复杂铜锌硫化矿浮选分离的基础研究
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摘要
大厂铜坑矿区复杂铜锌硫化矿属于含砷较高的铜锌原生硫化矿,矿石总量为5152.33万t,Zn金属量和Cu金属量分别为212.72万t和8.46万t,为华锡集团重大资源接替基地,原矿矿物组成复杂,矿石主要呈浸染状产出,铜矿嵌布粒度细,铜锌分选难度大,另外矿石中存在的硫铁矿会影响锌精矿品质,为有效提高铜、锌精矿品位和回收率,寻求高效捕收剂和抑制剂具有重要的意义。本课题以这类矿石为研究对象,针对这两个关键点,进行铜锌硫化矿和锌铁硫化矿的有效分离和高效捕收的基础研究。论文的主要研究内容和创新如下：
本文以矿石中主要硫化矿物：黄铜矿、闪锌矿、铁闪锌矿和黄铁矿为研究对象,通过药剂筛选发现,巯基苯骈噻唑和叔十二烷基硫醇分别对黄铜矿、铁/闪锌矿具有较强的捕收能力和选择性；二甲基二硫代氨基甲酸钠对铁/闪锌矿具有较强的抑制效果。
据前线轨道能量匹配原则,巯基苯骈噻唑(MBT)对铜锌硫化矿物具有较好的选择性捕收能力；吸附能表明,MBT在黄铜矿(112)面的吸附可自发进行,其最稳定吸附构型为五元环外S原子和N原子共同吸附,并且S原子、N原子的3p轨道提供部分电子给Cu原子的3d轨道而形成正配键,MBT很难在闪锌矿(110)面发生吸附。红外光谱研究进一步表明,MBT在黄铜矿表面发生了较强的化学吸附。电化学测试发现,MBT在黄铜矿表面发生氧化还原反应,黄铜矿自身氧化受到阻止。
通过红外光谱测试和紫外光谱分析发现,二甲基二硫代氨基甲酸钠(DMDC)可以将铜锌硫化矿物有效分离的原因为两个方面：①DMDC和丁黄药可以在黄铜矿表面发生共吸附,均为化学吸附,从而促进黄铜矿浮选；DMDC在闪锌矿和铁闪锌矿表面产生化学吸附,而丁黄药在两者表面发生物理吸附,由于DMDC的“水油度”大,使矿物表面亲水,从而使闪锌矿和铁闪锌矿可浮性下降。②DMDC可以络合矿浆体系中的Cu2+离子,生成络合物Cu(DMDC)2,从而阻止Cu2+离子对闪锌矿/铁闪锌矿的活化,达到有效抑制闪锌矿/铁闪锌矿的效果。XPS光电子能谱表明,与DMDC作用后,三种矿物表面各金属轨道结合能均发生化学位移,且为负值,这说明金属的价电子壳层中的电子云密度增加,即金属的空价键轨道获得电子或者与其它原子共用电子。DMDC在矿物晶面的吸附模拟研究和电子布局、态密度分析发现,DMDC与矿物表面作用时,其双键上S原子的3p轨道提供部分电子与金属原子的3d轨道而形成正配键。当DMDC和丁黄药同时存在时,两者更易在黄铜矿电极表面发生氧化。当DMDC与矿物作用后,在闪锌矿表面观察到了(DMDC)2的峰,闪锌矿电化学活性增加。
药剂结构与性能关系表明,叔十二烷基硫醇(TDM)对铁/闪锌矿的捕收能力优于丁黄药和乙硫氮。红外光谱分析进一步表明,TDM在闪锌矿和铁闪锌矿表面均发生了化学吸附,这说明与丁黄药相比,TDM与铁/闪锌矿的作用更强。在酸性和中性条件下,TDM在闪锌矿、铁闪锌矿和黄铁矿表面的吸附量没有明显区别,当以饱和石灰水调浆时,在碱性条件下,TDM在黄铁矿表面的吸附量迅速降低,锌铁硫化矿物的分选效果最佳。TDM在矿物表面吸附构型的分子模拟表明,TDM在闪锌矿(110)面和黄铁矿(100)面的吸附均可自发进行,TDM与矿物作用以正配键作用为主。由电化学分析可得,调整剂石灰会导致黄铁矿表面过氧化,从而阻止了TDM在电极表面的氧化还原,而叔十二烷基硫醇在闪锌矿和铁闪锌矿表面的电化学行为未受到调整剂石灰的影响。
针对大厂原矿Zn品位为3.54%,Cu品位为0.18%的复杂铜锌多金属原生硫化矿,采用全优先原则流程,对于优先选铜,采用丁黄药和二甲基二硫代氨基甲酸钠组合,或者巯基苯骈噻唑和硫酸锌、亚硫酸钠组合分别作为硫化铜矿捕收剂和硫化锌矿抑制剂；对于选铜尾矿中硫化锌的选别,采用叔十二烷基硫醇作为捕收剂,闭路实验结果表明：铜、锌精矿分别达到了“铜精矿质量标准”和“锌精矿质量标准”。在相同的药剂组合条件下,与全优先流程相比,采用等可浮—混浮分离流程,在保证对铜的高效捕收前提下,可有效降低铜精矿里锌金属的含量,并且药剂用量明显减少,磨矿压力减小,为本论文推荐采用的工艺流程。图118幅,表54个,参考文献164篇。
The complex polymetallic copper-zinc sulfide ore in Dachang, Tongkeng ore district, belongs to primary sulfide ore, the gross ore is5152.33wt and the amounts of Zn metal, Cu meltal are212.72wt and8.46wt, respectively. The ore is characterized by complex mineral composition and fine dissemination particle size. In order to improve the separation and comprehensive recovery of copper and zinc, the main sulfide minerals in the ore including chalcopyrite, sphalerite, marmatite and pyrite are chosen as the objects investigated.
