主要消费国双重身份,在国际管理局中的地位和作用显著提高。其次阐述了中国开发国际海底区域资源活动进程。包括以大洋开发协会为主导的区域活动以及我国在国际海底区域开发工作中取得的成就。最后部分为中国与国际海底开发制度的完善和发展。讲述了确立区域资源开发法制建设需要坚持的几项基本原则,全面推进国际海底区域资源开发活动的措施方案。包括加大在海洋资源勘探开发的资金投入,全面参与国际海底区域的合作研究,在处理区域的国际纠纷中利用大国身份维护发展中国家利益。
结语部分通过上文对国际海底区域资源开发制度的整体分析和重点讨论,结合我国及其他先驱投资者在实践中遇到的技术和制度方面的情况,对区域资源开发制度的发展做出预测,并对制度的欠合理之处提出完善和改进的建议。
First, we reviewed the history and development of the position of deep sea-bed, including some theories : res nullius, res communis and Freedom of High Seas. Until the initiative of“the common heritage of mankind”brought by Dr. Arvid Pardo in 1967, it has become a formal principle of International Law. Then we discussed a conflict between Freedoms of the seas and common heritage of mankind.
In chapter 2 we reviewed the process and arguments of 3rd UN Conference of the Law of the Sea (3rd UNCLOS). Then we stated the legal framework of UN Convention of sea-bed mining (part XI) and the Reciprocating State Regime (Mini-treaties) between industrial countries. At last of this chapter, we viewed the pioneer investor scheme and a series of understandings and agreements among pioneer investors.
In chapter 3 we debated the U.S. ocean policy in the period of 3rd UNCLOS, especially the U.S. Presidents’decisions. The most important statement is“Why America didn’t sign the 1982 UN regime?”U.S. ocean policy and the possibility to Clinton Government will sign the UNCLOS III and 1994 Implement Agreement or not.
In 1990 to 1994, the UN Secretary-General made Informal consultations and it caused the Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the Untied Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 (1994 Implement Agreement). In this page, we discussed the influence of 1994 Implement Agreement with Reciprocating State Regime and the pioneer investor scheme.
Chapter 5 of the International Seabed regional resource development for the Chinese system of practice. Section I of the international seabed area system in China, and Chinese attitude and position. Chinese first batch of one of the pioneer investors. Development of the State Council approved the establishment of the international seabed area of domestic resource management agencies -- the China Ocean Mineral Resources Research and Development ; With a double major investor and consumer countries, in his capacity as the status and role of the International Board has been remarkably improved. Section II describes the process of Chinese development activities in the international seabed area resources. IDA led to the ocean, including the regional activities in the international seabed area and the development of Chinese achievements in the work. Section III system with the sound development of the international seabed and development.On the establishment of regional resource development is necessary to adhere to the fundamental principles of the legal system. comprehensive resource development activities in the international seabed area of a future trend. Exploration and exploitation of marine resources, including an increase in the capital input to fully participate in the international seabed area of research, International disputes in the region to use a great power to safeguard the interests of developing countries.
Chapter 6 of the conclusion, through the development of resources in the international seabed area and focused analysis of the overall system. and other pioneer investor in China's practice of the technical and institutional aspects. Development of the system of regional resources to the development of prediction, the less reasonable Office to refine and improve the proposal.
引文
1靳叔彦,《海洋矿产资源开发》, 中国石油股份有限公司中国石油协会发行,1982年,第1页。
2靳叔彦,《海洋矿产资源开发》, 中国石油股份有限公司中国石油协会发行,1982年, 第3页。
1梁西,《国际法》, 武汉大学出版, 一九九三年四月初版, 一九九九年十二月第十五版,第 185 页。
1魏敏、罗祥文,《海洋法》,法律出版社,一九九五年六月,第 218~221 页。
1Gonzalo Biggo, “Deep Seabed Mining and Unilateral Legislation,” Ocean Development and International Law, Vol. 8, No3, 1980. p. 225.
1靳叔彦,《海洋矿产资源开发》,中国石油协会,1982 年,第 1 页。
2R.R. Churchill and A.V. Lowe, The Law of the Sea (UK:Manchester University Press. 1988), p. 178.
3“Notice of Discovery and Claim of Exclusive Mining Rights and Request for Diplomatic Protection and Protection of Investment,” New Directions in the Law of the Sea, ed. by R.R. Churchill et at., Vol. V, p. 376.
4 Ibid., p. 390.
1 Churchill et. al., Supra note 4, p.179.4.
2 E. de Vettal. Le droit de gens, Liv i.c. xxiii (Nauchatel: Impremerie do la societe Iypographigue, 1777), Para. 287.
3 Hugo Grotius, “The Freedom of the Seas or the right which belongs to the Dutch to take part in the East Indian trade ,” (NY,NY:Oxford University Press, 1916), p. 43.
4 Sir C.J.B.Hurst,“Whose Is the Bed of the Sea,” British Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 4(Oxford U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1923~4), p. 43.
5 P. Fauchile, Iraite de droit International Public, Vol. 1(Paris: Roussean & Cie, 1925), p.19.
6《奥本海国际法》中译本,上卷,第二册,北京商务印书馆,1981 年版,第 133 页。
1 U.N. Doc. A/AC.135/SR. 1-9, p.13. The Soviet Union, A. AC.138/SR.56, pp.149~50.; Poland, A/C. 1/PV. 1674.
2 Mina Mashayeki, “The Present Legal Status of Deep Sea Bed Mining, ” Journal of World Trade Law, Vol. 19, 1985, p.236.
1 Shigeru Oda, “The Law of the Sea in Our Time”, New Develop, Vol. I, 1966-1975, pp.13-14.
2陈树麟、樊川译,《海洋法》,英国开放大学教材研究室编,海洋出版社,1985 年 5 月版,第 89~90 页。
3U.N. Doc. A/6695(XXII), 18 December 1967.
