基于ZigBee协议的环境监测无线传感器网络测量节点的设计
摘要
随着现在高科技的进步,人们的生活水平有了很大的提高,对环境的要求也越来越高,环境问题开始得到社会的重视。目前,环境监测发展的一个重要方向是开发适合中国国情、价格低廉的远程监测系统,而环境监测系统中极为重要的一部分就是如何获得环境参数,只有获得环境参数才能进行后面的分析、决策工作。无线传感器网络能够通过各类集成化的微型传感器协作地实时监测、感知和采集各种环境或监测对象的信息,并传达给用户,具有可快速部署、无人值守、功耗低、成本低等优点,十分适合应用于环境监测系统。
本文基于ZigBee协议设计了用于环境监测的无线传感器网络节点,该节点采用超低功耗的MSP430单片机和CC2420 2.4G射频芯片,并移植了完全符合ZigBee 2006标准的协议栈,在协议栈上运行自己的监测程序,能够实时地采集周围环境的温度,湿度和大气压力,并自动校正,将测量的数据通过无线传感器网络传输给下一个节点。该节点体积小,功耗低,并且具有兼容性,能够和不同硬件平台混合组网,实现应用层的完全一致,不但方便了程序开发,而且能使灵活组网,实现ZigBee网络的最大优化。
本文主要对环境监测无线传感器网络的节点的软硬件设计进行了介绍,硬件方面重点介绍了数据采集模块,数据处理模块的接口设计,无线通讯模块的板上天线设计、巴伦电路和高频电路设计要点。软件方面重点介绍了测量程序的设计,CC2420无线通讯程序的设计,板上移植的Z-Stack结构,以及针对环境监测的应用所进行的开发。最后对节点进行了组网实验,将设计节点和CC2430节点放在一起组网,通过Packet Sniffer工具对通讯信息进行监控和解析。实验证明了混合组网的完全可行性,并且通讯良好,信号稳定。
With the modern high-tech progress, people's living standard has been greatly improved. At the same time, the demands on the environment are more and more strict and the society has been paying attention to environmental issues. At present, developing a low-cost remote monitoring system to suit China's national conditions is an important direction in the development of environmental monitoring. How to obtain the environmental parameters is an important part in the environmental monitoring system. Only by obtaining the environment parameters,the analysis and the decision-making work can be carried on. Wireless sensor network (WSN) could monitor real-time, detect and gather cooperatively all kinds of information of environment or monitored objects through various integrated sensors. And then it transmits the information to users. WSN can be a rapidly deployed, automatic, low power consumption and low cost system. Therefore, the WSN is very suitable for the environmental monitoring system.
Based on the ZigBee protocol, a WSN sensor node for the environmental monitoring system is designed. This node uses the ultra low power MCU MSP430 and CC2420 RF chip. The Z-Stack which is compatible with the ZigBee 2006 standard fully is transplanted into this node and the monitoring code is running on the stack. So, the node can gather the temperature, humidity and atmosphere pressure of the surrounding environment, calibrate automatically and transmit the data to the neighbour node through the wireless sensor network. This node has the features of small size, low power consumption and high compatibility. This node can construct the ZigBee WSN with a different hardware platform with the full compatibility of the application layer. These features could not only facilitate the development of the code, but also make the network more flexible and optimized.
This paper mainly introduces the hardware and software design of the wireless sensor network node for environmental monitoring. The hardware includes the design of the data acquisition module, the data processing module and wireless communication module including on-board antenna, balun circuit and PCB design of the high-frequency circuit. The software includes the design of the measurement procedure, wireless communication procedure of CC2420, and the transplanting and development of Z-Stack for the application of environmental monitoring system. Finally, an experiment for the network communication is made. The designed node and the CC2430 nodes are put together and made to communicate in the ZigBee network. The packet sniffer is used to monitor the communication information. The experiment proves that the mixed ZigBee Network is entirely feasible and the communication is stable and good.