The results show that, the collectors named Mercapto Benzothiazole (MBT) and tert-dodecyl mercaptan (TDM) are more effective in collecting and selectiving for copper and zinc sulfide minerals, respectively. Meanwhile, N, N-Dimethyldi-Thiocarbamate (DMDC) is a promising depressant for the activated sphalerite and marmatite. The characteristics of interactions of Mercapto Benzothiazole, tert-dodecyl mercaptan and sodium salt of N, N-Dimethyldi-Thiocarbamate with chalcopyrite, sphalerite/marmatite and pyrite are tested, respectively. Additional analytical techniques (FTIR, UV spectrum, XPS and electrochemistry analysis) are employed in the current study to point out the mechanisms which are involved in the interaction of reagents with sulfide minerals. Meanwhile, the density functional theory is employed. Main conclusions and innovations of this dissertation are listed as follows:
The results shown in FTIR spectra indicate that, MBT can adsorb on chalcopyrite surface chemically, while there are no characteristic peaks apperaed on the sphalerite and marmatite surfaces. The results of frontier obital energy show that, the reactions between MBT and sulfide minereals are, from high to low, chalcopyrte> marmatite> sphalerite, which further demonstrates MBT has a good selective floatation for Cu/Zn sulfide ores. The adsorption of MBT on chalcopyrite (112) surface is spontaneously, the3p orbits of S atom and N atom provide electrons to Cu atom to form positive coordinate bond, while MBT is hardly to adsorb on the sphalerite (110) surface. The electrochemistry results show that, after chalcopyrite electrode conditioned with MBT, the hydrophobic product of Cu(MBT)2formed on its surface, the self-oxidation of chalcopyrite is blocked, which result in the reduction of formation of Cu(OH)2and Fe(OH)3, thus the electrochemical electron transfer rate is accelerated.