1 Ibid.
2 Thomas Clingan, The Law of the Sea: Ocean and Policy (San Francisco & London:Austin & Winfield, 1994), pp.270~72;The New York Times, U. S. President Lyndon Johnson’s speech, 14 July 1966.
3 陈树麟、樊川译,《海洋法》,英国开放大学教材研究室编,海洋出版社,1985 年 5 月版,第 91~92 页。
4 U.N. General Assembly Resolution 2340 (XXII), 18 Dec. 1967.
1U.N. General Assembly Resolution 2467A(XXIII), Dec. 21, 1968.
2U.N. General Assembly Resolution 2881(XXVI), Dec. 21, 1971.
3 U.N. General Assembly Resolution 2467A(XXIII), op. cit., para. 4.
4 U.N. General Assembly Resolution 2467B, C, id.
1 General Assembly Official Records, 24th session, 1969, suppl. No. 22(A/7622), pp.29~31.
2发展中国家科威特代表的发言,U.N. Doc. A/AC. 138/SC. 2/SR. 30, 18 Mar. 1970, pp.11~2.
3澳大利亚代表的发言,U.N. Doc. A/AC. 138/SC. 2/SR. 15~21, 1 NOV. 1969, p.54.
1U.N. General Assembly Resolution 2574 (XXXIV), 15 Dec. 1969.
2Ann L. Hollick, U.S. Foreign Policy and the Law of the Sea(Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1981 ), p.225; U.S. Department of State, 62 Dept State Bull.89 (1970)
3U.N. Doc A/C. 1-PV. 1709, 12 Dec. 1967, pp.5 and 15.
4U.N. General Assembly Resolution 2749 (XXV), 17 Dec. 1970.
5U.N. General Assembly Resolution 2750 (XXV), 17 Dec. 1970.
6赵理海,《“人类共同继承财产”是当代国际法的一项重要原则》,载于《当代国际法问题》,中国法制出版社,1993 年 10 月版,第 264~265 页。
1U.N. General Assembly Resolution 2749(XXV)-Adopted by 108-0-14
1 R. R. Churchill and A. V. Lowe, The Law of the Sea, second edition, revised and enlarged (Manchester : Manchester University Press, 1988), pp.180~1.
2 John R. Stevenson and Bernard H. Oxman, “The Third Untied National Conference on the Law of the Sea ; the 1974 Caracas Session, ” American Journal of International Law, Vol. 69 (1975), pp.1~30.
1小田滋,《关于海洋发展的国际法》,第二卷,有斐阁,1977 年,第 355~356 页。
2其海岸为悬崖峭壁而没有大陆架的国家
3 Report of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of the Seabed and the Ocean Floor Beyond the Limited of National Jurisdiction, U.N. Doc. A/9021 (1973), 28 U.N. GAOR, Suppl. 21, Vol. II, pp. 51~165.
4小田滋,《关于海洋发展的国际法》,第一卷,有斐阁,1977 年,第 114~124 页。
5 The Untied States Department of State Bulletin 15 June, 1970, p. 737.
1 U.N. Doc. A/AC, 138/25.
2公约共 77 条含附件,U.N. Doc. A/AC, 138/25, 3 Aug. 1970. Summary of Provisions of Draft United Nation convention on the International Seabed Area, Prepared by John R. Stevenson, the Legal adviser of the Department of Satte (reprinted at American Journal of International Law, Vol. 65, 1971), pp. 179~186.
3 A/AC. 138/33 。小田滋,同注四,第一卷,第 195~210 页。
1赵理海,《海洋法的新发展》,北京大学出版社,1984 年 6 月版,第 145~146 页。
2赵理海,《海洋法的新发展》,北京大学出版社,1984 年 6 月版,第 145 页。
3 U.N. Doc. A/CONF. 62/WP. 8/Rev. 1/Part I-III, 6 May 1976.
1一九八二年联合国海洋法公约附件三第十八条。
2赵理海,《海洋法的新发展》,北京大学出版社,1984 年 6 月,第 154 页。
1刘海山,《国际法》,法律出版社,1992 年 3 月版,第 268 页。
2赵理海,《海洋法的新发展》,北京大学出版社,1984 年 6 月版,第 156 页。
3一九八二年联合国海洋法公约第一五四条。
可见相关网站 ISA, http://www.isa.jm/members/assembly.htm 。
2资料来源:中国外交部网站。http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn/6458.html 。
1 XXI ILM (1982), pp.950-962; UK Treaty Series No.46 (1982), Cnmd.8685; text reproduced in Vol.3 as Doc. No. 33.1.
2 Para. 12.
3 Para. 11.
4 Para. 13.
1 Schedule, Part IV, para. ll(d)
2 Para.4(c).
3 Deep Sea Mining (Reciprocating Countries) Order 1984, S.I 1984/1170.
4 Agreement, para. 2.
5 Schedule, Part I, para. 7.
6 Schedule, Part II, para. 9 and Appendices I and 2.
1 Ibid.
2 Schedule, Part I, para. 5.
1 XXIII ILM (1984), pp.l354-1360; text reproduced in Vol.3 as Doc.No. 33.3.
2 Ibid.
3 XXIII ILM (1984), p. 1358.
4 Para. 14(1).
5 Para. 14(2).
1 Provisional Understanding, Appendix I.
2 Joint Record, XXIII ILM (1984), p. 1360.
3合格的标准规定在「谅解履行备忘录」的第一段,须符合: (a) which [were] financially and technologically qualified to conduct the proposed deep sea-bed operations; (b) which [complied] with all the requirements of the Party's national law; and
1 Provisional Understanding, paras. 5 : “This Agreement is without prejudice to, nor does it affect, the position of the Parties, or any obligations assumed by any of the Parties, in respect of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.”
