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华北克拉通北缘赤峰—朝阳地区金矿成矿作用研究
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摘要
研究区位于华北克拉通和兴蒙造山带的结合部位,拥有大、中型金矿床10余处,金矿点百余处,是我国一个重要产金地,采金历史悠久,具有广阔的发展前景。论文以华北克拉通北缘地球动力学演化为基础,以现代地球科学和成矿理论为指导,以成矿作用为核心,采用成矿动力学背景与典型矿床研究相结合的方法,总结华北克拉通北缘赤峰—朝阳地区成矿作用,建立成矿模式,为下一步区域资源勘查战略部署奠定基础。
     通过对地质背景和地球动力学演化的分析认为,华北克拉通主要经历了前寒武纪结晶基底的形成、中元古代到古生代稳定克拉通的沉积和中生代以来克拉通的破坏等3个演化阶段。中生代以来,随着古亚洲洋的闭合,华北板块和西伯利亚板块发生了“剪刀式”碰撞拼贴,古亚洲洋构造域转化为环太平洋构造域,两大构造域均表现出早期挤压,晚期拉伸的特点。
     研究区金矿成矿对赋矿围岩没有选择性,赋矿围岩主要包括太古代变质岩、元古代花岗岩、中生代花岗岩和火山岩,虽然赋矿围岩存在明显的差异,但成矿物质来源却十分相似。各金矿床赋矿围岩中,太古代变质岩贡献最大,元古代和中生代花岗岩次之,而中生代火山岩与金矿床成矿没有直接的关系。构造方面,区域超岩石圈断裂控制了矿床的分布特征,而次级断裂带控制了矿体的分布。
     通过对研究区金矿床中硫化物黄铁矿标型特征研究,华北克拉通北缘赤峰—朝阳地区金矿床主成矿期矿石中黄铁矿S/Fe值均<2,属于内生亏硫型;黄铁矿中1<Co/Ni<10,Co、Ni含量变化范围较大,Mn、As含量低,Cu、Pb、Zn、Au、Ag含量较高,属于热液成因。金矿床的流体包裹体显微测温结果显示,区内造山型金矿床流体包裹体主要为气液两相型,纯CO_2包裹体在多数矿床中不发育。气液两相包裹体普遍偏小,一般集中在4~8μm之间,气液比多在15%~30%,成矿流体为中低温(150~350℃之间),低盐度(1~10wt%NaCl),低密度的流体。激光拉曼分析结果表明,气相成分主要为H_2O,其次为CO_2,总体上属于H_2O-CO_2-NaCl流体体系。根据部分矿床成矿压力的标准化计算,得出华北克拉通北缘赤峰—朝阳地区造山型金矿成矿压力除东风金矿和安家营子金矿在50~70Mpa,大部分介于10~35Mpa之间,属低压环境,得出成矿深度1~3.6km,属于浅部成矿。
     氢、氧同位素特征表明,各金矿床之间存在一定的差异,但是整体上具有可比性,表现为早期主要为岩浆水,后期有大气降水的加入;C同位素特征显示出成矿物质来源与深源岩浆活动;S同位素特征表明矿体硫来深源的幔源硫;Pb同位素特征显示了区内金矿床为造山环境的背景下,幔源岩浆在上升过程中与下地壳发生了混染作用,带入少量下地壳的铅,以地幔铅为主,同时对部分岩体的Pb同位素分析发现,矿石与侵入体具有相近的来源。
     通过对研究区金矿床构造背景、矿床地质特征、流体包裹体特征、同位素特征、成岩成矿时代与典型造山型金矿床对比研究认为,研究区内金矿床为浅成造山型金矿系列。与国内外典型造山型金矿对比,具有以下共同特征:①成矿的大地构造位置都处于造山带内;②控矿构造多为区域深大断裂的次级韧—脆性断裂带或剪切带;③矿区内侵入岩体、岩脉均较发育,且与成矿作用关系密切;④在硫化物矿物组合、围岩蚀变等方面有一定的相似性;⑤成矿时代具有一致性。同时又具有显著的独特性:①成矿背景为华北克拉通遭受破坏发生在边缘的多期次、多阶段性的造山带内;②成矿作用发生在浅成体系下(<6km),总体上体现低温、低压成矿的特点;③成矿流体以H_2O-CO_2-NaCl体系为主,呈现浅成亚类造山型金矿流体特征;④矿化类型主要为蚀变岩型和石英脉型,以石英脉型为主。
     华北克拉通北缘赤峰—朝阳地区识别出4期岩浆作用(1.7Ga、228~245Ma、161Ma和123~138Ma)和2期成矿作用(243Ma左右和125~132Ma),且两期成矿作用与构造—岩浆活动在时间上相吻合。相对应的成矿构造环境为,华北克拉通东部和西部陆块碰撞造山后的拉张环境、华北板块和西伯利亚板块的陆陆碰撞、古亚洲洋构造域向环太平洋主动陆缘构造转变的背景,由挤压转向伸展的的构造体制和太平洋板块俯冲导致岩石圈的快速减薄、拆沉的拉张环境。
     通过对研究区内与金矿床有关的中酸性侵入体研究发现,各金矿床与花岗岩类岩石具有密切的联系,是区内多次构造—岩浆活动在近地表的响应,是华北克拉通北缘造山型金矿形成的标志,也是识别该区域内造山型金矿的主要特征之一,为区内找矿提供了宏观的线索。