The interactions between DMDC and minerals/metal ions have been investigated by FTIR and UV spectrum, the reason for the effectively depress for sphalerite lies two aspects:①DMDC can adsorb on the mineral surfaces chemically. Butyl xanthate and DMDC can co-adsorb on the chalcopyrite surface, however, less butyl xanthate species adsorb on sphalerite and marmatite surfaces.②Compared with Zn2+, Fe2+, DMDC has a stronger capacity of complexing with Cu+and the product is Cu(DMDC)2, which indicates that DMDC, in flotation, is effective in preventing copper activation of sphalerite and marmatite, which in turn results in depression. After being conditioned with DMDC, shown in XPS, the displacements of binding energies of metal orbits on the three minerals are negative, which indicates that the electron clound density in electron shell increases, which means that the free valence orbitals obtain or share electrons with other atoms. There are lone electron pairs in S and N atoms of DMDC, which can react with metals probably. The frontier orbital analysis indicates that S aotm on double bond in DMDC is the active site for adsorption. The calculated results of electronic structure show that the3p orbit of S atom provides electrons to metal atoms to form positive coordinate bonds. When DMDC is putted into the electrochemical system, there is a new peak of (DMDC)2appeared on chalcopyrite electrode and sphalerite electrode respectively, while there is no change on marmatite electrode, which is attribute to the formation of hydroxy compounds. The results shown in electrochemical corrosion indicate that DMDC and butyl xanthate will be oxidized more easilier when they coexist in the electrochemical system.
Compared with butyl xanthate, the tert-dodecyl mercaptan has a better collecting efficiency for sphalerite and marmatite, which can chemi-adsorb on the mineral surfaces. The results of density functional theory further show that the collecting capability is optimal for sphalerite and marmatite, comparing with diethyldithiocarbamate and butyl xanthate. When the pH of slurry is adjusted by saturated lime water, the adsorbance of tert-dodecyl mercaptan on pyrite sharply decreases in alkaline condition. The adsorptions of tert-dodecyl mercaptan on sphalerite (110) surface and pyrite (100) surface are spontaneously. The results of electrochemistry show that the lime can lead to the preoxidation of pyrite electrode, which prevents the oxido-reduction of tert-dodecyl mercaptan on pyrite surface. Lime can not affect the electrochemical reactions of tert-dodecyl mercaptan on sphalerite and marmatite surfaces.