2刘海山,《国际法》,法律出版社,1992 年 3 月第 1 版,第 268 页。
1 A/CONF.62/C.I/L.30, 29 March 1982, Annex II 为原先的版本。
2决议二第一段第(a)项第一款。
1 Under New York Understanding, paras. 13(1)and(2)and 9.
2 E. D. Brown, supra note 73, p. 451.
3 New York Understanding, para. 13(2) and (3).
1 Para. l4. In fact, under para.8(c) of an Understanding on pioneer investors' obligations of 30 August 1990.
1 LOS Bull., Special Issue III. p.236, at p.237, para.8.
2 XXVI ILM (1987), pp.l505-8; LOS Bull., Special Issue III, pp. 242-244.
1 See, e.g., the Exchange of Notes between the United States and the Soviet Union of 14 August 1987. 26 ILM (1987), pp. 1510-15102; LOS Bull., Special Issue III. pp.247-248.
2 See, e.g., the Exchange of Notes between the United Slates and the Netherlands of 14 August 1987, 26 ILM (1987), pp. 1513-1515; LOS Bull., Special Issue III, pp. 249-250.
3 Midnight Agreement, Arts. 1 and 2.
4 For the agreement on the preservation of confidentiality of data, see XXVI ILM (1987), p. 1045.
5 Statement by the Chairman of the Preparatory Commission. (LOS/PCN/L.87, 30 August 1990), para. 39.
1 LOS Bull., Special Issue III, pp.26l-264.
2 Loc. cit. in note 127.
1 For full documentation on the application, see LOS Bull., Special issue III, at pp. 147-182.
2 UK Treaty Series No.52 (1991), Cm. 1628, entered into force on signature.
3 Understanding on the Fulfilment of Obligations by the Registered Pioneer Investor, the China Ocean Mineral Resources Research and Development Association (COMRA) and its Certifying State, the People's Republic of China, 12. March 1992 (Statement of the Chairman of the Preparatory Commission. LOS/PCN/L.102, 13 March 1992, p.8,para.47 and pp. 10-2, Annex).
4 See above on Understanding of 30 August 1990 and COMRA Understanding, paras.9 and 10.
1 Decision adopted on 2 August 1994 by the General Committee of the Preparatory Commission, LOS/PCN/144, 12 October 1994, with Annex giving co-ordinates of designated areas. See E. D. Brown, supra note 73, p. 232.
1 Thomas A. Clingan, The Institute of Justinian (Amsterdam : North-Holland, 1975), p.280.
2法律全文见 ILM, Vol. 20 (1981), pp.393~98 ( 德), 1218~27 ( 英), Vol. 21 (1982), pp. 804~14 ( 法) ; Vol. 22 (1983), pp. 102~22 ( 日) ; Vol. 24 (1985), pp.983~96 ( 义)。
3 Thomas A. Clingan, supra note 141, p.281
1 Ann L. Hollick, U.S. Foreign Policy and the Law of the Sea (Princeton:Princeton University Press, 1981), pp.196-197.
1 Gerard J. Mangone, Marine Policy of America (NY:Taylor & Francis, 1988), p. 200.
2 Public Papers of the President, Lyndon B. Johnson, Book II, 1966, p. 722.
1 Gerard J. Mangone, supra note 2, p. 230.
1 UN Doc. E/4449/Add. 1, 19 Feb., 1967.
2 Develop of State, Law of the Sea:Third Untied Nations Conference (Caracas, July 20 –August 29, 1974 ), pp. 17-18.
1 陈德恭,《现代国际海洋法》,中国社会科学出版社,一九八五年,第 255 页。
2 Myron H. Nordquist and Choon-ho Park, Report of the Untied States Delegation to the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, Occasional Paper No. 33 (Honolulu: Law of the Sea Institute, University of Hawaii, 1983), pp. 162-168.
1 David Caron, "Municipal Legislation for Exploitation of the Deep Seabed," Ocean Development and International Law, Vol. 8, No. 4, 1980, pp. 278-279.
2 See E. D Brown, Seabed Energy and Minerals:The International Legal Regime, Vol. 3, Selected Documents (Dordrecht ; Boston : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2001), pp. 313-351.
3 David L. Larson, “The Reagan Rejection of the U. N. Convention,” Ocean Development and International Law, Vol. 11, No. 1, 1985, pp. 1-20.
1 Bernard H. Oxman, “The Third Untied Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea:the Tenth Session,” American Journal of International Law, Vol. 76, 1982, pp. 1-8.
2 高之国,美国拒绝批准联合国海洋法公约的前因后果,《中国海洋报》第一○一二期, 二○○一年五月十五日。
3 刘高龙,美国为什么拒绝签署联合国海洋法公约,收录于《当代海洋法的理论与实践》,法律出版社,一九八七年六月,第 339 页
1 Ann L. Hollick, supra note 1, pp. 351-354.
2 A/CONF.62/C.1/L.5, Aug. 8,1974 and A/CONF.62/C.1/L.6, Aug. 13, 1974.
3 Henry A. Kissinger, “The Law of the Sea:A Test of International Cooperation,” Congressional Record, April 8, 1976, pp. S5223-S5227;also April 12,1976, pp. S5445-S5449.
1 Ann L. Hollick, supra note 1, pp.356.
1 Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, Vol. 18, Jan. 29, 1982. p. 94.
2 Ambassador James L. Malone's statement made in Plenary, April 30, 1982. See Nordquist and Park, supra note 13, pp. 594-597.