本文基于ZigBee协议设计了用于环境监测的无线传感器网络节点,该节点采用超低功耗的MSP430单片机和CC2420 2.4G射频芯片,并移植了完全符合ZigBee 2006标准的协议栈,在协议栈上运行自己的监测程序,能够实时地采集周围环境的温度,湿度和大气压力,并自动校正,将测量的数据通过无线传感器网络传输给下一个节点。该节点体积小,功耗低,并且具有兼容性,能够和不同硬件平台混合组网,实现应用层的完全一致,不但方便了程序开发,而且能使灵活组网,实现ZigBee网络的最大优化。
本文主要对环境监测无线传感器网络的节点的软硬件设计进行了介绍,硬件方面重点介绍了数据采集模块,数据处理模块的接口设计,无线通讯模块的板上天线设计、巴伦电路和高频电路设计要点。软件方面重点介绍了测量程序的设计,CC2420无线通讯程序的设计,板上移植的Z-Stack结构,以及针对环境监测的应用所进行的开发。最后对节点进行了组网实验,将设计节点和CC2430节点放在一起组网,通过Packet Sniffer工具对通讯信息进行监控和解析。实验证明了混合组网的完全可行性,并且通讯良好,信号稳定。
With the modern high-tech progress, people's living standard has been greatly improved. At the same time, the demands on the environment are more and more strict and the society has been paying attention to environmental issues. At present, developing a low-cost remote monitoring system to suit China's national conditions is an important direction in the development of environmental monitoring. How to obtain the environmental parameters is an important part in the environmental monitoring system. Only by obtaining the environment parameters,the analysis and the decision-making work can be carried on. Wireless sensor network (WSN) could monitor real-time, detect and gather cooperatively all kinds of information of environment or monitored objects through various integrated sensors. And then it transmits the information to users. WSN can be a rapidly deployed, automatic, low power consumption and low cost system. Therefore, the WSN is very suitable for the environmental monitoring system.
Based on the ZigBee protocol, a WSN sensor node for the environmental monitoring system is designed. This node uses the ultra low power MCU MSP430 and CC2420 RF chip. The Z-Stack which is compatible with the ZigBee 2006 standard fully is transplanted into this node and the monitoring code is running on the stack. So, the node can gather the temperature, humidity and atmosphere pressure of the surrounding environment, calibrate automatically and transmit the data to the neighbour node through the wireless sensor network. This node has the features of small size, low power consumption and high compatibility. This node can construct the ZigBee WSN with a different hardware platform with the full compatibility of the application layer. These features could not only facilitate the development of the code, but also make the network more flexible and optimized.
This paper mainly introduces the hardware and software design of the wireless sensor network node for environmental monitoring. The hardware includes the design of the data acquisition module, the data processing module and wireless communication module including on-board antenna, balun circuit and PCB design of the high-frequency circuit. The software includes the design of the measurement procedure, wireless communication procedure of CC2420, and the transplanting and development of Z-Stack for the application of environmental monitoring system. Finally, an experiment for the network communication is made. The designed node and the CC2430 nodes are put together and made to communicate in the ZigBee network. The packet sniffer is used to monitor the communication information. The experiment proves that the mixed ZigBee Network is entirely feasible and the communication is stable and good.