The grade of Cu and Zn is0.18%,3.53%respectively in Tongkeng. In priority procedure, when butyl xanthate is used as copper collector, the lime and DMDC are putted into the mill directely, or the MBT is chosen as the copper collector, ZnSO4and Na2SO3are as the depressants; for the collecting of zinc sulfide, the tert-dodecyl mercaptan is chosen as collector, the closed circuit results indicate that the flotation separation and collecting of copper and zinc are satisfied. Copper and zinc concentrate reach the "copper concentrate quality standards" and "zinc concerntrate quality standard", respectively. Compared with priority procedure, the iso-floatability process has obvious superiority in the separation of zinc sulfide from copper sulfide.
本文以矿石中主要硫化矿物：黄铜矿、闪锌矿、铁闪锌矿和黄铁矿为研究对象,通过药剂筛选发现,巯基苯骈噻唑和叔十二烷基硫醇分别对黄铜矿、铁/闪锌矿具有较强的捕收能力和选择性；二甲基二硫代氨基甲酸钠对铁/闪锌矿具有较强的抑制效果。
据前线轨道能量匹配原则,巯基苯骈噻唑(MBT)对铜锌硫化矿物具有较好的选择性捕收能力；吸附能表明,MBT在黄铜矿(112)面的吸附可自发进行,其最稳定吸附构型为五元环外S原子和N原子共同吸附,并且S原子、N原子的3p轨道提供部分电子给Cu原子的3d轨道而形成正配键,MBT很难在闪锌矿(110)面发生吸附。红外光谱研究进一步表明,MBT在黄铜矿表面发生了较强的化学吸附。电化学测试发现,MBT在黄铜矿表面发生氧化还原反应,黄铜矿自身氧化受到阻止。
通过红外光谱测试和紫外光谱分析发现,二甲基二硫代氨基甲酸钠(DMDC)可以将铜锌硫化矿物有效分离的原因为两个方面：①DMDC和丁黄药可以在黄铜矿表面发生共吸附,均为化学吸附,从而促进黄铜矿浮选；DMDC在闪锌矿和铁闪锌矿表面产生化学吸附,而丁黄药在两者表面发生物理吸附,由于DMDC的“水油度”大,使矿物表面亲水,从而使闪锌矿和铁闪锌矿可浮性下降。②DMDC可以络合矿浆体系中的Cu2+离子,生成络合物Cu(DMDC)2,从而阻止Cu2+离子对闪锌矿/铁闪锌矿的活化,达到有效抑制闪锌矿/铁闪锌矿的效果。XPS光电子能谱表明,与DMDC作用后,三种矿物表面各金属轨道结合能均发生化学位移,且为负值,这说明金属的价电子壳层中的电子云密度增加,即金属的空价键轨道获得电子或者与其它原子共用电子。DMDC在矿物晶面的吸附模拟研究和电子布局、态密度分析发现,DMDC与矿物表面作用时,其双键上S原子的3p轨道提供部分电子与金属原子的3d轨道而形成正配键。当DMDC和丁黄药同时存在时,两者更易在黄铜矿电极表面发生氧化。当DMDC与矿物作用后,在闪锌矿表面观察到了(DMDC)2的峰,闪锌矿电化学活性增加。
药剂结构与性能关系表明,叔十二烷基硫醇(TDM)对铁/闪锌矿的捕收能力优于丁黄药和乙硫氮。红外光谱分析进一步表明,TDM在闪锌矿和铁闪锌矿表面均发生了化学吸附,这说明与丁黄药相比,TDM与铁/闪锌矿的作用更强。在酸性和中性条件下,TDM在闪锌矿、铁闪锌矿和黄铁矿表面的吸附量没有明显区别,当以饱和石灰水调浆时,在碱性条件下,TDM在黄铁矿表面的吸附量迅速降低,锌铁硫化矿物的分选效果最佳。TDM在矿物表面吸附构型的分子模拟表明,TDM在闪锌矿(110)面和黄铁矿(100)面的吸附均可自发进行,TDM与矿物作用以正配键作用为主。由电化学分析可得,调整剂石灰会导致黄铁矿表面过氧化,从而阻止了TDM在电极表面的氧化还原,而叔十二烷基硫醇在闪锌矿和铁闪锌矿表面的电化学行为未受到调整剂石灰的影响。
针对大厂原矿Zn品位为3.54%,Cu品位为0.18%的复杂铜锌多金属原生硫化矿,采用全优先原则流程,对于优先选铜,采用丁黄药和二甲基二硫代氨基甲酸钠组合,或者巯基苯骈噻唑和硫酸锌、亚硫酸钠组合分别作为硫化铜矿捕收剂和硫化锌矿抑制剂；对于选铜尾矿中硫化锌的选别,采用叔十二烷基硫醇作为捕收剂,闭路实验结果表明：铜、锌精矿分别达到了“铜精矿质量标准”和“锌精矿质量标准”。在相同的药剂组合条件下,与全优先流程相比,采用等可浮—混浮分离流程,在保证对铜的高效捕收前提下,可有效降低铜精矿里锌金属的含量,并且药剂用量明显减少,磨矿压力减小,为本论文推荐采用的工艺流程。图118幅,表54个,参考文献164篇。
The complex polymetallic copper-zinc sulfide ore in Dachang, Tongkeng ore district, belongs to primary sulfide ore, the gross ore is5152.33wt and the amounts of Zn metal, Cu meltal are212.72wt and8.46wt, respectively. The ore is characterized by complex mineral composition and fine dissemination particle size. In order to improve the separation and comprehensive recovery of copper and zinc, the main sulfide minerals in the ore including chalcopyrite, sphalerite, marmatite and pyrite are chosen as the objects investigated.