1 John D. Negroponte, “Current Developments in U.S. Ocean Policy,” Current Policy, No. 19, May, 1986, published by the U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs Office of Public Communication
2杰尼弗.惠特克,《站在主流以外的华盛顿》,《大西洋杂志》,1982 年 10 月刊,第 22 页。
1刘文宗,《论深海海底资源开发兼评美国的若干法律论点》,收录于赵理海《当代海洋法的理论与实践》,法律出版社,1987 年 6 月版,第 319 页。
1一九八二年联合国海洋法公约第一三七条第一项。
2 Finn Laursen, Superpower at Sea:U.S. Policy, Praeger, (N.Y.:N.Y., 1983), pp. 131-174.
3 Ann L. Hollick, supra note 1, pp. 350-389.
1 Marjorie Ann Browne, “The Law of the Sea and U.S. Policy,” Feb. 14, 2001. 资料来源:http://www.earthscape.org 。
2 刘实,《论美国决定签署联合国海洋法公约》,载于《海峡评论》第四十四期,1994 年 8 月,第 7 页
1 U.S. Department of Defense, Ocean Policy Review Paper, 1993. 参阅 Current Status of the Convention on the Law of the Sea, Hearing, Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate, 103rd Congress, 2nd session, August 11, 1994, Washington, D.C. : G.P.O., 1994, p. 79.
2 United States: President's Transsmital of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI to the U.S. Senate with Commentary. For its text, see ILM, vol. 34 (1995), at 1396 et seq.
3 U.S. Congress, Congressional Record, 103rd Congress, 2nd Session, Vol. 140, No. 86, June 30, 1994, p. S8095.
1 William J. Clinton, President, Letter of Transmittal, to the Senate, Oct. 7, 1994, reprinted in International Legal Materials, Vol. 34, 1995, p. 1396.
2 Marjorie Ann Browne, supra note 130.
1 “Concluding Remarks of the Secretary-General at the Informal Consultations on Law of the Sea, II December 1991”, at pp.3-4.
1 Information Note of 26 May 1992. p.l2, pan. 33.
2 Information Note of 10 December 1992, p.2, para.5.
1 Information Note of 10 December 1992, p.8, pai-a.21
3 Information Note of 10 December 1992, p.8, para.22.
4 Information Note of 26 May 1992, p.7, paia.l7 and Information Note of 10 December 1992, p.9, para.27.
1 Information Note of 26 May 1992, p.9, para.24.
2 Information Note of 10 December 1992, p. 12, para.43.
3 Information Note of 26 May 1992. p.9, para.26.
4 Information Note of 10 December 1992, p. 13, para.45.
1 Information Note of 16 May 1992, p. 10, para.29.
2 Information Note of 26 May 1992, p. 11, para.30.
1 See Ocean Policy News, Vol. X, No.2, February 1993, pp.5-6.
2“Information Note concerning (he Secretary-General's Informal Consultations on outstanding issues relating; to the deep seabed mining provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea”, 8 April 1993, hereafter cited as Information Note of 8 April 1993.
1“Report on the Secretary-General's informal consultations on outstanding issues relating to the deep seabed mining provisions of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea held on 2-6 August 1993”, September 1993, p.l.
2 Boat Paper, 14 February 1994, issued by UN Secretariat on 23 February 1994.
3 Information Note of 8 April 1993, at pp.3-6.
1 See further Information Note of 4 June 1993, at pp. 1-8.
2 Information Note of 8 April 1993, at pp. 1-2.
3 Ibid., at pp.2-3. See too Information Note of 4 June 1993, at pp.1-2, paras.l-2.
4 See further Information Note of 4 June 1993, at pp.9-26.
1 Statement by the Chairman of the Preparatory Commission, LOS/PCN/L.115/Rev.l, 8 September 1994 (II Final PrepCom Report, p. 167), section II. A-C.
2 LOS/PCN/L.115/Rev.l, 8 September 1994 (loc. cit. in note 127, at p. 171).
3 ISBA/3/C/6, 12 August 1997 (ISBA, Selected Decisions & Documents of the First. Second and Third Sessions, ISA/98/OI.E, pp. 66-68).
1安致远,《在海底委员会全体会议上发言》,载北京大学法律系国际法教研室编:《海洋法资料汇编》,人民出版社 1974 年版,第 18 页。
2江伟钰,《论深海海底资源开发与海洋环境保护》,载于《2003 年中国法学会环境资源法学研究会年会论文集》。
1高健军,《中国与国际海洋法——纪念联合国海洋法公约生效十周年》,海洋出版社 2004 年版,第 12 页。
1参见《向大洋进军,探海底宝藏》,载于《中国海洋报》,2004 年 7 月 23 日。
1王曙光,《强化海洋工作维护海洋权益—纪念我国批准联合国海洋法公约五周年》,载于《中国海洋报》1012期,2001 年 5 月 15 日。
1倪健中,《海洋中国》,中国国际广播出版社,1997 年版,第 378 页。
2张登义,《海洋-人类未来的希望》,载于《中国海洋报》,1998 年 1 月 20 日。
3李尚志,《迎接海洋世纪的挑战》,载于《中国海洋报》,1998 年 2 月 13 日。
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3、高健军著:《中国与国际海洋法》,海洋出版社 2004 年版。
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5、刘楠来等:《国际海洋法》,海洋出版社 1986 年版。
6、邹克渊著:《南极矿物资源与国际法》,北京大学出版社 1996 年版。
7.李红云著:《国际海底与国际法》,现代出版社 1997 年版。
8、邓正来编:《王铁崖文选》,中国政法大学出版社 2003 年版。
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15、魏敏主编:《海洋法》,法律出版社年版。
16、赵理海主编:《当代海洋法的理论与实践》,法律出版社 1987 年版。
17、赵理海:《海洋法问题研究》,北京大学出版社 1996 年版。
18、周忠海等著:《国际法学述评》,法律出版社 2001 年版。
19、北京大学法律系国际法教研室编:《海洋法资料汇编》,人民出版社 1974 年版。
20、刘书剑译:《外国深海海底矿物资源勘探和开发法》,法律出版社 1986 年版。
21、中国大洋协会办公室,国家海洋信息中心编:《关于先驱投资者申请矿区的登记》,海洋出版社 1998 年版。
22、刘振民编著:《海洋法基本文件集》,海洋出版社 2002 年版。
23、王芳,《切实加强海洋开发与管理 全面关注海洋权利和利益》,中国远洋航务公告,2005/08
24、江伟钰,《21 世纪海洋开发国际法框架研究》,载于《法学杂志》,2004/05