引文
[1] 于海斌, 曾鹏, 智能无线传感器网络系统. 科学出版社. 2006:5-11
[2] Biomedical Sensors, http://newslab.cs.wayne.edu
[3] ISIS. http://www.control.isy.liu.se/isis/projects/sensorfusion.html
[4] Smart Dust. http://robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/~pister/SmartDust
[5] Asada G, Dong M, Lin TS, Newberg F, Pottie G, Kaiser WJ, Marcy HO. Wireless integrated network sensors (WINS) for tactical information systems. Proceedings of the 1998 European Solid State Circuits Conference. New York: ACM Press, 1998:15~20
[6] JPL Sensor Webs. http://sensorwebs.jpl.nasa.gov
[7] 美国国防部关键技术计划. 北京: 国防科技信息中心,1993
[8] Schwiebert L,Gupta S K S,Weinmann J,etc. Research challenges in wireless networks of biomedical sensors [A].MobiCOM, 0l [C]. 2001:151 一 165
[9] Petriu E M, Geoganas N D, Petriu D C, etc. Sensor-based information appliances[EB/ OL]. IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Magazine. 2000, (10):31 一 35
[10]Akyildiz I F, Su W, Sankarasubramaniam Y. Wireles sensor network: A survey[J]. Computer Networks,2003,38(4):393-422
[11]Mainwaring A, Polastre J, Szewczyk R, etc. Wireless sensor networks for habitat monitoring [A]. ACM WSNA’ 02 [C]. Atlanta, Georgia, 2002, 9
[12]Cerpa A, Elson J, Hamilton M. Habitat monitoring: application driver for wireless communications technology [A]. ACM SIGCOMM, 2000 [C]. Costa, Rica, 2001, 4
[13]Steere D C. Baptista A. Research challenges in environmental observation and forecasting systems [A]. Proc. 6 ACM/IEEE MobiCOM [C]. 2000,8:292 一 299
[14]Bonnet P, Gehrke J. Querying the physical world[J]. IEEE Personal Communications. 2000,(10):10-15
[15]牟连佳,牟连泳.无线传感网络及其在工业领域应用研究.工业控制计算机, 2005, 18 (1) : 3～5
[16]GLASER, S. D. Some real-world applications of wireless sensor nodes. In Proceedings of SPIE Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials/ NDE. Mar.2004
[17]The Zigbee Allianee, http://www.zigbee.org
[18]Bluetooth. http://www.bluetooth.com
[19]蒋挺, 赵成, ZigBee 紫峰技术及其应用. 北京邮电大学出版. 2006:168~180
[20]李志军,秦志光,王佳昊,“无线传感器网络密钥分配协议研究”.计算机科学,2006,33(2):87-91
[21]Perrig A, Stankovic J and Wagner D, “Security in Wireless Sensor Networks,” Communications of the ACM, 2004, 47(6):53-57
[22]董挺挺,沙超,王汝传.基于 CC2420 的无线传感器网络节点的设计.电子工程师,2007,33(4):67~70
[23]昂志敏,金海红,范之国等.基于 ZigBee 的无线传感器网络节点的设计和通信实现.现代电子技术,2007(10):47~57
[24]詹杰,石伟.基于 Zigbee 的智能公交无线通信网络的设计.现代电子技术, 2007(10):118~120
[25]Platform in Package?(PiP?). www.freescale.com/files/pr/zigbee.html
[26]杨赓. Zigbee 无线传感器网络的研究与实现[硕士论文].浙江:浙江大学. 2006
[27]瑞 士 盛 世 瑞 恩 传 感 器 有 限 公 司 . SHT11 传 感 器 技 术 手 册 . http://www.humidity.cn/ShowProduct.aspx?Id=202
[28]惠贻华普电子. HP03D 压力传感器技术手册. www.hoperf.com/
[29]CC2420 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee-ready RF Transceiver. Texas Instruments. www.ti.com
[30]Audun Andersen. 2.4 GHz Inverted F Antenna. TEXAS INSTRUMENTS Design Note DN0007.www.ti.com
[31]Audun Andersen. Implementation of Microstrip Balun for CC2420 and CC243x. TEXAS INSTRUMENTS Design Note DN003. www.ti.com/lpw
[32]Nithya R Subramanian, Niels Kirkeby. Anaren 0404 (BD2425N50200A00) balun optimized for Texas Instruments CC2420 Transceiver. TEXAS INSTRUMENTS 0404 Balun Application Note.www.ti.com
[33]胡树豪. 实用射频技术. 电子工业出版社. 2004:125-150
[34]Texas Instruments, Inc. Z-Stack Download. http / /:www.ti.com/z-stack.,2007.7
[35]Texas Instruments, Inc. MSP430 Application . http / /:www.ti.com/msp430
[36]胡大可.MSP430 系列单片机C语言程序设计与开发[M].北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2003