The study area is located at the binding site of the North China Craton andXingmeng orogenic belt. This area is an important gold-producing area in China withwide development prospects which has more than10medium-large gold deposits andmore than one hundred gold occurrences. This essay is based on the North ChinaCraton geodynamic evolution, and it makes the modern earth sciences andmetallogenic theory as a guide,and mineralization as the core. The essay willsummarize the mineralization in Chifeng-Chaoyang district which located at thenorthern margin of north china platform,and then establish metallogenic mode in thisarea and it will make the foundation for the next step of exploration strategy ofregional resources.
     According to the study of geological setting and geodynamic evolution,it’ssuggested that the North China Craton had gone through three stages as followed as:1. the formation of the Precambrian crystalline basement;2. the formation ofsediments in the stable block from the Proterozoic to Paleozoic and3. activation ofthe block from the Mesozoic to Cenozoic. When paleo-asian ocean closed,the“Schere”collision took place in North China plate and Siberia plate. The paleo-asiatictectonic domain turned into the round Pacific Ocean tectonic field. Both of themshowed characteristics as extrusion in the early time and stretching in the late timesince Mesozoic.
     It was no selectivity for gold mineralization to ore wall rocks,the ore wall rocksinclude the Archean metamorphic rocks,the Proterozoic and Mesozoic granite as wellas Mesozoic volcanic. Although their ore-bearing rocks were different, the ore-forming material sources are similar. Considered from the perspective ofore-hosting rock,the Archean metamorphic made the biggest contribution to themineralization,followed by the Mesozoic granites,and the Mesozoic volcanic rockshad no directly relationship. In the aspect of structure,the regional translithosphericfractures control the distribution of the deposits and secondary fault zones or ductileshear zones control the distribution of the ore bodies.