25、杨晓光,《我国深海资源产业化模式及其对策研究》,载于《矿业研究与开发》,2004/01
26、曹颖,《加速国际海底区域资源开发产业化的战略思考》,载于《海洋开发与管理》,2003/01
27、江伟钰,《21 世纪深海海底资源开发与海洋环境保护》,载于《华东理工大学学报》,2002/04
28、高战朝,《国际海底区域》,载于《海洋测绘》,2002/04
29、江伟钰,《论深海海底资源开发与海洋环境保护》,载于《中国法学》,2000/05
30、阳宁,《国际海底资源开发技术及其发展趋势》载于《矿治工程》,2000/01
31、李波,《尽快确立针对国际海底资源开发的更全面的战略》,载于《中国软科学》,1996/09
32、李桂香,《现代海洋开发特点》,载于《海洋信息》,1995/04
33、江伟钰,《深海底资源开发与国际海洋环境保护》,载于《甘肃政法学院学报》,1995/02
34、金永明,《国际海底区域资源勘探规章述评》,载于《海洋开发与管理》,2006/04
35、李尚谐,《认识海洋 开发海洋》,载于《矿治工程》,2006/02
36、金永明,《国际海底资源开发制度研究》,载于《社会科学》,2006/03
37、郁志荣,《我国海洋法制建设现状及其展望》,载于《海洋开发与管理》,2004/04
38、张春美,《浅析海洋法的发展》,载于《当代经理人》(下旬刊),2006/05
1、 Brown, E. D., Sea-bed energy and minerals : the international legal regime, Dordrecht ; Boston : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1992-2001.
2、 Brown, E. D., Sea-bed energy and mineral resources and the law of the sea, London : Graham & Trotman, 1984.
3、 Churchill, R. R. and A.V. Lowe., The law of the sea, Manchester, UK ; New York : Manchester University Press ; [New York] : Distributed exclusively in the USA and Canada by St. Martin's Press, 1988.
4、 Churchill, R. R. and A.V. Lowe , The law of the sea, Manchester : ManchesterUniversity Press ; Yonkers, NY : Juris Publ., 1999.
5、 Friedhelm Kruger-Spengel ; ed. by Gerard J. Mangone., The role of NATO in the use of the sea and seabed, Washington, D.C. : Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 1972.
6、 Fauchile, P., Iraite de droit International Public, Vol. 1(Paris: Roussean & Cie, 1925)
7、 Grotius, Hugo, “The Freedom of the Seas or the right which belongs to the Dutch to take part in the East Indian trade ,” (NY, NY:Oxford University Press, 1916)
8、 Hollick, Ann L., U.S. foreign policy and the law of the sea, Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press, 1981.
9、 Hurst, C. J. B., ”Whose Is the Bed of the Sea,” British Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 4(Oxford U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1923~4)
10、Jack N. Barkenbus, Deep seabed resources : politics and technology, New York : Free Press, 1979.
11、Kronmiller, Theodore G., The lawfulness of deep seabed mining, London : Oceana Publications, 1980.
12、Mashayeki, Mina, “The Present Legal Status of Deep Sea Bed Mining, ” Journal of World Trade Law, Vol. 19, 1985.
13、 Mahmoudi Said, The law of deep sea-bed mining : a study of the progressive development of international law concerning the management of the polymetallic nodules of the deep sea-bed, Stockholm, Sweden : Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1987.
14、 Mangone,Gerard J., Marine Policy of America (NY: Taylor & Francis, 1988)
15、Oda, Shigeru, “The Law of the Sea in Our Time”, New Develop, Vol. I, 1966-1975.
16、Payoyo, Peter B., Cries of the sea : world inequality, sustainable development and the common heritage of humanity, The Hague ; Boston :Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1997.
17、Riddell-Dixon, Elizabeth M., Canada and the international seabed : domestic determinants and external constraints, Kingston : McGill-Queen's University Press, c1989.
18、Shusterich, Kurt Michael,Resource management and the oceans : the political economy of deep seabed mining, Boulder, Colo. : Westview Press, 1982.
19、Schmidt, Markus G., Common heritage or common burden? : the United States position on the development of a regime for deep sea-bed mining in the Law of the Sea Convention, Oxford : Clarendon Press ; New York : Oxford University Press, 1989.
20、Stevenson, John R. and Oxman, Bernard H., “The Third Untied National Conference on the Law of the Sea ; the 1974 Caracas Session, ” American Journal of International Law, Vol. 69 (1975)
2靳叔彦,《海洋矿产资源开发》, 中国石油股份有限公司中国石油协会发行,1982年, 第3页。
1梁西,《国际法》, 武汉大学出版, 一九九三年四月初版, 一九九九年十二月第十五版,第 185 页。
1魏敏、罗祥文,《海洋法》,法律出版社,一九九五年六月,第 218~221 页。
1Gonzalo Biggo, “Deep Seabed Mining and Unilateral Legislation,” Ocean Development and International Law, Vol. 8, No3, 1980. p. 225.
1靳叔彦,《海洋矿产资源开发》,中国石油协会,1982 年,第 1 页。
2R.R. Churchill and A.V. Lowe, The Law of the Sea (UK:Manchester University Press. 1988), p. 178.
3“Notice of Discovery and Claim of Exclusive Mining Rights and Request for Diplomatic Protection and Protection of Investment,” New Directions in the Law of the Sea, ed. by R.R. Churchill et at., Vol. V, p. 376.
4 Ibid., p. 390.
1 Churchill et. al., Supra note 4, p.179.4.
2 E. de Vettal. Le droit de gens, Liv i.c. xxiii (Nauchatel: Impremerie do la societe Iypographigue, 1777), Para. 287.
3 Hugo Grotius, “The Freedom of the Seas or the right which belongs to the Dutch to take part in the East Indian trade ,” (NY,NY:Oxford University Press, 1916), p. 43.