[2] Biomedical Sensors, http://newslab.cs.wayne.edu
[3] ISIS. http://www.control.isy.liu.se/isis/projects/sensorfusion.html
[4] Smart Dust. http://robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/~pister/SmartDust
[5] Asada G, Dong M, Lin TS, Newberg F, Pottie G, Kaiser WJ, Marcy HO. Wireless integrated network sensors (WINS) for tactical information systems. Proceedings of the 1998 European Solid State Circuits Conference. New York: ACM Press, 1998:15~20
[6] JPL Sensor Webs. http://sensorwebs.jpl.nasa.gov
[7] 美国国防部关键技术计划. 北京: 国防科技信息中心,1993
[8] Schwiebert L,Gupta S K S,Weinmann J,etc. Research challenges in wireless networks of biomedical sensors [A].MobiCOM, 0l [C]. 2001:151 一 165
[9] Petriu E M, Geoganas N D, Petriu D C, etc. Sensor-based information appliances[EB/ OL]. IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Magazine. 2000, (10):31 一 35
[10]Akyildiz I F, Su W, Sankarasubramaniam Y. Wireles sensor network: A survey[J]. Computer Networks,2003,38(4):393-422
[11]Mainwaring A, Polastre J, Szewczyk R, etc. Wireless sensor networks for habitat monitoring [A]. ACM WSNA’ 02 [C]. Atlanta, Georgia, 2002, 9
[12]Cerpa A, Elson J, Hamilton M. Habitat monitoring: application driver for wireless communications technology [A]. ACM SIGCOMM, 2000 [C]. Costa, Rica, 2001, 4
[13]Steere D C. Baptista A. Research challenges in environmental observation and forecasting systems [A]. Proc. 6 ACM/IEEE MobiCOM [C]. 2000,8:292 一 299
[14]Bonnet P, Gehrke J. Querying the physical world[J]. IEEE Personal Communications. 2000,(10):10-15
[15]牟连佳,牟连泳.无线传感网络及其在工业领域应用研究.工业控制计算机, 2005, 18 (1) : 3～5
[16]GLASER, S. D. Some real-world applications of wireless sensor nodes. In Proceedings of SPIE Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials/ NDE. Mar.2004
[17]The Zigbee Allianee, http://www.zigbee.org
[18]Bluetooth. http://www.bluetooth.com
[19]蒋挺, 赵成, ZigBee 紫峰技术及其应用. 北京邮电大学出版. 2006:168~180
[20]李志军,秦志光,王佳昊,“无线传感器网络密钥分配协议研究”.计算机科学,2006,33(2):87-91
[21]Perrig A, Stankovic J and Wagner D, “Security in Wireless Sensor Networks,” Communications of the ACM, 2004, 47(6):53-57
[22]董挺挺,沙超,王汝传.基于 CC2420 的无线传感器网络节点的设计.电子工程师,2007,33(4):67~70
[23]昂志敏,金海红,范之国等.基于 ZigBee 的无线传感器网络节点的设计和通信实现.现代电子技术,2007(10):47~57
[24]詹杰,石伟.基于 Zigbee 的智能公交无线通信网络的设计.现代电子技术, 2007(10):118~120
[25]Platform in Package?(PiP?). www.freescale.com/files/pr/zigbee.html
[26]杨赓. Zigbee 无线传感器网络的研究与实现[硕士论文].浙江:浙江大学. 2006
[27]瑞 士 盛 世 瑞 恩 传 感 器 有 限 公 司 . SHT11 传 感 器 技 术 手 册 . http://www.humidity.cn/ShowProduct.aspx?Id=202
[28]惠贻华普电子. HP03D 压力传感器技术手册. www.hoperf.com/
[29]CC2420 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee-ready RF Transceiver. Texas Instruments. www.ti.com
[30]Audun Andersen. 2.4 GHz Inverted F Antenna. TEXAS INSTRUMENTS Design Note DN0007.www.ti.com
[31]Audun Andersen. Implementation of Microstrip Balun for CC2420 and CC243x. TEXAS INSTRUMENTS Design Note DN003. www.ti.com/lpw
[32]Nithya R Subramanian, Niels Kirkeby. Anaren 0404 (BD2425N50200A00) balun optimized for Texas Instruments CC2420 Transceiver. TEXAS INSTRUMENTS 0404 Balun Application Note.www.ti.com
[33]胡树豪. 实用射频技术. 电子工业出版社. 2004:125-150
[34]Texas Instruments, Inc. Z-Stack Download. http / /:www.ti.com/z-stack.,2007.7
[35]Texas Instruments, Inc. MSP430 Application . http / /:www.ti.com/msp430
[36]胡大可.MSP430 系列单片机C语言程序设计与开发[M].北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2003