     According to the study of The pyrites typomorphic characteristics,it showed thatthe pyrites in the main mineralization of gold deposit in Chifeng-Chaoyang districtwith S/Fe value<2belong to endogenous losses sulfur type and with Co/Ni valuevary in a large range (1to10),low content of Mn,As,high content of Cu,Pb,Zn,Au and Ag belong to the hydrothermal origin;the results of fluid inclusionsmicrothermometry showed that fluid inclusions were gas-liquid two-phase, pure CO_2inclusions were not well developed,or absent in most deposits. Gas-liquid two-phaseinclusions were generally small concentrated between4and8microns and gas-liquidratio range from15%to30%. the ore-forming fluids had the characteristics of lowtemperature (150℃~350℃),low salinity (1~10wt%NaCl) and low-density. Ramananalysis showed that the gas component is mainly H_2O,CO_2secondly and it maycontain a small amount of CH4and they belonged to H_2O-CO_2-NaCl fluid systemgenerally. According to standardized calculation of the part of deposits mineralizationpressure,we know that metallogenic pressure range of all gold deposits exceptDongfeng and Anjiayingzi gold mine was from50MPa to70MPa,most of them werebetween10to35MPa;Metallogenic depth range was from1km to3.6km,showing alow-pressure environment and a shallow mineralization. On the whole,the orogenicgold deposits in this area are forming in a shallow systematic.
     Hydrogen and oxygen isotope characteristics showed that there were somedifferences among gold deposits. on the whole,the ore-forming fluid were mainlyfrom magma in the early stage, joined by meteoric-water later; C isotopiccharacteristics show that ore-forming materials is closely related to deep magmaticactivity,especially granitic magma activity;S isotope characteristics indicates thatsulfur of the orebodys come from the magma which inherited that the Archeanmetamorphic sulfur isotopic compositions came from the place below the crust ormantle-derived,Pb isotopic characteristics showed that gold deposits formed inorogenic environment,mantle-derived magma mixed hybridism with the lower crust during ascent,brought in some lower crust Pb,but mainly is mantle-derived lead.Meanwhile,by analysis of Pb isotopic of partial rock-mass,we found the sources ofores and intrusive rock were similar.
     According to the studies of geological background,geological characteristics,characteristics of fluid inclusions and isotopic,diagenesis,metallogenic epoch of thestudy area,the gold deposits in this area were orogenic gold deposits. Compared withthe typical orogenic gold deposits at home and abroad,their characteristics are asfollowing:①Tectonic positions were in the orogenic belts;②O re-controllingstructures were mostly secondary ductile brittle shear zones produced by regionaldeep faults;③Intrusive rocks and dikes in mining area developed well,and relatedwith the mineralization closely;④There existed some similarities in the sulfidemineral assemblages and wall rocks alteration;⑤Metallogenic epoches wereconsistency.
     And the significant uniquene are as following:①Mineralization backgroundwas multi-stage and multi-stage orogenic belt at the edge of the North China Cratonwhich underwent damage;②Mineralization occured in the system of shallow(<6km),on the whole that they had low-temperature,low-voltage characteristics ofthe mineralization;③O re-forming fluids were mainly the system of H_2O-CO_2-NaCl,showing the characteristics of shallow sub-class orogenic gold deposits fluid;④M ineralization types were mainly of quartz vein type followed by alteration type.
     In the area of Chifeng-chaoyang on the northern margin of north china craton Werecognized four magmatism(s1.7Ga,228Ma~245Ma,161MaMa and123Ma~138Ma)and two gold mineralizations(about243Ma and125Ma~132Ma). And the time ofMineralization and magma activity were the same. Their tectonic environments areextensional environment after collisional orogenesis between Eastern and westernlandmass in the North China Craton,continental collision between the North Chinaplate and the Siberian plate,the tectonic regime of compression turn to stretch insetting of Paleo-Asian Ocean tectonic domain changing to round Pacific Oceantectonic field and the extensional environment of Pacific block subduction leding torapid thinning of the lithosphere and delamination.
     By the study of intermediate-acid intrusives related to orogenic gold deposits inthe study area,we know that granites had close relationship with various gold depositswhich was the near-surface response for the multiple tectonic-magmatic activity in the region and it is also a sign of formation of orogenic gold deposits in the margin of theNorth China Platform. Meanwhile it is one of the main features of orogenic golddeposits in this area. And the intermediate-acid intrusives can provide macro clues forprospecting in the region.
引文
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