4 Sir C.J.B.Hurst,“Whose Is the Bed of the Sea,” British Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 4(Oxford U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1923~4), p. 43.
5 P. Fauchile, Iraite de droit International Public, Vol. 1(Paris: Roussean & Cie, 1925), p.19.
6《奥本海国际法》中译本,上卷,第二册,北京商务印书馆,1981 年版,第 133 页。
1 U.N. Doc. A/AC.135/SR. 1-9, p.13. The Soviet Union, A. AC.138/SR.56, pp.149~50.; Poland, A/C. 1/PV. 1674.
2 Mina Mashayeki, “The Present Legal Status of Deep Sea Bed Mining, ” Journal of World Trade Law, Vol. 19, 1985, p.236.
1 Shigeru Oda, “The Law of the Sea in Our Time”, New Develop, Vol. I, 1966-1975, pp.13-14.
2陈树麟、樊川译,《海洋法》,英国开放大学教材研究室编,海洋出版社,1985 年 5 月版,第 89~90 页。
3U.N. Doc. A/6695(XXII), 18 December 1967.
1 Ibid.
2 Thomas Clingan, The Law of the Sea: Ocean and Policy (San Francisco & London:Austin & Winfield, 1994), pp.270~72;The New York Times, U. S. President Lyndon Johnson’s speech, 14 July 1966.
3 陈树麟、樊川译,《海洋法》,英国开放大学教材研究室编,海洋出版社,1985 年 5 月版,第 91~92 页。
4 U.N. General Assembly Resolution 2340 (XXII), 18 Dec. 1967.
1U.N. General Assembly Resolution 2467A(XXIII), Dec. 21, 1968.
2U.N. General Assembly Resolution 2881(XXVI), Dec. 21, 1971.
3 U.N. General Assembly Resolution 2467A(XXIII), op. cit., para. 4.
4 U.N. General Assembly Resolution 2467B, C, id.
1 General Assembly Official Records, 24th session, 1969, suppl. No. 22(A/7622), pp.29~31.
2发展中国家科威特代表的发言,U.N. Doc. A/AC. 138/SC. 2/SR. 30, 18 Mar. 1970, pp.11~2.
3澳大利亚代表的发言,U.N. Doc. A/AC. 138/SC. 2/SR. 15~21, 1 NOV. 1969, p.54.
1U.N. General Assembly Resolution 2574 (XXXIV), 15 Dec. 1969.
2Ann L. Hollick, U.S. Foreign Policy and the Law of the Sea(Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1981 ), p.225; U.S. Department of State, 62 Dept State Bull.89 (1970)
3U.N. Doc A/C. 1-PV. 1709, 12 Dec. 1967, pp.5 and 15.
4U.N. General Assembly Resolution 2749 (XXV), 17 Dec. 1970.
5U.N. General Assembly Resolution 2750 (XXV), 17 Dec. 1970.
6赵理海,《“人类共同继承财产”是当代国际法的一项重要原则》,载于《当代国际法问题》,中国法制出版社,1993 年 10 月版,第 264~265 页。
1U.N. General Assembly Resolution 2749(XXV)-Adopted by 108-0-14
1 R. R. Churchill and A. V. Lowe, The Law of the Sea, second edition, revised and enlarged (Manchester : Manchester University Press, 1988), pp.180~1.
2 John R. Stevenson and Bernard H. Oxman, “The Third Untied National Conference on the Law of the Sea ; the 1974 Caracas Session, ” American Journal of International Law, Vol. 69 (1975), pp.1~30.
1小田滋,《关于海洋发展的国际法》,第二卷,有斐阁,1977 年,第 355~356 页。
2其海岸为悬崖峭壁而没有大陆架的国家
3 Report of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of the Seabed and the Ocean Floor Beyond the Limited of National Jurisdiction, U.N. Doc. A/9021 (1973), 28 U.N. GAOR, Suppl. 21, Vol. II, pp. 51~165.
4小田滋,《关于海洋发展的国际法》,第一卷,有斐阁,1977 年,第 114~124 页。
5 The Untied States Department of State Bulletin 15 June, 1970, p. 737.
1 U.N. Doc. A/AC, 138/25.
2公约共 77 条含附件,U.N. Doc. A/AC, 138/25, 3 Aug. 1970. Summary of Provisions of Draft United Nation convention on the International Seabed Area, Prepared by John R. Stevenson, the Legal adviser of the Department of Satte (reprinted at American Journal of International Law, Vol. 65, 1971), pp. 179~186.
3 A/AC. 138/33 。小田滋,同注四,第一卷,第 195~210 页。
1赵理海,《海洋法的新发展》,北京大学出版社,1984 年 6 月版,第 145~146 页。
2赵理海,《海洋法的新发展》,北京大学出版社,1984 年 6 月版,第 145 页。
3 U.N. Doc. A/CONF. 62/WP. 8/Rev. 1/Part I-III, 6 May 1976.
1一九八二年联合国海洋法公约附件三第十八条。
2赵理海,《海洋法的新发展》,北京大学出版社,1984 年 6 月,第 154 页。
1刘海山,《国际法》,法律出版社,1992 年 3 月版,第 268 页。
2赵理海,《海洋法的新发展》,北京大学出版社,1984 年 6 月版,第 156 页。
3一九八二年联合国海洋法公约第一五四条。
可见相关网站 ISA, http://www.isa.jm/members/assembly.htm 。
2资料来源:中国外交部网站。http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn/6458.html 。