The results show that, the collectors named Mercapto Benzothiazole (MBT) and tert-dodecyl mercaptan (TDM) are more effective in collecting and selectiving for copper and zinc sulfide minerals, respectively. Meanwhile, N, N-Dimethyldi-Thiocarbamate (DMDC) is a promising depressant for the activated sphalerite and marmatite. The characteristics of interactions of Mercapto Benzothiazole, tert-dodecyl mercaptan and sodium salt of N, N-Dimethyldi-Thiocarbamate with chalcopyrite, sphalerite/marmatite and pyrite are tested, respectively. Additional analytical techniques (FTIR, UV spectrum, XPS and electrochemistry analysis) are employed in the current study to point out the mechanisms which are involved in the interaction of reagents with sulfide minerals. Meanwhile, the density functional theory is employed. Main conclusions and innovations of this dissertation are listed as follows:
The results shown in FTIR spectra indicate that, MBT can adsorb on chalcopyrite surface chemically, while there are no characteristic peaks apperaed on the sphalerite and marmatite surfaces. The results of frontier obital energy show that, the reactions between MBT and sulfide minereals are, from high to low, chalcopyrte> marmatite> sphalerite, which further demonstrates MBT has a good selective floatation for Cu/Zn sulfide ores. The adsorption of MBT on chalcopyrite (112) surface is spontaneously, the3p orbits of S atom and N atom provide electrons to Cu atom to form positive coordinate bond, while MBT is hardly to adsorb on the sphalerite (110) surface. The electrochemistry results show that, after chalcopyrite electrode conditioned with MBT, the hydrophobic product of Cu(MBT)2formed on its surface, the self-oxidation of chalcopyrite is blocked, which result in the reduction of formation of Cu(OH)2and Fe(OH)3, thus the electrochemical electron transfer rate is accelerated.
The interactions between DMDC and minerals/metal ions have been investigated by FTIR and UV spectrum, the reason for the effectively depress for sphalerite lies two aspects:①DMDC can adsorb on the mineral surfaces chemically. Butyl xanthate and DMDC can co-adsorb on the chalcopyrite surface, however, less butyl xanthate species adsorb on sphalerite and marmatite surfaces.②Compared with Zn2+, Fe2+, DMDC has a stronger capacity of complexing with Cu+and the product is Cu(DMDC)2, which indicates that DMDC, in flotation, is effective in preventing copper activation of sphalerite and marmatite, which in turn results in depression. After being conditioned with DMDC, shown in XPS, the displacements of binding energies of metal orbits on the three minerals are negative, which indicates that the electron clound density in electron shell increases, which means that the free valence orbitals obtain or share electrons with other atoms. There are lone electron pairs in S and N atoms of DMDC, which can react with metals probably. The frontier orbital analysis indicates that S aotm on double bond in DMDC is the active site for adsorption. The calculated results of electronic structure show that the3p orbit of S atom provides electrons to metal atoms to form positive coordinate bonds. When DMDC is putted into the electrochemical system, there is a new peak of (DMDC)2appeared on chalcopyrite electrode and sphalerite electrode respectively, while there is no change on marmatite electrode, which is attribute to the formation of hydroxy compounds. The results shown in electrochemical corrosion indicate that DMDC and butyl xanthate will be oxidized more easilier when they coexist in the electrochemical system.
Compared with butyl xanthate, the tert-dodecyl mercaptan has a better collecting efficiency for sphalerite and marmatite, which can chemi-adsorb on the mineral surfaces. The results of density functional theory further show that the collecting capability is optimal for sphalerite and marmatite, comparing with diethyldithiocarbamate and butyl xanthate. When the pH of slurry is adjusted by saturated lime water, the adsorbance of tert-dodecyl mercaptan on pyrite sharply decreases in alkaline condition. The adsorptions of tert-dodecyl mercaptan on sphalerite (110) surface and pyrite (100) surface are spontaneously. The results of electrochemistry show that the lime can lead to the preoxidation of pyrite electrode, which prevents the oxido-reduction of tert-dodecyl mercaptan on pyrite surface. Lime can not affect the electrochemical reactions of tert-dodecyl mercaptan on sphalerite and marmatite surfaces.
The grade of Cu and Zn is0.18%,3.53%respectively in Tongkeng. In priority procedure, when butyl xanthate is used as copper collector, the lime and DMDC are putted into the mill directely, or the MBT is chosen as the copper collector, ZnSO4and Na2SO3are as the depressants; for the collecting of zinc sulfide, the tert-dodecyl mercaptan is chosen as collector, the closed circuit results indicate that the flotation separation and collecting of copper and zinc are satisfied. Copper and zinc concentrate reach the "copper concentrate quality standards" and "zinc concerntrate quality standard", respectively. Compared with priority procedure, the iso-floatability process has obvious superiority in the separation of zinc sulfide from copper sulfide.
引文
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