1 XXI ILM (1982), pp.950-962; UK Treaty Series No.46 (1982), Cnmd.8685; text reproduced in Vol.3 as Doc. No. 33.1.
2 Para. 12.
3 Para. 11.
4 Para. 13.
1 Schedule, Part IV, para. ll(d)
2 Para.4(c).
3 Deep Sea Mining (Reciprocating Countries) Order 1984, S.I 1984/1170.
4 Agreement, para. 2.
5 Schedule, Part I, para. 7.
6 Schedule, Part II, para. 9 and Appendices I and 2.
1 Ibid.
2 Schedule, Part I, para. 5.
1 XXIII ILM (1984), pp.l354-1360; text reproduced in Vol.3 as Doc.No. 33.3.
2 Ibid.
3 XXIII ILM (1984), p. 1358.
4 Para. 14(1).
5 Para. 14(2).
1 Provisional Understanding, Appendix I.
2 Joint Record, XXIII ILM (1984), p. 1360.
3合格的标准规定在「谅解履行备忘录」的第一段,须符合: (a) which [were] financially and technologically qualified to conduct the proposed deep sea-bed operations; (b) which [complied] with all the requirements of the Party's national law; and
1 Provisional Understanding, paras. 5 : “This Agreement is without prejudice to, nor does it affect, the position of the Parties, or any obligations assumed by any of the Parties, in respect of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.”
2刘海山,《国际法》,法律出版社,1992 年 3 月第 1 版,第 268 页。
1 A/CONF.62/C.I/L.30, 29 March 1982, Annex II 为原先的版本。
2决议二第一段第(a)项第一款。
1 Under New York Understanding, paras. 13(1)and(2)and 9.
2 E. D. Brown, supra note 73, p. 451.
3 New York Understanding, para. 13(2) and (3).
1 Para. l4. In fact, under para.8(c) of an Understanding on pioneer investors' obligations of 30 August 1990.
1 LOS Bull., Special Issue III. p.236, at p.237, para.8.
2 XXVI ILM (1987), pp.l505-8; LOS Bull., Special Issue III, pp. 242-244.
1 See, e.g., the Exchange of Notes between the United States and the Soviet Union of 14 August 1987. 26 ILM (1987), pp. 1510-15102; LOS Bull., Special Issue III. pp.247-248.
2 See, e.g., the Exchange of Notes between the United Slates and the Netherlands of 14 August 1987, 26 ILM (1987), pp. 1513-1515; LOS Bull., Special Issue III, pp. 249-250.
3 Midnight Agreement, Arts. 1 and 2.
4 For the agreement on the preservation of confidentiality of data, see XXVI ILM (1987), p. 1045.
5 Statement by the Chairman of the Preparatory Commission. (LOS/PCN/L.87, 30 August 1990), para. 39.
1 LOS Bull., Special Issue III, pp.26l-264.
2 Loc. cit. in note 127.
1 For full documentation on the application, see LOS Bull., Special issue III, at pp. 147-182.
2 UK Treaty Series No.52 (1991), Cm. 1628, entered into force on signature.
3 Understanding on the Fulfilment of Obligations by the Registered Pioneer Investor, the China Ocean Mineral Resources Research and Development Association (COMRA) and its Certifying State, the People's Republic of China, 12. March 1992 (Statement of the Chairman of the Preparatory Commission. LOS/PCN/L.102, 13 March 1992, p.8,para.47 and pp. 10-2, Annex).
4 See above on Understanding of 30 August 1990 and COMRA Understanding, paras.9 and 10.
1 Decision adopted on 2 August 1994 by the General Committee of the Preparatory Commission, LOS/PCN/144, 12 October 1994, with Annex giving co-ordinates of designated areas. See E. D. Brown, supra note 73, p. 232.
1 Thomas A. Clingan, The Institute of Justinian (Amsterdam : North-Holland, 1975), p.280.
2法律全文见 ILM, Vol. 20 (1981), pp.393~98 ( 德), 1218~27 ( 英), Vol. 21 (1982), pp. 804~14 ( 法) ; Vol. 22 (1983), pp. 102~22 ( 日) ; Vol. 24 (1985), pp.983~96 ( 义)。
3 Thomas A. Clingan, supra note 141, p.281
1 Ann L. Hollick, U.S. Foreign Policy and the Law of the Sea (Princeton:Princeton University Press, 1981), pp.196-197.
1 Gerard J. Mangone, Marine Policy of America (NY:Taylor & Francis, 1988), p. 200.
2 Public Papers of the President, Lyndon B. Johnson, Book II, 1966, p. 722.
1 Gerard J. Mangone, supra note 2, p. 230.
1 UN Doc. E/4449/Add. 1, 19 Feb., 1967.
2 Develop of State, Law of the Sea:Third Untied Nations Conference (Caracas, July 20 –August 29, 1974 ), pp. 17-18.
1 陈德恭,《现代国际海洋法》,中国社会科学出版社,一九八五年,第 255 页。
2 Myron H. Nordquist and Choon-ho Park, Report of the Untied States Delegation to the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, Occasional Paper No. 33 (Honolulu: Law of the Sea Institute, University of Hawaii, 1983), pp. 162-168.
1 David Caron, "Municipal Legislation for Exploitation of the Deep Seabed," Ocean Development and International Law, Vol. 8, No. 4, 1980, pp. 278-279.
2 See E. D Brown, Seabed Energy and Minerals:The International Legal Regime, Vol. 3, Selected Documents (Dordrecht ; Boston : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2001), pp. 313-351.
3 David L. Larson, “The Reagan Rejection of the U. N. Convention,” Ocean Development and International Law, Vol. 11, No. 1, 1985, pp. 1-20.
1 Bernard H. Oxman, “The Third Untied Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea:the Tenth Session,” American Journal of International Law, Vol. 76, 1982, pp. 1-8.
2 高之国,美国拒绝批准联合国海洋法公约的前因后果,《中国海洋报》第一○一二期, 二○○一年五月十五日。
3 刘高龙,美国为什么拒绝签署联合国海洋法公约,收录于《当代海洋法的理论与实践》,法律出版社,一九八七年六月,第 339 页
1 Ann L. Hollick, supra note 1, pp. 351-354.
2 A/CONF.62/C.1/L.5, Aug. 8,1974 and A/CONF.62/C.1/L.6, Aug. 13, 1974.
3 Henry A. Kissinger, “The Law of the Sea:A Test of International Cooperation,” Congressional Record, April 8, 1976, pp. S5223-S5227;also April 12,1976, pp. S5445-S5449.
1 Ann L. Hollick, supra note 1, pp.356.
1 Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, Vol. 18, Jan. 29, 1982. p. 94.
2 Ambassador James L. Malone's statement made in Plenary, April 30, 1982. See Nordquist and Park, supra note 13, pp. 594-597.
1 John D. Negroponte, “Current Developments in U.S. Ocean Policy,” Current Policy, No. 19, May, 1986, published by the U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs Office of Public Communication
2杰尼弗.惠特克,《站在主流以外的华盛顿》,《大西洋杂志》,1982 年 10 月刊,第 22 页。
1刘文宗,《论深海海底资源开发兼评美国的若干法律论点》,收录于赵理海《当代海洋法的理论与实践》,法律出版社,1987 年 6 月版,第 319 页。
1一九八二年联合国海洋法公约第一三七条第一项。
2 Finn Laursen, Superpower at Sea:U.S. Policy, Praeger, (N.Y.:N.Y., 1983), pp. 131-174.
3 Ann L. Hollick, supra note 1, pp. 350-389.
1 Marjorie Ann Browne, “The Law of the Sea and U.S. Policy,” Feb. 14, 2001. 资料来源:http://www.earthscape.org 。
2 刘实,《论美国决定签署联合国海洋法公约》,载于《海峡评论》第四十四期,1994 年 8 月,第 7 页
1 U.S. Department of Defense, Ocean Policy Review Paper, 1993. 参阅 Current Status of the Convention on the Law of the Sea, Hearing, Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate, 103rd Congress, 2nd session, August 11, 1994, Washington, D.C. : G.P.O., 1994, p. 79.
2 United States: President's Transsmital of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI to the U.S. Senate with Commentary. For its text, see ILM, vol. 34 (1995), at 1396 et seq.
3 U.S. Congress, Congressional Record, 103rd Congress, 2nd Session, Vol. 140, No. 86, June 30, 1994, p. S8095.
1 William J. Clinton, President, Letter of Transmittal, to the Senate, Oct. 7, 1994, reprinted in International Legal Materials, Vol. 34, 1995, p. 1396.
2 Marjorie Ann Browne, supra note 130.
1 “Concluding Remarks of the Secretary-General at the Informal Consultations on Law of the Sea, II December 1991”, at pp.3-4.
1 Information Note of 26 May 1992. p.l2, pan. 33.
2 Information Note of 10 December 1992, p.2, para.5.
1 Information Note of 10 December 1992, p.8, pai-a.21
3 Information Note of 10 December 1992, p.8, para.22.
4 Information Note of 26 May 1992, p.7, paia.l7 and Information Note of 10 December 1992, p.9, para.27.
1 Information Note of 26 May 1992, p.9, para.24.
2 Information Note of 10 December 1992, p. 12, para.43.
3 Information Note of 26 May 1992. p.9, para.26.
4 Information Note of 10 December 1992, p. 13, para.45.
1 Information Note of 16 May 1992, p. 10, para.29.
2 Information Note of 26 May 1992, p. 11, para.30.
1 See Ocean Policy News, Vol. X, No.2, February 1993, pp.5-6.
2“Information Note concerning (he Secretary-General's Informal Consultations on outstanding issues relating; to the deep seabed mining provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea”, 8 April 1993, hereafter cited as Information Note of 8 April 1993.
1“Report on the Secretary-General's informal consultations on outstanding issues relating to the deep seabed mining provisions of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea held on 2-6 August 1993”, September 1993, p.l.
2 Boat Paper, 14 February 1994, issued by UN Secretariat on 23 February 1994.
3 Information Note of 8 April 1993, at pp.3-6.
1 See further Information Note of 4 June 1993, at pp. 1-8.
2 Information Note of 8 April 1993, at pp. 1-2.
3 Ibid., at pp.2-3. See too Information Note of 4 June 1993, at pp.1-2, paras.l-2.
4 See further Information Note of 4 June 1993, at pp.9-26.
1 Statement by the Chairman of the Preparatory Commission, LOS/PCN/L.115/Rev.l, 8 September 1994 (II Final PrepCom Report, p. 167), section II. A-C.
2 LOS/PCN/L.115/Rev.l, 8 September 1994 (loc. cit. in note 127, at p. 171).
3 ISBA/3/C/6, 12 August 1997 (ISBA, Selected Decisions & Documents of the First. Second and Third Sessions, ISA/98/OI.E, pp. 66-68).
1安致远,《在海底委员会全体会议上发言》,载北京大学法律系国际法教研室编:《海洋法资料汇编》,人民出版社 1974 年版,第 18 页。
2江伟钰,《论深海海底资源开发与海洋环境保护》,载于《2003 年中国法学会环境资源法学研究会年会论文集》。
1高健军,《中国与国际海洋法——纪念联合国海洋法公约生效十周年》,海洋出版社 2004 年版,第 12 页。
1参见《向大洋进军,探海底宝藏》,载于《中国海洋报》,2004 年 7 月 23 日。
1王曙光,《强化海洋工作维护海洋权益—纪念我国批准联合国海洋法公约五周年》,载于《中国海洋报》1012期,2001 年 5 月 15 日。
1倪健中,《海洋中国》,中国国际广播出版社,1997 年版,第 378 页。
2张登义,《海洋-人类未来的希望》,载于《中国海洋报》,1998 年 1 月 20 日。
3李尚志,《迎接海洋世纪的挑战》,载于《中国海洋报》,1998 年 2 月 13 日。
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